Boiler and heaters emissions calculator: guide to reporting
Use the calculator to help you when reporting emissions from boilers and heaters – both distillate oil-fired and residual oil-fired – to the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI).
Reporting to the National Pollutant Release Inventory
If your facility meets the NPRI reporting requirements, you must report the total quantities of NPRI substances released (to air, water or land), disposed of, or transferred for recycling.
Keep in mind that you must consider releases from all sources when reporting to the NPRI, not just those that result from the combustion of fuel oil.
For more information about NPRI reporting requirements, refer to the guide for reporting to the NPRI.
General information about boilers and heaters
Boilers and heaters are typically used for supplying large amounts of heat or steam to processes, generating portable power and providing space heat for industrial facilities.
The two major categories of fuel oil burned by combustion sources are distillate oils and residual oils, which can then be further differentiated by fuel grade.
Distillate oils are comprised of fuel oil Nos. 1 and 2, which include kerosene and diesel fuels. Distillate oils are less viscous, but more volatile, than residual oils and are for the most part used in domestic and small commercial applications or as alternate fuel in industrial or large-scale commercial combustion sources.
Residual oils are comprised of fuel oils Nos. 5 and 6 (Bunker C). Residual oils are produced from the residue remaining after the lighter fractions (gasoline, kerosene and distillate oils) have been removed from crude oil and may need to be heated for ease of handling and to facilitate proper atomization. Residual oils are typically used in utility, industrial and large-scale commercial applications.
Fuel oil No. 4 is considered to be either distillate oil or a mixture of distillate and residual oils.
Categories of boilers and heaters by industrial sector
The below table lists the categories of boilers and heaters that may use fuel oil as the primary combustion fuel.
| Sector | Capacity,MW (MMBtu/hr) | Boiler or heater type | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Utility | > 29 (>100) | Watertube | Electricity generation |
| Industrial | 2.9 - 29 (10 - 100) | Watertube | Electricity generation |
| Industrial | 2.9 - 29 (10 - 100) | Watertube | Process steam |
| Industrial | 2.9 - 29 (10 - 100) | Watertube | Space heat |
| Industrial | 2.9 - 29 (10 - 100) | Firetube | Process steam |
| Industrial | 2.9 - 29 (10 - 100) | Firetube | Space heat |
| Commercial / institutional | 0.1 - 2.9 (0.5 - 10) | Watertube | Space heat |
| Commercial / institutional | 0.1 - 2.9 (0.5 - 10) | Firetube | Space heat |
| Commercial / institutional | 0.1 - 2.9 (0.5 - 10) | Cast iron | Space heat |
| Residential | < 0.1 (<0.5) | Cast iron | Space heat |
Published emission factors
While there are many acceptable methods for estimating emissions when you report to the NPRI, the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator uses published emission factors. Published emission factors are those that have been published by government agencies and industry associations for use in their particular application or industry sector. These factors are commonly used and accepted by regulatory agencies and represent average or typical rates with recognized data quality parameters.
A review was conducted of the available emission factors related to air contaminants emitted from the combustion of fuel oils, specifically for boilers and heaters. The emission factors published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), AP-42, were selected to be included in the emissions calculator. The Boilers and heaters emissions calculator includes a compilation of two sets of emission factor tables:
- residual oil master sheet
- distillate oil master sheet
The AP‑42 emission factors are presented together with their respective data quality ratings in Appendices A and B. The data quality ratings, based on AP-42 documentation, are presented in Table 2.
| Rating | Description |
|---|---|
| A: Excellent | Factor derived from sound test data taken from many randomly selected facilities. |
| B: Above average | Factor derived from sound test data taken from a “reasonable” number of facilities. |
| C: Average | Factor developed from test data collected using unproven or new methods, or lacking background information, from a reasonable number of facilities. |
| D: Below average | Factor developed from test data as above, from a small number of facilities. |
| E: Poor | Factor developed from test data based on poor or new methodology, and from a small number of facilities that do not represent a random sample of the industry. |
Calculate emissions for distillate and residual oil-fired boilers and heaters
EPA AP-42 Section 1.3 includes published emission factors for distillate oil- and residual oil-fired boilers and heaters. Most of the emission factors are presented in units of lb/10³ U.S. gallon.
The emissions from external combustion equipment are calculated as follows in the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator:
Annual emissions (kg/year)
= fuel oil usage (m3/year) x EF (lb/103 U.S.gal) x 264.172 (U.S.gal/m3) x 0.454 (kg/lb)
The Boilers and heaters emissions calculator allows you to select the type of fuel oil (distillate and residual fuel oil grades) and the type of boiler or heater (industrial, commercial/institutional/residential or utility).
Distillate oil-fired boilers and heaters
Appendix A provides the published emission factors for boilers and heaters used in the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator. For some of the Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs), the emission factors vary based on the type of boiler or heater. This is consistent with the emission factors published in AP-42.
In cases where AP-42 provides a range of emission factors, such as for formaldehyde, the average value is used for the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator.
The emissions of Part 1 core substances, Part 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Part 3 (dioxins/furans and hexachlorobenzene), and Part 5 speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from distillate oil-fired boilers and heaters are based on the emission factors in Table 1.3-9 of AP-42 Section 1.3. Although the testing was based on No.6 residual oil-fired boilers, the table heading “Emission factors for speciated organic compounds from fuel oil combustion” indicates that the emission factors may be applied to calculate emissions from boilers or heaters fueled by all types of fuel oils, including distillate fuel oils.
Additionally, for some Part 1A and 1B releases, the emission factors are in units of lb/1012 Btu and require a heating value to determine the total release based on fuel consumption data. You should input a site-specific heating value where available. A default average high heating value (HHV) of 39 GJ/m3 is used in the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator.
There are no published emission factors for particulate matter less than or equal to 10 (PM10), particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 (PM2.5) or VOCs for utility boilers that use distillate oil. As such, the emission factors for industrial boilers are used for these NPRI substances. This is a reasonable approach as the emission factors for other parameters, such as total particulate matter (TPM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), from utility and industrial boilers, are comparable.
Residual oil-fired boilers and heaters
Appendix B provides the published emission factors used in the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator for boilers and heaters that use residual oil as fuel.
For some of the contaminants, the emission factors vary based upon the type of boiler or heater. This is consistent with the emission factors published in AP-42. An example is formaldehyde, where the emission factor for utility boilers using No.6 oil differs from the emission factor from other industrial, commercial and utility boilers.
Pollution control devices and estimated control efficiencies
If you use an emission control device and the default emission factor is uncontrolled, the emission factor equation may be adjusted to take the control efficiency into account, as follows:
E = A x EF x ((100 – control efficiency)/100)
where:
- E = emissions
- A = activity rate
- EF = emissions factor
The Boilers and heaters emissions calculator gives you the ability to incorporate control efficiencies in the input tab. Common pollution control devices or measures, and the default control efficiencies used in the emissions calculator, are provided in Appendix C.
Where available, you should use site-specific control efficiencies that reflect the pollution control measures at your facility rather than the default values provided.
Sulphur content of fuel oils
The Boilers and heaters emissions calculator requires the sulphur content of the distillate and residual oils to calculate the sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions.
If you know the sulphur content of the fuel, you should use that site-specific value. In the absence of site-specific data, sulphur content data downloaded from Open Canada are used to establish default values by region.
The ECCC Sulphur in liquid fuels data from 2003 to 2016 were used to develop the averages listed under Table 3. These data include information from several regions. The average value in each region for this 2003-2016 period was carried forward as the default sulphur content for the Boilers and Heaters Emissions Calculator.
Table 3 shows the default sulphur content for four fuel types that were used in the Boilers and heaters emissions calculator.
| Type of fuel | National | Atlantic | Quebec | Ontario | West |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light fuel oil | 0.10516 | 0.12934 |
0.07665 | 0.20211 |
0.13325 |
| Heavy fuel oil | 1.46289 | 1.52031 |
1.05594 |
1.91329 |
1.58607 |
| Ultra-low sulphur diesel | 0.00047 |
0.00054 | 0.00042 |
0.00052 |
0.00049 |
| Low-sulphur diesel | 0.3124 |
0.01953 |
0.01614 |
0.03499 |
0.02306 |
Appendix A: Published emission factors for distillate oil-fired boilers and heaters
The data summarized in Tables A.1 to A.3 are published in the US EPA Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: External Combustion Sources, Section 1.3 – Fuel Oil Combustion.
| Contaminant | CAS Number or NPRI substance identifier | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal | Emission factor rating | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 7446-09-5 | 142 x % Sulphur | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-1 |
| Oxides of nitrogen, expressed as NO2 (NOX) | 11104-93-1 | 20.0 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-1 |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 630-08-0 | 5.00 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-1 |
| Total particulate matter (TPM) | NA - M08 | 2.00 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-1 |
| Acenaphthene | 83-32-9 | 2.11E-05 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Acenaphthylene | 208-96-8 | 2.53E-07 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Anthracene | 120-12-7 | 1.22E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzene | 71-43-2 | 2.14E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benz[a]anthracene | 56-55-3 | 4.01E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Chrysene | 218-01-9 | 2.38E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 205-99-2 | 1.48E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[ghi]perylene | 191-24-2 | 2.26E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 207-08-9 | 1.48E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Dibenz[a,h]anthracene | 53-70-3 | 1.67E-06 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Ethylbenzene | 100-41-4 | 6.36E-05 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Fluoranthene | 206-44-0 | 4.84E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Fluorene | 86-73-7 | 4.47E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Formaldehyde | 50-00-0 | 0.0480 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-8 |
| Inden[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 193-39-5 | 2.14E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Naphthalene | 91-20-3 | 1.13E-03 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Octachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (OCDD) | 3268-87-9 | 3.10E-09 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Phenanthrene | 85-01-8 | 1.05E-05 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Pyrene | 129-00-0 | 4.25E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Toluene | 108-88-3 | 6.20E-03 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Xylene (all isomers) | 1330-20-7 | 1.09E-04 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Contaminant | CAS Number or NPRI substance identifier | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/1012 Btu | Emission factor rating | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic (and its compounds) | NA - 02 | 4 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Cadmium (and its compounds) | NA - 03 | 3 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Chromium (and its compounds) | NA - 04 | 3 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Copper (and its compounds) | NA - 06 | 6 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Lead (and its compounds) | NA - 08 | 9 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Manganese (and its compounds) | NA - 09 | 6 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Mercury (and its compounds) | NA - 10 | 3 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Nickel (and its compounds) | NA - 11 | 3 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Selenium (and its compounds) | NA - 12 | 15 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Zinc (and its compounds) | NA - 14 | 4 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-10 |
| Contaminant | CAS Number or NPRI substance identifier | Boiler heater type | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal | Emission factor rating | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM10 | NA - M09 | Industrial | 1.00 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-6 |
| PM10 | NA - 09 | Commercial | 1.08 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-7 |
| PM2.5 | NA - 10 | Industrial | 0.250 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-6 |
| PM2.5 | NA - 10 | Commercial | 0.830 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-7 |
| Volatile organic compounds (total) (VOCs) | NA - M16 | Industrial | 0.200 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
| Volatile organic compounds (total) (VOCs) | NA - M16 | Commercial | 0.340 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
Appendix B: Published emission factors for residual oil-fired boilers and heaters
The data summarized in Tables B.1 to B.6 are published in the US EPA Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: External Combustion Sources, Section 1.3 – Fuel Oil Combustion.
| Contaminant | CAS Number or NPRI substance identifier |
Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal |
Emission factor rating |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acenaphthene | 83-32-9 | 2.11E-05 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Acenaphthylene | 208-96-8 | 2.53E-07 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Anthracene | 120-12-7 | 1.22E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Antimony (and its compounds) | NA - 01 | 5.25E-03 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Arsenic (and its compounds) | NA - 02 | 1.32E-03 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Benzene | 71-43-2 | 2.14E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[a]anthracene | 56-55-3 | 4.01E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Chrysene | 218-01-9 | 2.38E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 205-99-2 | 1.48E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[ghi]perylene | 191-24-2 | 2.26E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 207-08-9 | 1.48E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Cadmium (and its compounds) | NA - 03 | 3.98E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Chromium (and its compounds) | NA - 04 | 8.45E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Cobalt (and its compounds) | NA - 05 | 6.02E-03 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Copper (and its compounds) | NA - 06 | 1.76E-03 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene | 53-70-3 | 1.67E-06 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Ethylbenzene | 100-41-4 | 6.36E-05 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Fluoranthene | 206-44-0 | 4.84E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Fluorene | 86-73-7 | 4.47E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Formaldehyde | 50-00-0 | 3.30E-02 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Hexavalent chromium (and its compounds) | NA - 19 | 2.48E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Inden[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 193-39-5 | 2.14E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Lead (and its compounds) | NA - 08 | 1.51E-03 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Manganese (and its compounds) |
NA - 09 | 3.00E-03 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Mercury (and its compounds) |
NA - 10 | 1.13E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Naphthalene | 91-20-3 | 1.13E-03 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Nickel (and its compounds) | NA - 11 | 8.45E-02 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Octachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (OCDD) | 3268-87-9 | 3.10E-09 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Phenanthrene | 85-01-8 | 1.05E-05 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Phosphorus | NA - 22 | 9.46E-03 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Pyrene | 129-00-0 | 4.25E-06 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Selenium (and its compounds) | NA - 12 | 6.83E-04 | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Toluene | 108-88-3 | 6.20E-03 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Xylene (all isomers) | 1330-20-7 | 1.09E-04 | E | AP-42, Table 1.3-9 |
| Vanadium (and its compounds) |
NA - 40 | 3.18E-02 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Zinc (and its compounds) |
NA - 14 | 2.91E-02 | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-11 |
| Contaminant | CAS Number or NPRI substance identifier | Fuel grade | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal | Emission factor rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 7446-09-5 | No. 6 | 157 x % Sulphur | A |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 7446-09-5 | No. 5 | 157 x % sulphur | A |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 7446-09-5 | No. 4 | 150 x % sulphur | A |
| Oxides of nitrogen, expressed as NO2 (NOX) | 11104-93-1 | No. 6 | 55 | A |
| Oxides of nitrogen, expressed as NO2 (NOX) | 11104-93-1 | No. 5 | 55 | A |
| Oxides of nitrogen, expressed as NO2 (NOX) | 11104-93-1 | No. 4 | 20 | A |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 630-08-0 | No. 6 | 5 | A |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 630-08-0 | No. 5 | 5 | A |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 630-08-0 | No. 4 | 5 | A |
| Total particulate matter (TPM) | NA - M08 | No. 6 | 9.19 x % sulphur + 3.22 | C |
| Total particulate matter (TPM) | NA - M08 | No. 5 | 10 | C |
| Total particulate matter (TPM) | NA - M08 | No. 4 | 7 | D |
| Residual oil | A - Fuel grade factor for tables B.4 and B.5 |
|---|---|
| No.6 | 1.12 x % sulphur + 0.37 |
| No.5 | 1.2 |
| No.4 | 0.84 |
| Type of boiler or heater | Fuel grade | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal |
Emission factor rating |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial | No. 6 | 7.17 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-5 |
| Industrial | No. 5 | 7.17 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-5 |
| Industrial | No. 4 | 7.17 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-5 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 6 | 5.17 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-7 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 5 | 5.17 x A | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-7 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 4 | 5.17 x A | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-7 |
| Utility | No. 6 | 5.9 x A | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-4 |
| Utility | No. 5 | 5.9 x A | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-4 |
| Utility | No. 4 | 5.9 x A | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-4 |
| Type of boiler or heater | Fuel grade | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal |
Emission factor rating |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial | No. 6 | 4.67 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-5 |
| Industrial | No. 5 | 4.67 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-5 |
| Industrial | No. 4 | 4.67 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-5 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 6 | 1.92 x A | D | AP-42, Table1.3-7 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 5 | 1.92 x A | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-7 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 4 | 1.92 x A | D | AP-42, Table 1.3-7 |
| Utility | No. 6 | 4.3 x A | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-4 |
| Utility | No. 5 | 4.3 x A | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-4 |
| Utility | No. 4 | 4.3 x A | C | AP-42, Table 1.3-4 |
| Type of boiler or heater | Fuel grade | Uncontrolled emission factor lb/103 US gal |
Emission factor rating |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial | No. 6 | 0.28 | A | AP-42, Table1.3-3 |
| Industrial | No. 5 | 0.28 | A | AP-42, Table1.3-3 |
| Industrial | No. 4 | 0.20 | A | AP-42, Table1.3-3 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 6 | 1.13 | A | AP-42, Table1.3-3 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 5 | 1.13 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
| Commercial, institutional, residential | No. 4 | 0.34 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
| Utility | No. 6 | 0.76 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
| Utility | No. 5 | 0.76 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
| Utility | No. 4 | 0.76 | A | AP-42, Table 1.3-3 |
(*) These emission factors are given as “non-methane total organic compounds” in AP-42
Appendix C: Summary of published control efficiencies for boilers and heaters
The data summarized in Tables C.1 to C.4 are published in the US EPA Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: External Combustion Sources, Section 1.3 – Fuel Oil Combustion.
| Control technique | Control efficiency % - Residual oil |
Control efficiency % - Distillate oil |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low excess air (LEA) | Range: 0 – 28 Median: 14 |
Range: 0 – 24 Median: 12 |
AP-42, Table1.3-14 |
| Low NOx burners (LNB) | Range: 20 – 50 Median: 35 |
Range: 20 – 50 Median: 35 |
AP-42, Table1.3-14 |
| Staged combustion (SC) | Range: 20 – 50 Median: 35 |
Range: 17 – 44 Median: 31 |
AP-42, Table1.3-14 |
| Flue gas recirculation (FGR) | Range: 15 – 30 Median: 23 |
Range: 58 – 73 Median: 66 |
AP-42, Table1.3-14 |
| Flue gas recirculation plus staged combustion | Range: 25 – 53 Median: 39 |
Range: 73 – 77 Median: 75 |
AP-42, Table 1.3-14 |
| Selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) | Range: 40 – 70 Median: 55 |
Range: 40 – 70 Median: 55 |
AP-42, Table 1.3-14 |
| Fuel alteration - water emulsion | 41 | no data | AP-42, Table 1.3-14 |
| Control technique | Control efficiency % (residual and distillate oil) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Spray drying | Range: 70 – 90 Median: 80 |
AP-42, Table1.3-13 |
| Furnace injection or duct injection | Range: 25 – 50 Median: 38 |
AP-42, Table1.3-13 |
| Wet scrubber (dual alkali) | Range: 90 – 96 Median: 93 |
AP-42, Table1.3-13 |
| Wet scrubber lime/limestone; sodium carbonate; magnesium oxide/hydroxide | Range: 80 – 98 Median: 89 |
AP-42, Table1.3-13 |
| Control technique | Control efficiency% - Residual oil |
Control efficiency % - Distillate oil |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel alteration - water emulsion | 33 | No data | AP-42, Table1.3-15 |
| Control technique | Control efficiency % for boiler type -Industrial | Control efficiency % for boiler type - Commercial |
Control efficiency % for boiler type - Utility |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scrubber | ND | ND | 94 | AP-42, Table1.3-4, note “e” |
| Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) | ND | ND | 99.2 | AP-42, Table1.3-4, note “d” |
| Multiple cyclone | 80 | ND | ND | AP-42, Table1.3-5, note “d” |
| Fuel alteration - water emulsion | 45 | 45 | 45 | AP-42, Table1.3-15 |
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