Hazardous substance assessment – Diethylene glycol

Important note: Hazardous substance assessments are technical documents produced by Health Canada as educational and informational resources for suppliers of hazardous products under the Hazardous Products Act (HPA) and its regulations. For more information on supplier roles and responsibilities, visit supplier responsibilities.

This hazardous substance assessment was conducted according to both the former and amended Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR). Learn more about the HPR amendments and transition period.

Identification

Chemical name:

Diethylene glycol

CAS #:

111-46-6

Chemical composition:

C4H10O3

Synonyms:

Dihydroxydiethyl ether; Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-; Ethylene diglycol; 2,2'-Oxybisethanol; 2,2'-Oxydiethanol.

UN #:

Not Available

Pictogram(s):

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Text version below.
Figure 1 - Text description

The symbol within the pictogram is a black silhouette of a person's head and chest with a white star shape spreading out from the center of the chest. This symbol indicates that hazardous products with this pictogram can cause certain health effects for example:

  • carcinogenicity
  • specific target organ effects following single or repeated exposure
  • reproductive toxicity
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Text version below.
Figure 2- Text description

The symbol within the pictogram is an exclamation mark. This symbol indicates that hazardous products with this pictogram can cause certain health effects for example:

  • skin irritation
  • eye irritation
  • skin sensitization

WHMIS classification

Health hazards:

Acute Toxicity (Oral) – Category 4

Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single Exposure – Category 1

Physical hazards:

Diethylene glycol does not meet the criteria for classification.

Health hazards

Acute Toxicity (Oral):

Category 4

Median lethal dose (LD50) (human): 558-1,746 mg/kg (estimated in cases resulting from consumption of contaminated pharmaceuticals) Footnote 1 Footnote 2.

LD50 (rat): 12,570 mg/kg, with 17.5 mL/kg (19.6 g/kg) also having been reported Footnote 3 Footnote 4.

The available human data meet the classification criteria for Acute Toxicity (Oral) – Category 4 [HPR 8.1.1(1)].

Acute Toxicity (Dermal):

Does not meet criteria

LD50 (rabbit): 12,432 mg/kg Footnote 5 (from 11.2 mL/kg, using specific gravity = 1.11 Footnote 6).

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Acute Toxicity (Dermal).

Acute Toxicity (Inhalation – Gases):

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a gas.

Acute Toxicity (Inhalation – Vapours):

Does not meet criteria

No mortality was observed in rats exposed to substantially saturated vapours of diethylene glycol for 6 hours Footnote 5.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Acute Toxicity (Inhalation - Vapours).

Acute Toxicity (Inhalation – Dusts and Mists):

Does not meet criteria

No mortalities or adverse clinical signs were observed in a study (from a secondary source) where rats were exposed to the maximum attainable concentration of diethylene glycol for 4 hours (>4.6 mg/L of air) (based on study summary Footnote 4).

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Acute Toxicity (Inhalation – Dusts and Mists).

Skin Corrosion / Irritation:

Does not meet criteria

In a repeated occluded human patch test conducted according to a technique from Shelanski and Shelanski, 40 male volunteers were administered 25 mg of diethylene glycol (20% w/v mixture in talc) on the skin for 24 hours and then again 14 days later (based on study summary Footnote 4). Only mild skin irritation effects were observedFootnote 5.

A rabbit patch test (occlusive) with diethylene glycol exposure for 23 hours resulted in a primary cutaneous irritation index of 0.04, which indicated the chemical was non-irritating in that study Footnote 7 Footnote 5.

An in vitro skin irritation study using reconstructed human epidermis conducted according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline (OECD TG) 439 was performed on 3 tissue replicates (based on study summary Footnote 4), using undiluted diethylene glycol. Positive and negative controls were used. Mean tissue viability was 94.5% and according to OECD TG 439, tissue viability >50% is to be considered not irritating.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Skin Corrosion / Irritation.

Serious Eye Damage / Eye Irritation:

Does not meet criteria

No ocular irritation was observed after the application of 0.5 mL of undiluted diethylene glycol in rabbits (Carpenter grade 1/10) Footnote 8. An acute ocular irritancy index of 11.67 in rabbits was observed in another study Footnote 7. Results were obtained using a modified Kay Calandra evaluation scale of 0 to 110, indicating that the test substance was "minimally irritating". No corneal injury or iritis was observed. In another study, minor to moderate conjunctival irritation occurred following application of 0.1 mL of diethylene glycol Footnote 5; however, no scores were reported and effects were fully reversible within 24 hours.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Serious Eye Damage / Eye Irritation.

Respiratory Sensitization:

No data available

Skin Sensitization:

Does not meet criteria

In a repeated occluded human patch test conducted according to the technique from Shelanski and Shelanski, 40 male volunteers were administered 25 mg of diethylene glycol (20% w/v mixture in talc) on the skin for 24 hours and then challenged 14 days later (based on study summary Footnote 4). Observations made at 24 and 48 hours after removal of the patches indicated that diethylene glycol did not elicit visible skin changes due to skin sensitization at either time point.

Diethylene glycol tested negative in a guinea pig maximization test performed according to EU Method B.6 (based on study summary Footnote 4). Female Pirbright White Dunkin guinea pigs (n=10) were induced with 2 intradermal injections each of 0.1 mL of Freund's adjuvant in 0.9% NaCl, of diethylene glycol and of diethylene glycol with Freund's adjuvant. Animals in the control group (n=5) were given the same injections, without diethylene glycol. Percutaneous induction occurred one week after intradermal induction. Diethylene glycol (0.3 g) was applied with an occlusive dressing for 48 hours. Challenge with 50% diethylene glycol and an occlusive dressing occurred for 24 hours, 21 days after intradermal induction. No skin reactions were observed in the control or test group 24 hours after challenge patch removal.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Skin Sensitization.

Germ Cell Mutagenicity:

Does not meet criteria

In vivo: Negative results were obtained in a mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test conducted in mice (intraperitoneal administration) conducted according to OECD TG 474 (based on study summary Footnote 4). Male mice (5 per dose) were intra-peritoneally administered diethylene glycol at 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight per day.

In vitro: Negative results were obtained in Ames tests conducted according to OECD TG 471 using Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvr A, with and without metabolic activation Footnote 5 Footnote 4. Chromosomal aberration tests and sister chromatid exchange tests were negative for diethylene glycol exposure in Chinese hamster ovary cells, with and without metabolic activation, conducted according to OECD TG 473 and 479, respectively Footnote 4 Footnote 5.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Germ Cell Mutagenicity.

Carcinogenicity:

Does not meet criteria

Diethylene glycol has not been reviewed for carcinogenicity by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

In a carcinogenicity study, Fischer 344 rats were administered 0, 1.25, or 2.5% diethylene glycol in drinking water for 2 years after pre-treatment with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine for tumor initiation (based on study summary Footnote 4). The incidences of tumors in all organs were not significantly increased.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Carcinogenicity.

Reproductive Toxicity:

Does not meet criteria

No evidence of reproductive toxicity was observed in a well-conducted study in which mice were administered diethylene glycol orally through gavage at a single dose of 11,180 mg/kg Footnote 9. In another study, positive results, including significant decreases in the fertility index, litters per pair, live pups per litter and live pup weight, were observed in mice only at the highest dose tested (3.5% in drinking water; equivalent to 6.1 g/kg/day); however, the reproductive effects were attributed to maternal toxicity by the study authors, which included decreased body and pituitary weights Footnote 10.

In a developmental study conducted equivalently to OECD TG 414, no maternal or developmental toxicity was observed when 1,250 mg/kg/day diethylene glycol was administered by gavage to timed-pregnant mice on gestational days 6-15. The mid dose (5,000 mg/kg/day) produced significant maternal toxicity, but there was no clear evidence of developmental toxicity. The high dose (10,000 mg/kg/day) caused the death of 1 of 28 pregnant dams and resulted in maternal and developmental toxicity Footnote 11.

In another study, rats and mice were administered diethylene glycol by gavage over the period of organogenesis at a dose of 1,110, 2,220, 4,440, or 8,880 mg/kg/day in rats (based on 1, 2, 4, or 8 mL/kg/day of undiluted diethylene glycol, respectively, and using a specific gravity of 1.11 Footnote 6) and 555, 2,775, or 11,100 mg/kg/day in mice (based on 0.5, 2.5 or 10.0 mL/kg/day of undiluted diethylene glycol, respectively, and using a specific gravity of 1.11 Footnote 6) Footnote 12 Footnote 13. Control animals received deionized water. No effects on reproduction were noted in either species at the low dose. In rats, maternal toxicity, including mortality, decreased food consumption and decreased body weight gain, was noted at 4,440 and 8,880 mg/kg/day. Fetotoxicity was observed at 8,880 mg/kg/day as statistically significant decreases in fetal body weight and as skeletal variants. At 4,440 mg/kg/day, there was a statistically significantly increase in skeletal variants. In mice, maternal toxicity, including mortality, was noted at 11,100 mg/kg/day. Increased water consumption was noted at 2,775 mg/kg/day. No statistically significant fetotoxicity was observed at the mid or high dose. The fetotoxicity at the mid and high doses is considered secondary to maternal toxicity.

No signs of maternal toxicity or fetal toxicity were noted in an oral gavage study conducted similarly to OECD TG 414 in rabbits gavaged with doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day on gestation days 7-19 Footnote 14 Footnote 4.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Reproductive Toxicity.

Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single Exposure:

Category 1

Oral Route of Exposure: Central nervous system (CNS) effects, such as headache, difficulty speaking, numbness, paralysis, loss of tactile sensation, peripheral neuropathy, loss of consciousness, convulsion, difficulty swallowing, cranial nerve palsies, acute flaccid extremity weakness and encephalopathy, and kidney failure were reported in several cases of human diethylene glycol poisoning Footnote 1 Footnote 15 Footnote 16 Footnote 17 Footnote 18 Footnote 19 Footnote 20 Footnote 21 Footnote 22.

Narcotic and diuretic effects and metabolic acidosis leading to death were observed in rats at 17.5 mL/kg of exposure to diethylene glycol (19.6 g/kg) Footnote 3.

The available human data meet the classification criteria for Category 1 based on CNS effects.

Dermal Route of Exposure: No data available

Inhalation Route of Exposure: Rats exposed to the highest attainable concentration of aerosolized diethylene glycol (4.6 mg/L) for 4 hours exhibited decreased activity with rapid recovery on removal and nasal discharge or lacrimation in a single exposure study (based on study summaryFootnote 4). These results do not meet classification criteria.

The available data meet the classification criteria for Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single Exposure – Category 1 [HPR 8.8.1].

Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Repeated Exposure:

Does not meet criteria

Oral Route of Exposure: In an OECD TG 407 study, no mortality, clinical signs, or changes in body weight were observed in rats administered up to 10,000 mg/kg/day of diethylene glycol in feed for 28 days (based on study summary Footnote 4). No statistically significant changes in renal function were observed in rats administered 0.2 g/kg of diethylene glycol in drinking water for 90 days Footnote 23. No deleterious effects on growing rats were observed following ingestion of 0.3% or 1.0% diethylene glycol in drinking water for 175 days Footnote 24. In a 14-week (98-day) study, no kidney-related effects were observed at 300 mg/kg/day of diethylene glycol exposure (based on study summary Footnote 4). Hydropic degeneration of the kidneys started to occur at 1,550 mg/kg/day. A study in rats (5 per sex per dose) fed 11, 46, 180, or 850 mg/kg/day for 32 days reported no significant adverse signs of toxicity Footnote 25. Another study in rats (10 per sex per dose) fed 51, 105, 234, or 1194 mg/kg/day (males) or 64, 126, 292, or 1462 mg/kg/day (females) of diethylene glycol for 225 days (32 weeks) reported no significant adverse signs of toxicity Footnote 25. Another study in rats (15-20 per sex per dose) fed 0, 1200 or 2300 mg/kg/day of diethylene glycol for 90 days to 2 years reported no significant signs of toxicity other than the development of a few bladder stones in male rats fed 2300 mg/kg/day Footnote 25. A study in rats exposed to 200 mg/kg/day of diethylene glcyol in drinking water reported no significant adverse signs of toxicity Footnote 25.

The available data do not meet classification criteria.

Dermal Route of Exposure: No data available

Inhalation Route of Exposure: A study was conducted in rats (5 per sex per dose) exposed to 0, 0.53, 3 or 5.06 mg/L diethylene glycol particulate for 6 hours per day for 9 days (5 days exposure, 2 days off, 4 days exposure). No significant adverse signs of toxicity were reported other than minor changes in hematological and clinical chemistry parameters Footnote 25.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Repeated Exposure.

Aspiration Hazard:

No data available

No human data are available for diethylene glycol. This substance is not a liquid hydrocarbon.

Biohazardous Infectious Materials:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a microorganism, protein or nucleic acid.

Physical hazards

Explosives:

Not evaluated*

*Explosives are excluded from the HPAand its regulations. Explosives are regulated under the Explosives Act. For more information, visit Natural Resources Canada.

Flammable Gases:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a gas. The classification criteria for Flammable Gases do not apply to this substance.

(Flammable) Aerosols:

Not evaluated

Classification of a hazardous product in the Flammable Aerosols or Aerosols hazard class is product dependent.

Oxidizing Gases:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a gas. The classification criteria for Oxidizing Gases do not apply to this substance.

Gases Under Pressure:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a gas. The classification criteria for Gases Under Pressure do not apply to this substance.

Flammable Liquids:

Does not meet criteria

Diethylene glycol has a flash point of 124°C Footnote 26.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Flammable Liquids.

Flammable Solids:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a solid. The classification criteria for Flammable Solids do not apply to this substance.

Self-reactive Substances and Mixtures:

Does not meet criteria

Diethylene glycol has a boiling point of 245.5 °C Footnote 26. Self-reactive substances and mixtures must have a self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of ≤75 °C to meet the minimum classification in this hazard class.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Self-reactive Substances and Mixtures.

Pyrophoric Liquids:

Does not meet criteria

Diethylene glycol has an auto-ignition temperature of 224 °C Footnote 26. Pyrophoric liquids react at room temperature.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Pyrophoric Liquids.

Pyrophoric Solids:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a solid. The classification criteria for Pyrophoric Solids do not apply to this substance.

Self-heating Substances and Mixtures:

Does not meet criteria

Diethylene glycol has an auto-ignition temperature of 224 °C Footnote 26, which is well above the temperature at which spontaneous ignition would need to occur for classification (140 °C).

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Self-heating Substances and Mixtures.

Substances and Mixtures which, in Contact with Water, Emit Flammable Gases:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is a stable substance that does not react with water Footnote 26 and has a chemical structure that does not contain metals or metalloids. It is therefore excluded from classification [HPR 7.12.1(1)].

Oxidizing Liquids:

Not applicable

Paragraph 7.13.1(1)(b) of the HPR excludes from classification any organic liquid that contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine if those elements are chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen. Diethylene glycol contains oxygen chemically bonded only to carbon and hydrogen.

Oxidizing Solids:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a solid. The classification criteria for Oxidizing Solids do not apply to this substance.

Organic Peroxides:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not an organic peroxide. The classification criteria for Organic Peroxides do not apply to this substance.

Corrosive to Metals:

Does not meet criteria

Diethylene glycol has a corrosion rate less than 0.05 mm per year for stainless steel types 18-8, 301, 302, 303, 305, 316, 317, 321, 403, 410, 416, 420, 440, 17-4PH, Carpenter 20Cb-3, and CF-8M (up to 21.1 °C), 316 (up to 71 °C), and 304, 316, 317, 347 and 348 (up to 93.3 °C), carbon steel (up to 49 °C), as well as steel and stainless steel types 12 Cr, 17 Cr, 26-1, 304, 316, and aluminum (up to 149 °C) Footnote 27 Footnote 28 Footnote 29. Diethylene glycol has a corrosion rate less than 0.50 mm per year for stainless steel type 430 (up to 21.1 °C), for aluminum (up to 38 °C), and for aluminum type 3003 (up to 37.8 °C) Footnote 28 Footnote 27. Diethylene glycol has a corrosion rate greater than 1.27 mm per year for aluminum B-356 up to 21.1 °C Footnote 28.

The available data do not meet the classification criteria for Corrosive to Metals.

Combustible Dusts:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a solid. The classification criteria for Combustible Dusts do not apply to this substance.

Simple Asphyxiants:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a gas. The classification criteria for Simple Asphyxiants do not apply to this substance.

Pyrophoric Gases:

Not applicable

Diethylene glycol is not a gas. The classification criteria for Pyrophoric Gases do not apply to this substance.

Chemicals Under Pressure:

Not evaluated

Classification of a hazardous product in the Chemicals Under Pressure hazard class is product dependent.

Regulatory and other information

Regulatory information:

Hazardous substance assessments are prepared by Health Canada as educational and information resources. Under the HPA, suppliers of hazardous products must, upon the sale or importation of a hazardous product, provide a safety data sheet and label that meet the requirements set out in the HPR.

Other information:

The information and classifications contained in these hazardous substance assessments are based on publicly available sources, such as peer-reviewed literature or reports by international bodies. New information, including proprietary information, could have an impact on the classification of substances or hazardous products containing them. It is the responsibility of the supplier to ensure the accuracy, sufficiency and reliability of their hazardous product classifications.

Last updated:

2022

Prepared by:

Workplace Hazardous Materials Bureau, Health Canada

References

Footnote 1

Ferrari, L. A. and Giannuzzi, L. (2005) Clinical parameters, postmortem analysis and estimation of lethal dose in victims of a massive intoxication with diethylene glycol. Forensic Sci.Int. 15345-51.

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Footnote 2

Schep, L. J. and Slaughter, R. J. (2009) Letter to the editor. Forensic Sci.Int. 155233.

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Footnote 3

Lenk, W., Lohr, D. and Sonnenbichler, J. (1989) Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Xenobiotica 19(9):961-979.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

European Chemicals Agency (2015) 2,2'-oxydiethanol - REACH dossier. Available at: https://www.echa.europa.eu/.

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Footnote 5

Union Carbide Corp. (1991) Letter from Union Carbide Corporation to USEPA submitting enclosed follow-up information concerning diethylene glycol with attachments. EPA/OTS Doc #: 89-910000125. NTIS/OTS 0530381-1.

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Footnote 6

Aminabhavi, T. M. and Gopalakrishna, B. (1995) Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Speed of Sound in Aqueous Mixtures of N,N-Dimethylformamide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, N,N-Dimethylacetamide, Acetonitrile, Ethylene Glycol, Diethylene Glycol, 1,4-Dioxane, Tetrahydrofuran, 2-Methoxyethanol, and 2-Ethoxyethanol at 298.15 K. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 40(DOI: 10.1021/je00020a026):856-861.

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Footnote 7

Guillot, J. P., et al (1982) Safety evaluation of some humectants and moisturizers used in cosmetic formulations. Int.J.Cosmetic Sci. 4(2):67-79.

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Footnote 8

Carpenter, C. P. and Smyth, H. F.,Jr. (1946) Chemical burns of the rabbit cornea. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 291363-1372.

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Footnote 9

Department of Health & Human Services (2000) Results of testing fifteen glycol ethers in a short-term in vivo reproductive toxicity assay with attachments. EPA/OTS Doc #: 40-8385037. NTIS/OTS 0521552.

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Footnote 10

Williams, J., Reel, J. R., George, J. D. and Lamb, J. C. (1990) Reproductive effects of diethylene glycol and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether in Swiss CD-1 mice assessed by a continuous breeding protocol. Fundamental & Applied Toxicology 14622-635.

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Footnote 11

National Toxicology Program (1991) Final Report on the Developmental Toxicity of Diethylene Glycol (CAS No 111-46-6) in CD-1 Swiss Mice, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. EPA/OTS Doc #: NTP-89-CTER-121. NTIS/OTS PB91-159327.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Union Carbide (1991) Letter from Union Carbide Chem & Plast Co Inc to US EPA Submitting Preliminary Results of Rat Developmental Toxicity Study Using Diethylene Glycol with Attachments. EPA/OTS Doc #: 89-910000091; 8EHQ-0291-1175. NTIS/OTS 0530381.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

Union Carbide Corp (1992) Support: Developmental Toxicity Study of Diethylene Glycol Administered by Oral Gavage to CD-1 Mice with Cover Letter Dated 120892. EPA/OTS Doc #: 89-930000033; 8EHQ-1292-1175. NTIS/OTS 0530381-3.

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Footnote 14

Hellwig, J., Klimisch, H. J. and Jackh, R. (1995) Investigation of the prenatal toxicity of orally administered diethylene glycol in rabbits. Fundamental & Applied Toxicology 28(1):27-33.

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Footnote 15

Wordley, E. (1947) Diethylene glycol poisoning: report on two cases. J.Clin.Pathol. 1(1):44-46.

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Footnote 16

Calvery, H. O. and Klumpp, T. G. (1939) The toxicity for human beings of diethylene glycol with sulfanilamide. South.Med.J. 32(11):1105-1109.

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Footnote 17

Borron, S. W., Frederic, J. B. and Garnier, R. (1997) Intravenous 4-methylpyrazole as an antidote for diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol poisoning: a case report. Vet.Hum.Toxicol. 39(1):26-28.

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Footnote 18

Rollins, Y. D., et al (2002) Fulminant ascending paralysis as a delayed sequela of diethylene glycol (Sterno) ingestion. Neurology 591460-1463.

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Footnote 19

Alfred, S., et al (2005) Delayed neurologic sequelae resulting from epidemic diethylene glycol poisoning. Clin.Toxicol. 43(3):155-159.

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Footnote 20

Hasbani, M. J., et al (2005) Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy following diethylene glycol ingestion. Neurology 641273-1275.

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Footnote 21

Rentz, E. D., et al (2008) Outbreak of acute renal failure in Panama in 2006: a case-control study. Bull.World Health Organ. 86(10):749-756.

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Footnote 22

Marraffa, J. M., et al (2008) Diethylene glycol: widely used solvent presents serious poisoning potential. J.Emerg.Med. 35(4):401-406.

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Footnote 23

Freundt, K. J. and Weis, N. (1989) Transient renal impairment in rats after oral exposure to diethylene glycol. Journal of Applied Toxicology 9(5):317-321.

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Footnote 24

Weatherby, J. H. and Williams, G. Z. (1939) Studies on the toxicity of diethylene glycol, elixir of sulfanilamide-messengill and a synthetic elixir. J.Am.Pharm.Assoc. 28(1):12-17.

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Footnote 25

OECD SIDS (2007) SIDS Dossier -111-46-6. SIAM 18.

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Footnote 26

Rumble, J.(2019) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 100 Edition. J. Rumble (Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Schweitzer, P. A.(1995) Corrosion resistance tables: metals, nonmetals, coatings, mortars, plastics, elastomers and linings, and fabrics (Part A) 4 Edition Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, pp. 1045-1048.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

Pruett, K. M.(1995) Chemical resistance guide to metals and alloys: a guide to chemical resistance of metals and alloys Compass Publications., pp. 110-121.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

National Association Of Corrosion Engineers(1985) Corrosion Data Survey: Metals Section. In: Corrosion Data Survey 6 Edition. D. L. Graver (Eds.) National Association Of Corrosion Engineers. Houston, Texas, pp. 48-49.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

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