Dietary reference intakes for elements

Abbreviations

Reference values for Arsenic, Boron, Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Fluoride, and Iodine
Age	Arsenic^{Table 1 footnote 16}		Boron mg/day		Calcium^{Table 1 footnote **} mg/day			Chromium μg/day		Copper μg/day			Fluoride mg/day		Iodine μg/day
Age	AI	UL^{Table 1 footnote 17}	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 1 footnote 17}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL
Infants
0-6 mo	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	200^{Table 1 footnote *}^{Table 1 footnote a}	1,000^{Table 1 footnote a}	0.2^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	ND	200^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	0.01^{Table 1 footnote *}	0.7	ND	110^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
7-12 mo	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	260^{Table 1 footnote *}^{Table 1 footnote a}	1,500^{Table 1 footnote a}	5.5^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	ND	220^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	0.5^{Table 1 footnote *}	0.9	ND	130^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Children
1-3 y	ND	ND	ND	3	500	700	2,500	11^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	260	340	1,000	0.7^{Table 1 footnote *}	1.3	65	90	200
4-8 y	ND	ND	ND	6	800	1,000	2,500	15^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	340	440	3,000	1^{Table 1 footnote *}	2.2	65	90	300
Males
9-13 y	ND	ND	ND	11	1,100	1,300	3,000	25^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	540	700	5,000	2^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	73	120	600
14-18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1,100	1,300	3,000	35^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	685	890	8,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	35^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	4^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	35^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	4^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
51-70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,000	30^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	4^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
>70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	1,000	1,200	2,000	30^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	4^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
Females
9-13 y	ND	ND	ND	11	1,100	1,300	3,000	21^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	540	700	5,000	2^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	73	120	600
14-18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1,100	1,300	3,000	24^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	685	890	8,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	25^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	25^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
51-70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	1,000	1,200	2,000	20^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
>70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	1,000	1,200	2,000	20^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	700	900	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	95	150	1,100
Pregnancy
≤18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1,100	1,300	3,000	29^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	785	1,000	8,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	160	220	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	30^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	800	1,000	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	160	220	1,100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	30^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	800	1,000	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	160	220	1,100
Lactation
≤18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1,100	1,300	3,000	44^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	985	1,300	8,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	209	290	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	45^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	1,000	1,300	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	209	290	1,100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1,000	2,500	45^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	1,000	1,300	10,000	3^{Table 1 footnote *}	10	209	290	1,100
Table 1 footnote * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Return to table 1 footnote referrer Table 1 footnote The DRI values for calcium published in 2011 supersede the previous values published in 1997. Return to table 1 footnote referrer Table 1 footnote 16 Although a UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. Return to table 1 footnote 16 referrer Table 1 footnote 17 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic and chromium. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 1 footnote 17 referrer Table 1 footnote a Life-stage groups for infants were 0-5.9 and 6-11.9 months. Return to table 1 footnote a referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Reference values for Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, and Phosphorus
Age	Iron^{Table 2 footnote 18} mg/day			Magnesium mg/day			Manganese mg/day		Molybdenum μg/day			Nickel mg/day		Phosphorus mg/day
Age	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 19}	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL
Infants
0-6 mo	ND	0.27^{Table 2 footnote *}	40	ND	30^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	0.003^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	2^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	ND	ND	100^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND
7-12 mo	6.9	11	40	ND	75^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	0.6^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	3^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	ND	ND	275^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND
Children
1-3 y	3	7	40	65	80	65	1.2^{Table 2 footnote *}	2	13	17	300	ND	0.2	380	460	3,000
4-8 y	4.1	10	40	110	130	110	1.5^{Table 2 footnote *}	3	17	22	600	ND	0.3	405	500	3,000
Males
9-13 y	5.9	8	40	200	240	350	1.9^{Table 2 footnote *}	6	26	34	1,100	ND	0.6	1,055	1,250	4,000
14-18 y	7.7	11	45	340	410	350	2.2^{Table 2 footnote *}	9	33	43	1,700	ND	1	1,055	1,250	4,000
19-30 y	6	8	45	330	400	350	2.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
31-50 y	6	8	45	350	420	350	2.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
51-70 y	6	8	45	350	420	350	2.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
>70 y	6	8	45	350	420	350	2.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	3,000
Females
9-13 y	5.7^{Table 2 footnote g}	8^{Table 2 footnote g}	40	200	240	350	1.6^{Table 2 footnote *}	6	26	34	1,100	ND	0.6	1,055	1,250	4,000
14-18 y	7.9^{Table 2 footnote g}	15^{Table 2 footnote g}	45	300	360	350	1.6^{Table 2 footnote *}	9	33	43	1,700	ND	1	1,055	1,250	4,000
19-30 y	8.1^{Table 2 footnote g}	18^{Table 2 footnote g}	45	255	310	350	1.8^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
31-50 y	8.1^{Table 2 footnote g}	18^{Table 2 footnote g}	45	265	320	350	1.8^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
51-70 y	5^{Table 2 footnote g}	8^{Table 2 footnote g}	45	265	320	350	1.8^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
>70 y	5^{Table 2 footnote g}	8^{Table 2 footnote g}	45	265	320	350	1.8^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	34	45	2,000	ND	1	580	700	3,000
Pregnancy
≤18 y	23	27	45	335	400	350	2.0^{Table 2 footnote *}	9	40	50	1,700	ND	1	1,055	1,250	3,500
19-30 y	22	27	45	290	350	350	2.0^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	40	50	2,000	ND	1	580	700	3,500
31-50 y	22	27	45	300	360	350	2.0^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	40	50	2,000	ND	1	580	700	3,500
Lactation
≤18 y	7	10	45	300	360	350	2.6^{Table 2 footnote *}	9	35	50	1,700	ND	1	1,055	1,250	4,000
19-30 y	6.5	9	45	255	310	350	2.6^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	36	50	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
31-50 y	6.5	9	45	265	320	350	2.6^{Table 2 footnote *}	11	36	50	2,000	ND	1	580	700	4,000
Table 2 Footnote * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Return to footnote referrer Table 2 Footnote 18 The requirement for iron is 1.8 times higher for vegetarians due to the lower bioavailability of iron from a vegetarian diet. Return to footnote 18 referrer Table 2 Footnote 19 The UL for magnesium represents intake from a pharmacological agent only and does not include intake from food and water. Return to footnote 19 referrer Table 2 Footnote g For the EAR and RDA, it is assumed that girls younger than 14 years do not menstruate and that girls 14 years and older do menstruate. It is assumed that women 51 years and older are post-menopausal. Return to footnote g referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Reference values for Selenium, Silicon, Vanadium, Zinc, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
Age	Selenium μg/day			Silicon^{Table 3 footnote 20}		Vanadium^{Table 3 footnote 22} mg/day		Zinc^{Table 3 footnote 23} mg/day			Potassium^{Table 3 footnote ***} mg/day			Sodium^{Table 3 footnote ***}^{Table 3 footnote 26} mg/day			Chloride mg/day		Sulfate^{Table 3 footnote 28}
Age	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 21}	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 24}	CDRR^{Table 3 footnote 25}	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 21}	CDRR^{Table 3 footnote 27}	AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 21}
Infants
0-6 mo	ND	15^{Table 3 footnote *}	45	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	2^{Table 3 footnote *}	4	400^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	110^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	180^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	ND
7-12 mo	ND	20^{Table 3 footnote *}	60	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.5	3	5	860^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	370^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	570^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	ND
Children
1-3 y	17	20	90	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.5	3	7	2,000^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	800^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	1,200^{Table 3 footnote h}	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	2,300	ND	ND
4-8 y	23	30	150	ND	ND	ND	ND	4	5	12	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,000^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote h}	1,900^{Table 3 footnote *}	2,900	ND	ND
Males
9-13 y	35	40	280	ND	ND	ND	ND	7	8	23	2,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,200^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	1,800^{Table 3 footnote h}	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,400	ND	ND
14-18 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	8.5	11	34	3,000^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300^{Table 3 footnote h}	2,300^{able 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
19-30 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	9.4	11	40	3,400^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
31-50 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	9.4	11	40	3,400^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
51-70 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	9.4	11	40	3,400^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,000^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
>70 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	9.4	11	40	3,400^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	1,800^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
Females
9-13 y	35	40	280	ND	ND	ND	ND	7	8	23	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,200^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	1,800^{Table 3 footnote h}	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,400	ND	ND
14-18 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	7.3	9	34	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300^{Table 3 footnote h}	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
19-30 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	6.8	8	40	2,600^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
31-50 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	6.8	8	40	2,600^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
51-70 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	6.8	8	40	2,600^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,000^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
>70 y	45	55	400	ND	ND	ND	1.8	6.8	8	40	2,600^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	1,800^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
Pregnancy
≤18 y	49	60	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	10.5	12	34	2,600^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300^{Table 3 footnote h}	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
19-30 y	49	60	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	9.5	11	40	2,900^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
31-50 y	49	60	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	9.5	11	40	2,900^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
Lactation
≤18 y	59	70	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	10.9	13	34	2,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300^{Table 3 footnote h}	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
19-30 y	59	70	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	10.4	12	40	2,800^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
31-50 y	59	70	400	ND	ND	ND	ND	10.4	12	40	2,800^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	1,500^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	2,300	2,300^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,600	ND	ND
Table 3 footnote * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Return to table 3 footnote referrer Table 3 footnote * New 2019 values have replaced previous 2005 values. Return to table 3 footnote * referrer Table 3 Footnote 20 Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. Return to footnote 20 referrer Table 3 Footnote 21 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for silicon, sodium, and sulfate. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to footnote 21 referrer Table 3 Footnote 22 Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. Return to footnote 22 referrer Table 3 Footnote 23 The requirement for zinc may be as much as 50 percent greater for vegetarians, particularly for strict vegetarians whose major food staples are grains and legumes, due to the lower bioavailability of zinc from a vegetarian diet. Return to footnote 23 referrer Table 3 Footnote 24 UL not determined owing to lack of a toxicological indicator specific to excessive potassium intake. Return to footnote 24 referrer Table 3 Footnote 25 The lack of a potassium CDRR does not necessarily indicate that there is a lack of an effect of potassium intake, but rather a lack of evidence for causality and intake-response. Return to footnote 25 referrer Table 3 Footnote 26 Grams of sodium x 2.53 = grams of salt. Return to footnote 26 referrer Table 3 Footnote 27 For sodium the CDRR is the level above which intake reduction is expected to reduce chronic disease risk within an apparently healthy population. Return to footnote 27 referrer Table 3 Footnote 28 An AI for sulfate was not established because sulfate requirements are met when dietary intakes contain recommended levels of sulfur amino acids (protein). Return to footnote 28 referrer Table 3 Footnote h Extrapolated from the adult CDRR Intake based on sedentary Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs). Return to footnote h referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

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Date modified:: 2023-09-19

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