Dietary Reference Intakes

Reference Values for Elements
	Arsenic^{Table 1 Footnote 16}		Boron		Calcium**			Chromium		Copper			Fluoride		Iodine
Unit	N/A		mg/day		mg/day			μg/day		μg/day			mg/day		μg/day
	AI	UL^{Table 1 Footnote 17}	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 1 Footnote 17}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL
Infants
0-6 mo	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	200*	1000	0.2*	ND	ND	200*	ND	0.01*	0.7	ND	110*	ND
7-12 mo	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	260*	1500	5.5*	ND	ND	220*	ND	0.5*	0.9	ND	130*	ND
Children
1-3 y	ND	ND	ND	3	500	700	2500	11*	ND	260	340	1000	0.7*	1.3	65	90	200
4-8 y	ND	ND	ND	6	800	1000	2500	15*	ND	340	440	3000	1*	2.2	65	90	300
Males
9-13 y	ND	ND	ND	11	1100	1300	3000	25*	ND	540	700	5000	2*	10	73	120	600
14-18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1100	1300	3000	35*	ND	685	890	8000	3*	10	95	150	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	35*	ND	700	900	10000	4*	10	95	150	1100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	35*	ND	700	900	10000	4*	10	95	150	1100
51-70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2000	30*	ND	700	900	10000	4*	10	95	150	1100
>70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	1000	1200	2000	30*	ND	700	900	10000	4*	10	95	150	1100
Females
9-13 y	ND	ND	ND	11	1100	1300	3000	21*	ND	540	700	5000	2*	10	73	120	600
14-18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1100	1300	3000	24*	ND	685	890	8000	3*	10	95	150	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	25*	ND	700	900	10000	3*	10	95	150	1100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	25*	ND	700	900	10000	3*	10	95	150	1100
51-70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	1000	1200	2000	20*	ND	700	900	10000	3*	10	95	150	1100
>70 y	ND	ND	ND	20	1000	1200	2000	20*	ND	700	900	10000	3*	10	95	150	1100
Pregnancy
< 18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1100	1300	3000	29*	ND	785	1000	8000	3*	10	160	220	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	30*	ND	800	1000	10000	3*	10	160	220	1100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	30*	ND	800	1000	10000	3*	10	160	220	1100
Lactation
< 18 y	ND	ND	ND	17	1100	1300	3000	44*	ND	985	1300	8000	3*	10	209	290	900
19-30 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	45*	ND	1000	1300	10000	3*	10	209	290	1100
31-50 y	ND	ND	ND	20	800	1000	2500	45*	ND	1000	1300	10000	3*	10	209	290	1100
This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. * New 2010 values have replaced previous 1997 values. Table 1 Footnotes Table 1 Footnote 16 Although a UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. Return to footnote 16 referrer Table 1 Footnote 17 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic and chromium. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to footnote 17 referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Table 2 - Reference Values for Elements
	Iron^{Table 2 Footnote 18}			Magnesium			Manganese		Molybdenum			Nickel		Phosphorus
Unit	mg/day			mg/day			mg/day		μg/day			mg/day		mg/day
	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 Footnote 19}	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL
Infants
0-6 mo 7-12 mo	ND 6.9	0.27* 11	40 40	ND ND	30* 75*	ND ND	0.003* 0.6*	ND ND	ND ND	2* 3*	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND	100* 275*	ND ND
Children
1-3 y 4-8 y	3.0 4.1	7 10	40 40	65 110	80 130	65 110	1.2* 1.5*	2 3	13 17	17 22	300 600	ND ND	0.2 0.3	380 405	460 500	3000 3000
Males
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	5.9 7.7 6 6 6 6	8 11 8 8 8 8	40 45 45 45 45 45	200 340 330 350 350 350	240 410 400 420 420 420	350 350 350 350 350 350	1.9* 2.2* 2.3* 2.3* 2.3* 2.3*	6 9 11 11 11 11	26 33 34 34 34 34	34 43 45 45 45 45	1100 1700 2000 2000 2000 2000	ND ND ND ND ND ND	0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0	1055 1055 580 580 580 580	1250 1250 700 700 700 700	4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000
Females
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	5.7*^{Table 2 Footnote e}* 7.9*^{Table 2 Footnote e}* 8.1*^{Table 2 Footnote e}* 8.1*^{Table 2 Footnote e}* 5^{Table 2 Footnote e} 5^{Table 2 Footnote e}	8^{Table 2 Footnote e} 15^{Table 2 Footnote e} 18^{Table 2 Footnote e} 18^{Table 2 Footnote e} 8^{Table 2 Footnote e} 8^{Table 2 Footnote e}	40 45 45 45 45 45	200 300 255 265 265 265	240 360 310 320 320 320	350 350 350 350 350 350	1.6* 1.6* 1.8* 1.8* 1.8* 1.8*	6 9 11 11 11 11	26 33 34 34 34 34	34 43 45 45 45 45	1100 1700 2000 2000 2000 2000	ND ND ND ND ND ND	0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0	1055 1055 580 580 580 580	1250 1250 700 700 700 700	4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000
Pregnancy
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	23 22 22	27 27 27	45 45 45	335 290 300	400 350 360	350 350 350	2.0* 2.0* 2.0*	9 11 11	40 40 40	50 50 50	1700 2000 2000	ND ND ND	1.0 1.0 1.0	1055 580 580	1250 700 700	3500 3500 3500
Lactation
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	7 6.5 6.5	10 9 9	45 45 45	300 255 265	360 310 320	350 350 350	2.6* 2.6* 2.6*	9 11 11	35 36 36	50 50 50	1700 2000 2000	ND ND ND	1.0 1.0 1.0	1055 580 580	1250 700 700	4000 4000 4000
This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Table 2 Footnotes Table 2 Footnote 18 The requirement for iron is 1.8 times higher for vegetarians due to the lower bioavailability of iron from a vegetarian diet. Return to footnote 18 referrer Table 2 Footnote 19 The UL for magnesium represents intake from a pharmacological agent only and does not include intake from food and water. Return to footnote 19 referrer Table 2 Footnote e For the EAR and RDA, it is assumed that girls younger than 14 years do not menstruate and that girls 14 years and older do menstruate. It is assumed that women 51 years and older are post-menopausal. Return to footnote e referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Table 3 - Reference Values for Elements
	Selenium			Silicon^{Table 3 Footnote 20}		Vanadium^{Table 3 Footnote 22}		Zinc^{Table 3 Footnote 23}			Potassium^{Table 3 Footnote 24}		Sodium^{Table 3 Footnote 25}		Chloride^{Table 3 Footnote 26}		Sulfate^{Table 3 Footnote 27}
Unit	μg/day			N/A		mg/day		mg/day			mg/day		mg/day		mg/day		N/A
	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 3 Footnote 21}	AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 3 Footnote 21}	AI	UL	AI	UL	AI	UL^{Table 3 Footnote 21}
Infants
0-6 mo 7-12 mo	ND ND	15* 20*	45 60	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND	ND 2.5	2* 3	4 5	400* 700*	ND ND	120* 370*	ND ND	180* 570*	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND
Children
1-3 y 4-8 y	17 23	20 30	90 150	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND	ND ND	2.5 4.0	3 5	7 12	3000* 3800*	ND ND	1000* 1200*	1500 1900	1500* 1900*	2300 2900	ND ND	ND ND
Males
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	35 45 45 45 45 45	40 55 55 55 55 55	280 400 400 400 400 400	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8	7.0 8.5 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4	8 11 11 11 11 11	23 34 40 40 40 40	4500* 4700* 4700* 4700* 4700* 4700*	ND ND ND ND ND ND	1500* 1500* 1500* 1500* 1300* 1200*	2200 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300	2300* 2300* 2300* 2300* 2000* 1800*	3400 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND ND ND ND ND
Females
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	35 45 45 45 45 45	40 55 55 55 55 55	280 400 400 400 400 400	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8	7.0 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8	8 9 8 8 8 8	23 34 40 40 40 40	4500* 4700* 4700* 4700* 4700* 4700*	ND ND ND ND ND ND	1500* 1500* 1500* 1500* 1300* 1200*	2200 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300	2300* 2300* 2300* 2300* 2000* 1800*	3400 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600	ND ND ND ND ND ND	ND ND ND ND ND ND
Pregnancy
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	49 49 49	60 60 60	400 400 400	ND ND ND	ND ND ND	ND ND ND	ND ND ND	10.5 9.5 9.5	12 11 11	34 40 40	4700* 4700* 4700*	ND ND ND	1500* 1500* 1500*	2300 2300 2300	2300* 2300* 2300*	3600 3600 3600	ND ND ND	ND ND ND
Lactation
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	59 59 59	70 70 70	400 400 400	ND ND ND	ND ND ND	ND ND ND	ND ND ND	10.9 10.4 10.4	13 12 12	34 40 40	5100* 5100* 5100*	ND ND ND	1500* 1500* 1500*	2300 2300 2300	2300* 2300* 2300*	3600 3600 3600	ND ND ND	ND ND ND
This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Table 3 Footnotes Table 3 Footnote 20 Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. Return to footnote 20 referrer Table 3 Footnote 21 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for silicon, potassium, and sulfate . This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to footnote 21 referrer Table 3 Footnote 22 Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. Return to footnote 22 referrer Table 3 Footnote 23 The requirement for zinc may be as much as 50 percent greater for vegetarians, particularly for strict vegetarians whose major food staples are grains and legumes, due to the lower bioavailability of zinc from a vegetarian diet. Return to footnote 23 referrer Table 3 Footnote 24 The beneficial effects of potassium appear to be mainly from the forms of potassium found naturally in foods such as fruits and vegetables. Supplemental potassium should only be provided under medical supervision. Return to footnote 24 referrer Table 3 Footnote 25 Grams of sodium x 2.53 = grams of salt. Return to footnote 25 referrer Table 3 Footnote 26 Sodium and chloride are normally found in foods together as sodium chloride (table salt). For this reason, the AI and UL for chloride are set at a level equivalent on a molar basis to those for sodium, since almost all dietary chloride comes with sodium added during processing or consumption of foods. Return to footnote 26 referrer Table 3 Footnote 27 An AI for sulfate was not established because sulfate requirements are met when dietary intakes contain recommended levels of sulfur amino acids (protein). Return to footnote 27 referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

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Date modified:: 2006-06-29

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Dietary Reference Intakes

Table 1 Footnotes

Table 2 Footnotes

Table 3 Footnotes

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