Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Vinyl Chloride

Table of Contents

• Part I. Overview and Application
  • 1.0 Guideline
  • 2.0 Executive Summary
    • 2.1 Health Effects
    • 2.2 Exposure
    • 2.3 Treatment
  • 3.0 Application of the Guideline
    • 3.1 Monitoring
• Part II. Science and Technical Considerations
  • 4.0 Identity, Use, Sources and Fate in the Environment
    • 4.1 Identity
    • 4.2 Major Uses and Sources
    • 4.3 Environmental Fate
  • 5.0 Exposure
    • 5.1 Water
      • 5.1.1 Leaching from Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
    • 5.2 Food
    • 5.3 Air
    • 5.4 Soil
    • 5.5 Multi-route Exposure Through Drinking Water
  • 6.0 Analytical Methods
  • 7.0 Treatment Technology and Distribution System Considerations
    • 7.1 Municipal Scale
      • 7.1.1 Air Stripping and PTA
      • 7.1.2 Granular Activated Carbon
      • 7.1.3 Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes
      • 7.1.4 Emerging Technologies
      • 7.1.5 Distribution System Materials: PVC/CPVC
    • 7.2 Residential Scale
  • 8.0 Kinetics and Metabolism
    • 8.1 Absorption
      • 8.1.1 Experimental Animals
      • 8.1.2 Humans
    • 8.2 Metabolism
    • 8.3 Distribution and Excretion
    • 8.4 PBPK Modeling
  • 9.0 Health Effects
    • 9.1 Effects in Humans
      • 9.1.1 Acute Effects
      • 9.1.2 Chronic Effects and Cancer Epidemiology
      • 9.1.3 Non-cancer Endpoint Epidemiology
      • 9.1.4 Mutagenicity/Genotoxicity
      • 9.1.5 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
      • 9.1.6 Children's Sensitivity
    • 9.2 Effects on experimental animals and in vitro
      • 9.2.1 Acute Effects
      • 9.2.2 Subchronic Exposure
      • 9.2.3 Long-term Exposure and Carcinogenicity
      • 9.2.4 Mutagenicity/Genotoxicity
        • 9.2.4.1 In vitro
        • 9.2.4.2 In vivo
      • 9.2.5 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
      • 9.2.6 Juvenile Sensitivity
    • 9.3 Mode of Action
  • 10.0 Classification and Assessment
    • 10.1 Cancer Risk Assessment
    • 10.2 Non-cancer Risk Assessment
    • 10.3 Comparison of Cancer and Non-cancer Risk Assessments
    • 10.4 International considerations
  • 11.0 Rationale
  • 12.0 References
  • Appendix A: List of Acronyms