Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Calgary—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part E: Income
Sources and level of income
Sources of income vary by time in canada
Nearly eight in ten Canadian-born women and nine in ten Canadian-born men had earnings from employment in the year 2000. A larger share of the Canadian-born than immigrants had income from employment. For immigrants who landed before 1986, the proportion with earnings was lower than that of the Canadian-born and other immigrant cohorts. The smaller share of recent immigrants with employment income reflects lower participation in the workforce.
The share of persons with employment income generally was higher in 2000 than in 1995, with the exception of the earlier immigrant cohorts and Canadian-born women (about seven percentage points higher for very recent immigrants and four percentage points higher for those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period).
The incidence of zero income was extremely low for all immigrant groups and the Canadian-born, primarily because almost everyone received transfer payments from the government.
Recent immigrants were much less likely to have other private income—for example, income from investments or pension plans—in comparison to the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants. The proportion of persons in the very recent immigrant cohort with private income has generally decreased since 1995.
The fact that 95% of persons receive transfer payments from government is something unique to the province of Alberta. The almost universal presence of transfer payments is also something new. It may reflect the “Alberta advantage” initiatives implemented by the provincial government, including an increase of family tax benefits, energy cost rebates and special educational programs for employment insurance recipients, trades people and immigrant women.
No income | Employment income | Other private income |
Government transfers | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 5,640 | 215,480 | 88,280 | 263,580 | 281,290 |
Immigrants | 990 | 60,230 | 28,720 | 88,520 | 91,520 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 140 | 32,760 | 20,690 | 51,680 | 52,960 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 560 | 19,740 | 5,960 | 26,550 | 27,690 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 300 | 7,730 | 2,080 | 10,300 | 10,870 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 5,180 | 242,950 | 74,880 | 262,350 | 282,390 |
Immigrants | 790 | 67,890 | 25,250 | 82,690 | 86,600 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 20 | 39,740 | 19,160 | 50,600 | 52,510 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 520 | 20,060 | 4,230 | 22,970 | 24,380 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 250 | 8,100 | 1,870 | 9,130 | 9,710 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 10,820 | 458,440 | 163,150 | 525,930 | 563,670 |
Immigrants | 1,770 | 128,130 | 53,980 | 171,190 | 178,110 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 160 | 72,510 | 39,840 | 102,270 | 105,470 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 1,070 | 39,800 | 10,190 | 49,510 | 52,060 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 550 | 15,830 | 3,950 | 19,420 | 20,590 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 2% | 77% | 31% | 94% | 100% |
Immigrants | 1% | 66% | 31% | 97% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 62% | 39% | 98% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2% | 71% | 22% | 96% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3% | 71% | 19% | 95% | 100% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 2% | 86% | 27% | 93% | 100% |
Immigrants | 1% | 78% | 29% | 95% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 76% | 36% | 96% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2% | 82% | 17% | 94% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3% | 83% | 19% | 94% | 100% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 2% | 81% | 29% | 93% | 100% |
Immigrants | 1% | 72% | 30% | 96% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 69% | 38% | 97% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2% | 76% | 20% | 95% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3% | 77% | 19% | 94% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. A person may have income from one, two or all three sources. The three sources are defined in the Glossary.
Average income higher for immigrants who have been in Canada longer
The average income of immigrants in the year 2000 was four-fifths of that of the Canadian-born. Those who immigrated before 1986 had nearly the same income as the Canadian-born. For very recent immigrants, average income was about three-fifths of that of the Canadian-born. And those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period had average income close to two-thirds of the level of the Canadian-born.
Compared to 1995, average income of very recent immigrants increased more than that of other cohorts, by more than one-half for men and two-fifths for women. For other cohorts, the change was in the order of one-fifth.
The average income of women was less than three-fifths of that of men.
Sources of average income | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Average income of persons with income | Employment income | Other private income | Government transfer payments | Total |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | $26,870 | 80% | 11% | 10% | 100% |
Immigrants | $22,770 | 72% | 12% | 16% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $26,430 | 69% | 15% | 16% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $18,450 | 78% | 7% | 16% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $15,590 | 79% | 7% | 14% | 100% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | $47,790 | 86% | 10% | 4% | 100% |
Immigrants | $40,010 | 82% | 10% | 8% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $46,570 | 79% | 13% | 8% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $29,910 | 89% | 4% | 6% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $29,100 | 91% | 4% | 5% | 100% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | $37,360 | 84% | 10% | 6% | 100% |
Immigrants | $31,160 | 78% | 11% | 11% | 100% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $36,470 | 75% | 13% | 11% | 100% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $23,810 | 85% | 5% | 10% | 100% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $21,960 | 87% | 5% | 9% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Earnings from employment account for the bulk of income of all groups. Among recent immigrant women as compared to Canadian-born women, earnings from employment make up a slightly smaller proportion of income, with the opposite pattern holding true for recent immigrant men as compared to Canadian-born men.
Compared to 1995, employment income generally accounted for a somewhat larger share of income, and other private income and government transfer payments each declined as a share of income. The very recent male immigrant cohort experienced the largest increase in the share of income derived from employment, eight percentage points, offset by a decline in the share of government transfer payments of six percentage points. For other cohorts the change was in the order of two percentage points.
Earnings of recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time lower
The wages and salaries earned by recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time in 2000 are below the Calgary average. Earlier immigrants had average incomes slightly higher than the Canadian-born.
Amount | Percentage of overall average | |
---|---|---|
Canadian-born | $45,110 | 103% |
Immigrants | $39,130 | 89% |
Immigrated before 1986 | $45,420 | 104% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | $30,830 | 70% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | $29,380 | 67% |
All who worked mostly full-time | $43,780 | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The relative level of wages and salaries of very recent immigrants, at 67% of the average, was higher than in 1995 by 14 percentage points. Their average earnings were rather close to the wages of the earlier cohorts. Those who had been in the country from 5 to 15 years, however, had a lower relative earnings level than their counterparts in the previous census.
Transfer payments a larger share of income of households of non-seniors
In the year 2000, virtually all households in Calgary received government transfer payments. The transfer payments received by recent immigrant households were higher than those received by Canadian-born households, both in dollar terms and relative to income.
Transfer payments vary considerably with the age of the oldest person in the household, and so do differences between recent immigrant, earlier immigrant and Canadian-born households. Recent immigrant households of the very young receive more or less the same amounts as their Canadian-born and earlier immigrant counterparts, while households of persons aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64 received substantially larger amounts than the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants.
Transfer payments to households without seniors generally reflect benefits of Employment Insurance, Workers Compensation, social assistance, student assistance, or other programs. Included in these transfer payments are tax credits such as the Canada Child Benefit, GST tax credits and tax credits from the Government of Alberta. The larger amounts of transfer payments for recent immigrant households of persons 25 to 64 years old may have to do with the larger average number of children in families and with differences in labour market participation and unemployment reviewed in Part D. That transfer payments from government make up a larger part of income than for their Canadian-born and earlier immigrant counterparts also reflects their lower incomes.
Almost all households with persons 65 years of age and over received government transfer payments—Old Age Security, the Guaranteed Income Supplement, or Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits. Recent immigrant households of seniors on average received about the same amount in transfer payments as earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born, but households consisting only of immigrants who landed very recently received much less. Very recent immigrants are not entitled to Old Age Security and have not built up large credits under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan.
15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 65 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Share of households receiving government transfer payments | |||||
Canadian-born households | 99% | 99% | 99% | 100% | 99% |
Earlier immigrant households | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Recent immigrant households | 97% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
1986-1995 immigrants | 96% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
1996-1999 immigrants only | 95% | 100% | 100% | 98% | 100% |
Average amount of transfer per receiving household | |||||
Canadian-born households | $1,900 | $2,400 | $2,900 | $17,200 | $4,600 |
Earlier immigrant households | $2,300 | $3,100 | $3,500 | $18,000 | $7,300 |
Recent immigrant households | $1,800 | $4,000 | $4,700 | $17,600 | $5,500 |
1986-1995 immigrants | $1,900 | $4,100 | $4,400 | $18,000 | $5,600 |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | $2,300 | $3,900 | $6,100 | $18,400 | $6,200 |
1996-1999 immigrants only | $800 | $3,800 | $4,700 | $11,500 | $4,400 |
Transfers as a share of income, all households | |||||
Canadian-born households | 6% | 3% | 3% | 33% | 6% |
Earlier immigrant households | 6% | 4% | 4% | 34% | 10% |
Recent immigrant households | 6% | 6% | 7% | 29% | 9% |
1986-1995 immigrants | 6% | 6% | 6% | 32% | 8% |
1996-1999 immigrants with others | 6% | 6% | 7% | 21% | 8% |
1996-1999 immigrants only | 5% | 8% | 8% | 30% | 9% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year
The distribution of income
Personal income reaches parity and similar distribution with longer stay
Of very recent immigrants, nearly five out of ten women and three out of ten men reported no income or income of less than $10,000 in 2000.
Recent immigrants are underrepresented at the high end of the income scale. The share of recently immigrated men with incomes of $50,000 and over is about one-half of that of the Canadian-born, while the share of recently immigrated women with incomes of $50,000 and over is about one-third of that of the Canadian-born. The proportion with incomes of $50,000 and over is the same among earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born.
Without income |
$1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||||
Canadian-born | 5,640 | 73,330 | 103,080 | 63,090 | 36,150 | 281,280 |
Immigrants | 980 | 25,360 | 41,860 | 15,260 | 8,020 | 91,530 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 140 | 11,130 | 24,810 | 10,680 | 6,200 | 52,970 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 560 | 9,480 | 12,650 | 3,590 | 1,410 | 27,680 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 290 | 4,750 | 4,400 | 1,000 | 420 | 10,880 |
Men | ||||||
Canadian-born | 5,180 | 45,460 | 71,720 | 71,540 | 88,510 | 282,390 |
Immigrants | 780 | 13,180 | 29,600 | 21,500 | 21,520 | 86,590 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 20 | 4,940 | 17,120 | 13,990 | 16,440 | 52,510 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 520 | 5,740 | 8,780 | 5,650 | 3,690 | 24,380 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 250 | 2,510 | 3,700 | 1,860 | 1,400 | 9,710 |
Total | ||||||
Canadian-born | 10,820 | 118,790 | 174,800 | 134,620 | 124,660 | 563,670 |
Immigrants | 1,770 | 38,550 | 71,490 | 36,780 | 29,530 | 178,110 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 160 | 16,060 | 41,950 | 24,680 | 22,620 | 105,470 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 1,070 | 15,230 | 21,440 | 9,240 | 5,090 | 52,060 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 550 | 7,270 | 8,100 | 2,870 | 1,820 | 20,590 |
Without income |
$1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | Average income | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||||
Canadian-born | 2% | 26% | 37% | 22% | 13% | 100% | $26 330 |
Immigrants | 1% | 28% | 46% | 17% | 9% | 100% | $22 530 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 21% | 47% | 20% | 12% | 100% | $26 360 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2% | 34% | 46% | 13% | 5% | 100% | $18 090 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3% | 44% | 40% | 9% | 4% | 100% | $15 170 |
Men | |||||||
Canadian-born | 2% | 16% | 25% | 25% | 31% | 100% | $46 910 |
Immigrants | 1% | 15% | 34% | 25% | 25% | 100% | $39 650 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 9% | 33% | 27% | 31% | 100% | $46 550 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2% | 24% | 36% | 23% | 15% | 100% | $29 280 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3% | 26% | 38% | 19% | 14% | 100% | $28 330 |
Total | |||||||
Canadian-born | 2% | 21% | 31% | 24% | 22% | 100% | $36 640 |
Immigrants | 1% | 22% | 40% | 21% | 17% | 100% | $30 850 |
Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 15% | 40% | 23% | 21% | 100% | $36 410 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2% | 29% | 41% | 18% | 10% | 100% | $23 320 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3% | 35% | 39% | 14% | 9% | 100% | $21 380 |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Distribution of household income becomes very similar
In 2000, recent immigrant households had an average income of $63,600 or 85% of the income of Canadian-born households. Unlike the situation in Canada as a whole, incomes of very recent immigrant households in Calgary are substantially lower than those of Canadian-born households. The income of households consisting only of very recent immigrants is 57% of the income of households of the Canadian-born.
Households | $0 to $19,999 | $20,000 to $39,999 | $40,000 to $59,999 | $60,000 to $79,999 | $80,000 and over | Total | Average income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canadian-born | 28,930 | 47,600 | 49,300 | 41,790 | 80,970 | 248,580 | $75,040 |
12% | 19% | 20% | 17% | 33% | 100% | ||
Earlier immigrants | 7,360 | 12,850 | 11,840 | 10,540 | 23,760 | 66,330 | $76,520 |
11% | 19% | 18% | 16% | 36% | 100% | ||
Recent immigrants | 4,460 | 6,800 | 7,730 | 6,300 | 9,430 | 34,710 | $66,010 |
16% | 19% | 22% | 17% | 26% | 100% | ||
1986-1995 immigrants | 2,920 | 4,290 | 5,280 | 4,450 | 6,690 | 23,620 | $68,040 |
12% | 18% | 22% | 19% | 28% | 100% | ||
1996-1999 immigrants with others |
350 | 870 | 1,320 | 1,080 | 1,870 | 5,490 | $73,450 |
9% | 16% | 25% | 19% | 31% | 100% | ||
1996-1999 immigrants only |
1,190 | 1,650 | 1,140 | 770 | 880 | 5,610 | $73,450 |
33% | 26% | 17% | 11% | 12% | 100% | ||
All households | 43,080 | 68,410 | 70,020 | 59,320 | 115,550 | 356,380 | $74,040 |
12% | 19% | 20% | 17% | 32% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
One-third of households consisting of only very recent immigrants have income of less than $20,000, in spite of their large size. In households that combine very recent immigrants with other persons, their relatively high income may be a result of their large size and the fact that the other members of the household have lived in Canada for more than five years and are more likely to be earners.
Low income twice as common among very recent immigrants
Recent immigrants are more likely than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born to live in families with incomes that fall below the median family income or, if they do not live in families, to have income below the median for unattached individuals. They are also more likely to have or live in families with incomes that fall below one-half of the median income—that is, to have low income. The percentage of immigrants with income in the bottom half or quarter of the income distribution declines in relation to the length of stay in Canada of the cohort.
Figure E-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—percentage with family or individual income below the median and below one-half of the median, Calgary Census Metropolitan Area, 2000
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all figures in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
The share of very recent immigrants whose family or individual income is below one-half of the median income is twice as large as that of the Canadian-born. The proportion of very recent immigrants with income below the median is also much higher, with two out of three finding themselves in this situation. Although earlier immigrant households have higher average income than Canadian-born households (Table E-6), a slightly larger proportion of earlier immigrants find themselves below the median or one-half the median income.
The proportion of individuals with income below the median varies with age and, to a lesser extent, gender. For the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants, the highest incidence of incomes that are below the median is found among seniors. But this is not so for very recent immigrants, among whom incomes below the median are more common for younger age groups. Persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period occupy a middle ground.
In all age and gender groups except women and men 65 years of age and over, the proportion of persons with income below the overall median is higher among recent immigrants than among the Canadian-born. This difference is most pronounced for people of working age, from 25 to 64 years old.
Nearly three out of ten immigrants who landed between 1996 and 1999 have low income or live in families with low income—that is, income below one-half of the median. This share is twice as large as for the Canadian-born. The difference in the incidence of low income between very recent immigrants and the Canadian-born is smallest for seniors. Recently immigrated women 25 to 64 years of age are more likely than their male counterparts to have low income.
Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over |
Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 42,080 | 28,310 | 81,940 | 19,120 | 171,450 |
Immigrants | 2,780 | 4,580 | 34,300 | 10,870 | 52,530 |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 660 | 16,840 | 9,100 | 26,600 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 1,040 | 2,560 | 11,980 | 1,430 | 17,010 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 1,740 | 1,360 | 5,490 | 340 | 8,930 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 43,610 | 26,520 | 74,110 | 14,090 | 158,320 |
Immigrants | 2,820 | 4,860 | 29,980 | 8,900 | 46,530 |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 710 | 15,540 | 7,690 | 23,920 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 1,030 | 2,810 | 9,500 | 1,010 | 14,340 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 1,790 | 1,340 | 4,950 | 210 | 8,270 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 85,690 | 54,830 | 156,040 | 33,210 | 329,770 |
Immigrants | 5,590 | 9,430 | 64,280 | 19,770 | 99,050 |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 1,370 | 32,370 | 16,790 | 50,520 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2,070 | 5,370 | 21,470 | 2,440 | 31,350 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 3,520 | 2,700 | 10,440 | 550 | 17,190 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 49% | 50% | 42% | 68% | 47% |
Immigrants | 65% | 59% | 51% | 67% | 55% |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 44% | 44% | 70% | 50% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 57% | 58% | 58% | 57% | 58% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 71% | 70% | 66% | 61% | 67% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 49% | 44% | 37% | 65% | 43% |
Immigrants | 65% | 58% | 46% | 66% | 51% |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 47% | 39% | 68% | 46% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 61% | 57% | 54% | 56% | 55% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 67% | 69% | 67% | 63% | 67% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 49% | 47% | 39% | 67% | 45% |
Immigrants | 65% | 58% | 49% | 67% | 53% |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 46% | 41% | 69% | 48% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 59% | 58% | 56% | 57% | 56% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 69% | 69% | 66% | 62% | 67% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over |
Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 12,660 | 11,830 | 25,300 | 4,500 | 54,290 |
Immigrants | 1,080 | 2,000 | 11,810 | 3,400 | 18,290 |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 250 | 5,550 | 2,810 | 8,590 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 350 | 980 | 4,100 | 480 | 5,920 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 730 | 770 | 2,170 | 120 | 3,780 |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 13,100 | 10,100 | 19,900 | 4,250 | 47,340 |
Immigrants | 1,180 | 1,910 | 9,160 | 3,710 | 15,930 |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 320 | 4,480 | 3,170 | 7,950 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 410 | 950 | 2,790 | 460 | 4,600 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 770 | 640 | 1,890 | 80 | 3,380 |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 25,760 | 21,920 | 45,200 | 8,750 | 101,620 |
Immigrants | 2,260 | 3,900 | 20,970 | 7,100 | 34,210 |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 570 | 10,030 | 5,980 | 16,540 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 760 | 1,930 | 6,890 | 930 | 10,520 |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 1,500 | 1,400 | 4,060 | 200 | 7,160 |
Women | |||||
Canadian-born | 15% | 21% | 13% | 16% | 15% |
Immigrants | 25% | 26% | 18% | 21% | 19% |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 17% | 14% | 21% | 16% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 19% | 22% | 20% | 19% | 20% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 30% | 39% | 26% | 21% | 28% |
Men | |||||
Canadian-born | 15% | 17% | 10% | 20% | 13% |
Immigrants | 27% | 23% | 14% | 28% | 18% |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 21% | 11% | 28% | 15% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 24% | 19% | 16% | 25% | 18% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 29% | 33% | 25% | 25% | 27% |
Total | |||||
Canadian-born | 15% | 19% | 11% | 18% | 14% |
Immigrants | 26% | 24% | 16% | 24% | 18% |
Immigrated before 1986 | – | 19% | 13% | 25% | 16% |
Immigrated 1986-1995 | 22% | 21% | 18% | 22% | 19% |
Immigrated 1996-1999 | 29% | 36% | 26% | 22% | 28% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
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