Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Halifax—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part E: Income
Sources and level of income
Sources of income vary by time in Canada
Income from employment is the most common source of income for the Canadian-born. Nearly seven in ten Canadian-born women and eight in ten Canadian-born men had earnings from employment in the year 2000. A smaller share of very recent immigrants than of the Canadian-born had income from employment, but the reverse is true for men who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period.
| No income | Employment income | Other private income | Government transfers | Number of persons | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 7,620 | 93,120 | 42,380 | 94,290 | 139,750 |
| Immigrants | 630 | 6,320 | 4,130 | 7,490 | 11,000 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 220 | 4,010 | 3,370 | 5,030 | 7,350 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 220 | 1,660 | 580 | 1,670 | 2,470 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 200 | 650 | 180 | 800 | 1,190 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 4,510 | 96,150 | 35,000 | 72,310 | 125,600 |
| Immigrants | 310 | 7,820 | 4,070 | 6,370 | 10,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 30 | 5,120 | 3,400 | 4,370 | 7,320 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 150 | 1,890 | 450 | 1,320 | 2,340 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 140 | 820 | 220 | 680 | 1,150 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 12,130 | 189,260 | 77,380 | 166,590 | 265,360 |
| Immigrants | 940 | 14,150 | 8,220 | 13,850 | 21,810 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 240 | 9,140 | 6,780 | 9,390 | 14,670 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 370 | 3,550 | 1,040 | 2,990 | 4,810 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 330 | 1,470 | 410 | 1,480 | 2,340 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 67% | 30% | 67% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 6% | 57% | 38% | 68% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 3% | 55% | 46% | 68% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 9% | 67% | 24% | 68% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 17% | 55% | 15% | 67% | 100% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 4% | 77% | 28% | 58% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 3% | 72% | 38% | 59% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 70% | 46% | 60% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 6% | 81% | 19% | 56% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 12% | 71% | 19% | 59% | 100% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 71% | 29% | 63% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 4% | 65% | 38% | 64% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 62% | 46% | 64% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 8% | 74% | 22% | 62% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 14% | 63% | 17% | 63% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. A person may have income from one, two or all three sources. The three sources are defined in the Glossary.
The share of women with employment income was higher in 2000 than in 1995. It increased by seven percentage points for very recent immigrant women and by three percentage points for other female cohorts. Among the four male cohorts, only very recent immigrants experienced an increase in the share of persons with employment income since 1995, when the share was 65%.
The proportion of very recent immigrants with no income is three times as large as that of the Canadian-born with no income. Immigrants from the earliest cohort, those who immigrated before 1986, are less likely than the Canadian-born to have no income. Absence of income among women was less common in 2000 than in 1995. The incidence of zero income dropped by 11 percentage points for the very recent immigrant cohort and by about four percentage points for other female cohorts. Among men there was little change since 1995 in the share with zero income.
Recent immigrants are much less likely to have other private income—for example, income from investments or pension plans—in comparison to the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants. The proportion of recent immigrants with private income was lower in 2000 than in 1995 by about three percentage points for women and by five to nine percentage points for men. The share of earlier immigrants with other private income is much higher than that of the Canadian-born.
The incidence of income from government transfer payments is much the same for recent immigrants, earlier immigrants, and for the Canadian-born. The incidence of this type of income has shifted markedly from men to women since 1995, as in 2000 child benefit payments were made to the mother of the child.
Average income higher for immigrants who have been in Canada longer
Considering only persons who reported income in the year 2000, the average income of recent immigrants in the year 2000 was lower than that of the Canadian-born. For very recent immigrants, average income was 69% of that of the Canadian-born. Those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period had an average income of 84% of the level of the Canadian-born. Those who immigrated before 1986 had average incomes more than 20% higher than the Canadian-born.
Compared to 1995, average income of very recent immigrants increased more than that of other cohorts, by one-third for both men and women. For the Canadian-born and earlier immigrants, the change was in the order of one-fifth. Those who had been in the country between 5 and 15 years did not report a significant change.
The average income of women is about 60% of that of men for all groups shown in the table.
Earnings from employment account for the bulk of income of all groups, and make up a larger proportion of income of recent immigrants than of persons born in Canada. The employment share of income remains much the same as in 1995, but for very recently immigrated men it was higher by six percentage points.
The share of other private income is lower for recent immigrants than for the Canadian-born, especially for men, while transfer payments from government make up approximately the same share of income for recent immigrants and the Canadian-born.
| Sources of average income | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average income of persons with income | Employment income |
Other private income | Government transfers | Total | |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | $22,950 | 73% | 12% | 15% | 100% |
| Immigrants | $24,520 | 66% | 18% | 16% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $27,800 | 63% | 20% | 17% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $18,520 | 77% | 10% | 13% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $14,490 | 72% | 9% | 19% | 100% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | $36,280 | 80% | 12% | 8% | 100% |
| Immigrants | $42,900 | 76% | 15% | 8% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $48,960 | 73% | 18% | 9% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $30,680 | 88% | 6% | 6% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $25,940 | 88% | 4% | 8% | 100% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | $29,320 | 77% | 12% | 11% | 100% |
| Immigrants | $33,780 | 73% | 16% | 11% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $38,510 | 70% | 19% | 12% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $24,530 | 84% | 8% | 8% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $20,300 | 82% | 6% | 12% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
Earnings of recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time lower
The wages and salaries earned by recent immigrants who worked mostly full-time in 2000 are below the Halifax average. By contrast, earlier immigrants had incomes higher than the incomes of the Canadian-born by one-third.
| Amount | Percentage of overall average | |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian-born | $35,600 | 99% |
| Immigrants | $42,720 | 118% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | $48,120 | 133% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | $31,770 | 88% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | $28,970 | 80% |
| All who worked mostly full-time | $36,050 | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The relative level of wages and salaries of very recent immigrants, at 80% of the average, was somewhat higher than in 1995. Those who had been in the country from 5 to 15 years however, had lower absolute and relative earnings than their counterparts in 1995.
Transfer payments from government quite similar
In the year 2000, the large majority of households received transfer payments from government. Recent immigrant households were as likely to receive transfer payments as other households. On average, however, the payments received were lower, both in dollar terms and relative to income.
Transfer payments vary considerably with the age of the oldest person in the household, and so do differences between recent immigrant, earlier immigrant and Canadian-born households. Recent immigrant households of the very young received somewhat lower amounts than their Canadian-born and earlier immigrant counterparts, while households of persons aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64 received amounts that were somewhat larger.
Transfer payments to households without seniors generally reflect benefits of Employment Insurance, Workers Compensation, social assistance, student assistance or other programs. Included in these transfer payments are tax credits such as the Canada Child Benefit, GST tax credits and provincial tax credits. The somewhat greater amounts of transfer payments for recent immigrant households of persons of 25 to 64 years old may have to do with the larger average number of children in families and with differences in labour market participation and unemployment reviewed in Part D.
Almost all households with persons 65 years of age and over received transfer payments from government: Old Age Security, the Guaranteed Income Supplement, or Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits. Recent immigrant households of seniors on average received somewhat less than other households, and households consisting only of immigrants who landed very recently received much less. These immigrants are not entitled to Old Age Security and have not built up large credits under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan.
| 15 to 24 years |
25 to 44 years |
45 to 65 years |
65 years and over | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Share of households receiving government transfer payments | |||||
| Canadian-born households | 92% | 83% | 79% | 100% | 85% |
| Earlier immigrant households | 100% | 80% | 72% | 99% | 82% |
| Recent immigrant households | 92% | 84% | 85% | 92% | 85% |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 100% | 82% | 82% | 97% | 83% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | 100% | 82% | 87% | 67% | 85% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | 63% | 92% | 96% | 80% | 92% |
| Average amount of transfer per receiving household | |||||
| Canadian-born households | $2,740 | $3,280 | $4,190 | $16,740 | $5,990 |
| Earlier immigrant households | $2,250 | $3,560 | $3,510 | $17,350 | $7,670 |
| Recent immigrant households | $2,270 | $3,700 | $4,680 | $15,370 | $4,590 |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | $1,980 | $3,490 | $3,900 | – | $4,440 |
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | $4,430 | $3,420 | $9,440 | – | $5,040 |
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | $160 | $4,460 | $5,740 | $7,660 | $4,790 |
| Transfers as a share of income, all households | |||||
| Canadian-born households | 12% | 5% | 5% | 41% | 9% |
| Earlier immigrant households | 22% | 4% | 3% | 34% | 9% |
| Recent immigrant households | 11% | 6% | 6% | 26% | 7% |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 11% | 5% | 5% | – | 6% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others | 15% | 5% | 6% | – | 6% |
| 1996-1999 immigrants only | 2% | 12% | 15% | 21% | 13% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
The distribution of income
Large differences between all groups
Of very recent immigrants, nearly six in ten women and four in ten men reported no income or income of less than $10,000 in 2000. The share reporting no income is lower for persons who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period. And the share of persons without income is even lower for earlier immigrants, who also reported income below $10,000 in much smaller proportions than recent immigrants.
| Without income |
$1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||||
| Canadian-born | 7,630 | 37,830 | 56,860 | 25,890 | 11,550 | 139,760 |
| Immigrants | 640 | 3,080 | 4,490 | 1,640 | 1,140 | 10,990 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 220 | 1,630 | 3,280 | 1,230 | 970 | 7,340 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 220 | 970 | 840 | 320 | 140 | 2,460 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 200 | 490 | 380 | 90 | 30 | 1,190 |
| Men | ||||||
| Canadian-born | 4,510 | 21,830 | 37,380 | 33,860 | 28,040 | 125,600 |
| Immigrants | 290 | 1,690 | 3,190 | 2,470 | 3,160 | 10,810 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 20 | 710 | 2,110 | 1,890 | 2,590 | 7,320 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 140 | 640 | 650 | 440 | 470 | 2,340 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 130 | 340 | 430 | 140 | 110 | 1,150 |
| Total | ||||||
| Canadian-born | 12,130 | 59,650 | 94,240 | 59,750 | 39,590 | 265,360 |
| Immigrants | 930 | 4,780 | 7,700 | 4,110 | 4,310 | 21,800 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 240 | 2,350 | 5,400 | 3,120 | 3,570 | 14,660 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 370 | 1,610 | 1,490 | 750 | 600 | 4,800 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 330 | 830 | 810 | 240 | 140 | 2,340 |
| Without income |
$1 to $9,999 |
$10,000 to $29,999 | $30,000 to $49,999 | $50,000 and over | Total | Average income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 27% | 41% | 19% | 8% | 100% | $21,700 |
| Immigrants | 6% | 28% | 41% | 15% | 10% | 100% | $23,150 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 3% | 22% | 45% | 17% | 13% | 100% | $27,020 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 9% | 39% | 34% | 13% | 5% | 100% | $16,910 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 16% | 41% | 32% | 8% | 3% | 100% | $12,100 |
| Men | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 4% | 17% | 30% | 27% | 22% | 100% | $34,980 |
| Immigrants | 3% | 16% | 30% | 23% | 29% | 100% | $41,750 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 10% | 29% | 26% | 35% | 100% | $48,830 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 6% | 27% | 28% | 19% | 20% | 100% | $28,820 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 11% | 30% | 37% | 12% | 9% | 100% | $23,010 |
| Total | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 22% | 36% | 23% | 15% | 100% | $27,980 |
| Immigrants | 4% | 22% | 35% | 19% | 20% | 100% | $32,350 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 2% | 16% | 37% | 21% | 24% | 100% | $37,880 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 8% | 33% | 31% | 16% | 13% | 100% | $22,690 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 14% | 36% | 35% | 10% | 6% | 100% | $17,470 |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year.
At the high end of the income scale, very recent immigrants are underrepresented. Their share in the upper income cohort of $50,000 and over is less than one-half of that of the Canadian-born. The proportion with incomes of $50,000 and over is almost the same among immigrant men who landed during the 1986-1995 period as among the Canadian-born. By contrast, the share of earlier immigrants with incomes of $50,000 and over is considerably larger than that of the Canadian-born.
Average household income higher
In 2000, recent immigrant households had average income of $58,200, more than the average income of Canadian-born households and 80% of the average income of earlier immigrant households. Households consisting only of very recent immigrants were the only households with lower average income than Canadian-born households.
| Households | $0 to $19,999 | $20,000 to $39,999 | $40,000 to $59,999 | $60,000 to $79,999 | $80,000 and over | Total | Average income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canadian-born | 24,530 | 30,210 | 27,400 | 20,240 | 25,870 | 128,240 | $55,130 |
| 19% | 24% | 21% | 16% | 20% | 100% | ||
| Earlier immigrants | 1,210 | 2,130 | 2,320 | 1,720 | 3,640 | 11,010 | $72,880 |
| 11% | 19% | 21% | 16% | 33% | 100% | ||
| Recent immigrants | 710 | 1,040 | 720 | 590 | 820 | 3,890 | $58,510 |
| 22% | 26% | 18% | 14% | 20% | 100% | ||
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 410 | 650 | 490 | 430 | 690 | 2,670 | $63,130 |
| 15% | 24% | 18% | 16% | 26% | 100% | ||
| 1996-1999 immigrants with others |
50 | 150 | 110 | 100 | 90 | 510 | $69,170 |
| 14% | 30% | 23% | 15% | 17% | 100% | ||
| 1996-1999 immigrants only |
260 | 240 | 120 | 70 | 50 | 720 | $33,960 |
| 46% | 29% | 13% | 7% | 5% | 100% | ||
| All households | 27,140 | 33,630 | 30,600 | 22,610 | 30,460 | 144,440 | $56,360 |
| 19% | 23% | 21% | 16% | 21% | 100% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
The distribution of household incomes presents a similar picture. Only households consisting of only very recent immigrants are found in the lowest income range in a larger proportion than the Canadian-born.
One-third of very recent immigrants have low income
Recent immigrants are more likely than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born to live in families with incomes that fall below the median family income or, if they do not live in families, to have income below the median for unattached individuals. They are also more likely to have or live in families with incomes that fall below one-half of the median income—that is, to have low income. The percentage of immigrants with income in the bottom half or quarter of the income distribution declines in relation to the length of stay in Canada of the cohort.
Figure E-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—percentage with family or individual income below the median and below one-half of the median, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2000
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all figures in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
The proportion of very recent immigrants who have low income is twice as large as that of the Canadian-born. The proportion of very recent immigrants with income below the median is also much higher, with seven out of ten in this situation.
| Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 15,310 | 12,610 | 25,150 | 29,270 | 82,340 |
| Immigrants | 410 | 610 | 1,730 | 3,020 | 5,750 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 110 | 580 | 2,470 | 3,150 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 100 | 320 | 640 | 420 | 1,470 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 310 | 180 | 510 | 140 | 1,140 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 15,490 | 10,460 | 20,950 | 22,220 | 69,100 |
| Immigrants | 400 | 750 | 1,510 | 2,600 | 5,250 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 90 | 620 | 2,060 | 2,770 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 190 | 390 | 510 | 350 | 1,420 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 220 | 280 | 380 | 200 | 1,060 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 30,790 | 23,070 | 46,100 | 51,480 | 151,440 |
| Immigrants | 810 | 1,350 | 3,240 | 5,620 | 11,000 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 190 | 1,200 | 4,530 | 5,920 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 290 | 710 | 1,150 | 760 | 2,890 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 530 | 460 | 890 | 330 | 2,200 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 49% | 53% | 44% | 50% | 48% |
| Immigrants | 62% | 63% | 50% | 46% | 49% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 64% | 37% | 44% | 43% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 49% | 60% | 54% | 55% | 55% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 67% | 71% | 72% | 60% | 69% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 47% | 47% | 40% | 44% | 44% |
| Immigrants | 68% | 69% | 47% | 40% | 46% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 44% | 37% | 38% | 38% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 66% | 69% | 53% | 43% | 55% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 70% | 86% | 64% | 83% | 73% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 48% | 50% | 42% | 47% | 46% |
| Immigrants | 65% | 67% | 49% | 43% | 48% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 53% | 37% | 41% | 41% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 59% | 64% | 54% | 49% | 55% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 69% | 79% | 68% | 72% | 71% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
The proportion of individuals with income below the median varies with age and to a lesser extent gender. In all age and gender groups the proportion of persons with income below the overall median is much higher among recent immigrants than among the Canadian-born. Due to the low number of seniors among recent and very recent immigrants, no information is available for this age group.
| Under 15 years | 15 to 24 years | 25 to 64 years | 65 years and over | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 6,280 | 6,540 | 8,840 | 9,010 | 30,660 |
| Immigrants | 210 | 300 | 690 | 890 | 2,080 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 50 | 180 | 660 | 900 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 50 | 140 | 260 | 170 | 590 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 160 | 120 | 260 | 70 | 590 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 6,030 | 4,680 | 5,920 | 7,140 | 23,760 |
| Immigrants | 150 | 330 | 530 | 850 | 1,860 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 20 | 190 | 640 | 840 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 60 | 190 | 170 | 130 | 550 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 90 | 120 | 170 | 90 | 470 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 12,310 | 11,210 | 14,760 | 16,140 | 54,420 |
| Immigrants | 350 | 630 | 1,220 | 1,740 | 3,940 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 70 | 370 | 1,300 | 1,740 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 110 | 330 | 430 | 290 | 1,140 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 250 | 240 | 430 | 150 | 1,060 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 20% | 27% | 16% | 15% | 18% |
| Immigrants | 31% | 31% | 20% | 14% | 18% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 27% | 12% | 12% | 12% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 22% | 25% | 22% | 22% | 22% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 35% | 47% | 36% | 29% | 36% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 18% | 21% | 11% | 14% | 15% |
| Immigrants | 25% | 31% | 16% | 13% | 16% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 10% | 11% | 12% | 11% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 21% | 34% | 18% | 16% | 21% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 28% | 38% | 29% | 36% | 32% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 19% | 24% | 13% | 15% | 17% |
| Immigrants | 28% | 31% | 18% | 13% | 17% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 18% | 11% | 12% | 12% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 22% | 30% | 20% | 19% | 22% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 32% | 42% | 33% | 33% | 34% |
Note: Incomes are for the year 2000. In all tables in Part E, immigrants and very recent immigrants include only those who landed before the year 2000 and could have had income the entire year. For a definition of median income and details about the calculations, see the Glossary.
Just over one-third of immigrants who landed between 1996 and 1999 have low incomes or live in low-income families, twice as large a share as among the Canadian-born. The incidence of low incomes is much greater among recent immigrants than among the Canadian-born in all age groups.
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