Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Ottawa—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census

Part D: Participation in the Economy

Participation in the labour market

Labour force participation lower the more recent the arrival

Very recent immigrants are not as active in the labour market as the Canadian-born. The difference in labour force participation between very recent immigrants and the Canadian-born is twenty-one percentage points for women and seven percentage points for men. Labour force participation of immigrants who have been in Canada for a longer period of time is rather more like that of the Canadian-born. A pattern of adjustment and increasing involvement of immigrants in the Canadian labour market with longer stay is evident in all three age groups, for both men and women. Men aged 45-64 who immigrated before 1996 and persons aged 15-24 of both sexes who immigrated before 1986 are more active in the labour market than Canadian-born persons of the same ages. Immigrant women have a larger gap to bridge.

**Table D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	31,960	84,500	48,780	165,230
Immigrants	4,390	23,170	17,640	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	910	8,240	13,460	22,600
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,550	9,340	3,280	15,170
Immigrated 1996-2001	940	5,590	910	7,430
Men
Canadian-born	32,130	90,650	53,750	176,530
Immigrants	4,880	26,990	21,080	52,950
Immigrated before 1986	900	8,870	16,270	26,030
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,960	10,820	3,590	17,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,020	7,320	1,220	9,560
Total
Canadian-born	64,090	175,150	102,530	341,760
Immigrants	9,270	50,160	38,730	98,160
Immigrated before 1986	1,800	17,110	29,730	48,630
Immigrated 1986-1995	5,510	20,150	6,870	32,530
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,960	12,910	2,120	16,980

Note: Tables D-1 to D-14 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).

**Table D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	72%	86%	69%	77%	165,230
Immigrants	56%	72%	67%	68%	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	79%	83%	68%	73%	22,600
Immigrated 1986-1995	58%	72%	65%	68%	15,170
Immigrated 1996-2001	41%	60%	55%	56%	7,430
Men
Canadian-born	73%	94%	80%	85%	176,530
Immigrants	59%	90%	84%	83%	52,950
Immigrated before 1986	79%	93%	85%	87%	26,030
Immigrated 1986-1995	59%	91%	82%	81%	17,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	48%	86%	74%	78%	9,560
Total
Canadian-born	72%	90%	74%	81%	341,760
Immigrants	57%	81%	75%	76%	98,160
Immigrated before 1986	79%	88%	76%	80%	48,630
Immigrated 1986-1995	58%	81%	73%	74%	32,530
Immigrated 1996-2001	44%	73%	64%	66%	16,980

Labour force participation was higher for most cohorts in the 2001 Census than in the 1996 Census. The young and old age cohorts showed greater gains than the middle age cohorts. Very recently landed women and men aged 45 to 64 saw gains of 11% and 10%, respectively.

Figure D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

Note: Figures D-1 and D-2 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).

Pattern of adjustment similar for most levels of education

Generally speaking, the higher the level of education, the greater the proportion of people who participate in the labour market. This observation holds for the Canadian-born as well as for all three cohorts of immigrants, with one exception: men who immigrated after 1985 and who at the time of the 2001 Census had only attended elementary school had a higher participation rate than those with some high school.

**Table D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—level of education and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	1,010	20,410	43,770	49,390	50,670	165,230
Immigrants	1,710	4,100	8,820	13,320	17,280	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	980	1,930	4,240	7,230	8,230	22,600
Immigrated 1986-1995	620	1,690	3,410	4,360	5,110	15,170
Immigrated 1996-2001	110	480	1,180	1,730	3,940	7,430
Men
Canadian-born	1,810	26,080	42,820	52,110	53,700	176,530
Immigrants	1,870	4,660	9,240	12,740	24,450	52,950
Immigrated before 1986	1,160	2,050	4,090	7,190	11,560	26,030
Immigrated 1986-1995	590	2,100	3,890	4,180	6,640	17,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	130	520	1,260	1,390	6,250	9,560
Total
Canadian-born	2,820	46,490	86,580	101,500	104,370	341,760
Immigrants	3,570	8,760	18,050	26,050	41,730	98,160
Immigrated before 1986	2,120	3,970	8,330	14,410	19,800	48,630
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,200	3,770	7,290	8,520	11,750	32,530
Immigrated 1996-2001	250	1,000	2,440	3,130	10,180	16,980

**Table D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	31%	56%	79%	82%	86%	77%
Immigrants	40%	47%	64%	75%	78%	68%
Immigrated before 1986	46%	57%	71%	77%	83%	73%
Immigrated 1986-1995	38%	44%	65%	80%	81%	68%
Immigrated 1996-2001	22%	30%	47%	61%	67%	56%
Men
Canadian-born	48%	67%	87%	91%	92%	85%
Immigrants	71%	60%	82%	88%	90%	83%
Immigrated before 1986	72%	77%	88%	88%	90%	87%
Immigrated 1986-1995	72%	56%	80%	90%	91%	81%
Immigrated 1996-2001	61%	40%	69%	78%	88%	78%
Total
Canadian-born	40%	62%	83%	87%	89%	81%
Immigrants	52%	53%	72%	81%	85%	76%
Immigrated before 1986	57%	65%	79%	82%	87%	80%
Immigrated 1986-1995	50%	50%	72%	84%	86%	74%
Immigrated 1996-2001	34%	34%	56%	68%	78%	66%

As well, immigrants with little schooling, even very recent immigrant men, are more active in the labour market than the Canadian-born with low education. But at all other education levels, there is a standard pattern of relatively low participation rates for very recently landed immigrants and convergence to the rates of the Canadian-born for earlier cohorts.

Participation rates have increased for some cohorts and have declined for other cohorts since 1996. Overall, there was little change for the Canadian-born and immigrants who landed before 1996. An increase of seven percentage points for very recent immigrant men was due to a larger share of university graduates who participate in the labour force at a very high rate.

Figure D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

Knowledge of official languages important for labour force participation

Most immigrants report that they have knowledge of either English or French when they immigrate to Canada. As reported at the time of the 2001 Census, the large majority of both men and women who immigrated during the 1990s and settled in Ottawa have knowledge of at least one official language. Those who do not report having knowledge of English or French are not nearly as active in the labour market as those who do. Those who have knowledge of French only, a small share of both recent immigrants and the Canadian-born, participate at lower rates in the labour market than do those who have knowledge of English only or both official languages.

**Table D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—knowledge of official languages and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	English only	French only	French and English	Neither French nor English	Total
Canadian-born	81,580	850	82,790	–	165,230
Immigrants	31,660	650	12,180	720	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	14,950	180	7,310	170	22,600
Immigrated 1986-1995	10,890	280	3,680	330	15,170
Immigrated 1996-2001	5,830	190	1,200	220	7,430
Men
Canadian-born	97,440	690	78,380	–	176,530
Immigrants	38,920	360	12,980	700	52,950
Immigrated before 1986	18,060	120	7,670	180	26,030
Immigrated 1986-1995	13,190	150	3,710	300	17,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	7,660	100	1,600	210	9,560
Total
Canadian-born	179,010	1,550	161,190	–	341,760
Immigrants	70,580	1,010	25,150	1,420	98,160
Immigrated before 1986	33,020	280	14,970	360	48,630
Immigrated 1986-1995	24,090	450	7,390	630	32,530
Immigrated 1996-2001	13,480	290	2,800	430	16,980

Table D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by knowledge of official languages and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001
Women
	English only	French only	Both French and English	Neither French nor English	Total
Canadian-born	76%	54%	79%	–	77%
Immigrants	67%	51%	76%	32%	68%
Immigrated before 1986	71%	58%	81%	39%	73%
Immigrated 1986-1995	69%	55%	72%	33%	68%
Immigrated 1996-2001	58%	41%	65%	25%	56%
Men
Canadian-born	85%	67%	85%	–	85%
Immigrants	84%	59%	85%	59%	83%
Immigrated before 1986	87%	79%	89%	63%	87%
Immigrated 1986-1995	83%	64%	79%	62%	81%
Immigrated 1996-2001	79%	43%	81%	52%	78%
Total
Canadian-born	81%	60%	82%	–	81%
Immigrants	76%	54%	80%	41%	76%
Immigrated before 1986	79%	62%	85%	50%	80%
Immigrated 1986-1995	76%	60%	76%	43%	74%
Immigrated 1996-2001	68%	42%	73%	34%	66%

Unemployment not uncommon during initial years

Immigrants who are in their initial years in Ottawa are more likely to experience unemployment than those who have been in the country for a longer period of time. For instance, very recently immigrated men in Ottawa aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64 experienced unemployment rates of 10% and 14%, respectively, and women in the same age groups experienced rates of 18% and 15%, respectively. Unemployment is significantly lower among persons in the same age group who immigrated before 1996, but it is still higher than for the Canadian-born.

**Table D-7: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	3,540	3,360	1,170	8,070
Immigrants	830	2,540	920	4,290
Immigrated before 1986	110	460	520	1,090
Immigrated 1986-1995	490	1,050	270	1,810
Immigrated 1996-2001	230	1,020	140	1,380
Men
Canadian-born	4,060	3,230	1,460	8,750
Immigrants	860	1,760	1,110	3,720
Immigrated before 1986	140	280	570	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	560	740	370	1,660
Immigrated 1996-2001	160	750	180	1,080
Total
Canadian-born	7,610	6,580	2,630	16,810
Immigrants	1,690	4,300	2,030	8,020
Immigrated before 1986	250	760	1,100	2,100
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,050	1,790	620	3,460
Immigrated 1996-2001	390	1,760	310	2,460

**Table D-8: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	11%	4%	2%	5%	8,070
Immigrants	19%	11%	5%	9%	4,290
Immigrated before 1986	12%	6%	4%	5%	1,090
Immigrated 1986-1995	19%	11%	8%	12%	1,810
Immigrated 1996-2001	25%	18%	15%	19%	1,380
Men
Canadian-born	13%	4%	3%	5%	8,750
Immigrants	18%	7%	5%	7%	3,720
Immigrated before 1986	16%	3%	4%	4%	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	19%	7%	10%	10%	1,660
Immigrated 1996-2001	16%	10%	14%	11%	1,080
Total
Canadian-born	12%	4%	3%	5%	16,810
Immigrants	18%	9%	5%	8%	8,020
Immigrated before 1986	14%	4%	4%	4%	2,100
Immigrated 1986-1995	19%	9%	9%	11%	3,460
Immigrated 1996-2001	20%	14%	15%	14%	2,460

The unemployment rate for all age and gender cohorts shown in Table D-8 was lower in 2001 than in 1996. The decline was significantly greater for very recent immigrants in all three age cohorts (seven to seventeen percentage points) than for other immigrants and the Canadian-born (one to seven percentage points).

Earlier cohorts have lower unemployment rates than more recent cohorts at all levels of education. For instance, women who immigrated after 1995 and who have a high school diploma have an unemployment rate of 22%. The rate drops to 15% for female immigrants who landed between 1986 and 1995.

**Table D-9: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—level of education and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
Women
	No high school diploma	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	1,730	2,700	1,930	1,730	8,070
Immigrants	800	1,020	1,080	1,400	4,290
Immigrated before 1986	240	260	320	300	1,090
Immigrated 1986-1995	460	510	460	400	1,810
Immigrated 1996-2001	120	270	310	700	1,380
Men
Canadian-born	2,510	2,790	1,930	1,520	8,750
Immigrants	680	930	770	1,350	3,720
Immigrated before 1986	180	230	290	300	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	360	500	310	460	1,660
Immigrated 1996-2001	110	200	190	580	1,080
Total
Canadian-born	4,240	5,470	3,860	3,240	16,810
Immigrants	1,470	1,940	1,850	2,750	8,020
Immigrated before 1986	410	490	590	600	2,100
Immigrated 1986-1995	810	1,000	770	880	3,460
Immigrated 1996-2001	230	460	490	1,290	2,460

Recent immigrant women experience more unemployment than recent immigrant men, irrespective of their education level. The gap between recent immigrants and the Canadian-born is also larger for women than for men at any level of education.

**Table D-10: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by level of education and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	No high school diploma	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Canadian-born	8%	6%	4%	3%	5%
Immigrants	14%	12%	8%	8%	9%
Immigrated before 1986	8%	6%	4%	4%	5%
Immigrated 1986-1995	20%	15%	10%	8%	12%
Immigrated 1996-2001	19%	22%	18%	18%	19%
Men
Canadian-born	9%	7%	4%	3%	5%
Immigrants	10%	10%	6%	6%	7%
Immigrated before 1986	6%	6%	4%	3%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	13%	13%	7%	7%	10%
Immigrated 1996-2001	17%	15%	13%	9%	11%
Total
Canadian-born	9%	6%	4%	3%	5%
Immigrants	12%	11%	7%	7%	8%
Immigrated before 1986	7%	6%	4%	3%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	16%	14%	9%	7%	11%
Immigrated 1996-2001	18%	19%	16%	13%	14%

Almost all immigrant cohorts experienced a lower unemployment rate in 2001 than in 1996. The unemployment rate declined more for the very recent immigrant cohort than for the 1986-1995 immigrant cohort and the Canadian-born. In the case of very recent immigrant women, the lower the level of education was of the cohort, the greater the decrease in unemployment rates was for that cohort.

**Table D-11: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—knowledge of official languages and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	English only	French only	French and English	Neither French nor English	Total
Canadian-born	4,180	40	3,850	–	8,070
Immigrants	2,950	200	1,000	170	4,290
Immigrated before 1986	710	30	340	20	1,090
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,170	100	430	110	1,810
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,060	70	230	40	1,380
Men
Canadian-born	4,870	30	3,830	–	8,750
Immigrants	2,700	60	880	100	3,720
Immigrated before 1986	720	0	250	20	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,200	30	410	40	1,660
Immigrated 1996-2001	800	20	220	40	1,080
Total
Canadian-born	9,050	80	7,690	–	16,810
Immigrants	5,650	250	1,870	250	8,020
Immigrated before 1986	1,430	40	600	60	2,100
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,370	120	840	140	3,460
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,850	90	450	70	2,460

Recent immigrants who speak neither English nor French are more likely to be unemployed than those who speak English or both official languages. The difference in unemployment rates between those who speak at least one official language and those who do not varies widely depending on which other language or languages are spoken, gender and period of immigration. Recent immigrant women who speak only French experience unemployment rates higher than those who do not speak either of Canada’s official languages.

**Table D-12: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by knowledge of official languages and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	English only	French only	French and English	Neither French nor English	Total
Canadian-born	5%	5%	5%	–	5%
Immigrants	9%	30%	8%	23%	9%
Immigrated before 1986	5%	17%	5%	12%	5%
Immigrated 1986-1995	11%	36%	12%	32%	12%
Immigrated 1996-2001	18%	34%	19%	16%	19%
Men
Canadian-born	5%	4%	5%	–	5%
Immigrants	7%	17%	7%	14%	7%
Immigrated before 1986	4%	0%	3%	11%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	9%	17%	11%	12%	10%
Immigrated 1996-2001	10%	16%	14%	17%	11%
Total
Canadian-born	5%	5%	5%	–	5%
Immigrants	8%	25%	7%	18%	8%
Immigrated before 1986	4%	13%	4%	15%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	10%	27%	11%	22%	11%
Immigrated 1996-2001	14%	30%	16%	16%	14%

A large majority of recent immigrants speak English or both English and French. Thus, the effect of higher unemployment among recent immigrants who speak neither English nor French or only French on the overall unemployment rate of recent immigrants is small. For men, the differences in unemployment rates between language skill groups are small compared to the difference in labour force participation.

Share of men and women with jobs increases with length of stay

Less than one-half of very recent immigrant women aged 15 to 64 are employed, compared to three-quarters of Canadian-born women. For men the difference is smaller: seven in ten very recent immigrants are employed compared to eight in ten Canadian-born men. As shown in the previous pages, these differences in employment rates reflect differences in labour force participation rates and also, but to a lesser extent, differences in unemployment rates.

**Table D-13: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	28,420	81,150	47,610	157,170
Immigrants	3,560	20,640	16,720	40,920
Immigrated before 1986	800	7,780	12,940	21,520
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,060	8,290	3,020	13,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	710	4,580	770	6,050
Men
Canadian-born	28,070	87,430	52,290	167,790
Immigrants	4,020	25,230	19,970	49,220
Immigrated before 1986	760	8,580	15,700	25,030
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,400	10,090	3,230	15,710
Immigrated 1996-2001	860	6,580	1,050	8,480
Total
Canadian-born	56,480	168,570	99,890	324,940
Immigrants	7,580	45,870	36,690	90,140
Immigrated before 1986	1,560	16,350	28,640	46,550
Immigrated 1986-1995	4,460	18,370	6,250	29,080
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,570	11,150	1,810	14,520

**Table D-14: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—employment rates, by age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	64%	83%	67%	74%	157,170
Immigrants	45%	64%	63%	61%	40,920
Immigrated before 1986	69%	78%	66%	70%	21,520
Immigrated 1986-1995	47%	64%	60%	60%	13,370
Immigrated 1996-2001	31%	49%	46%	45%	6,050
Men
Canadian-born	63%	91%	78%	81%	167,790
Immigrants	48%	84%	79%	78%	49,220
Immigrated before 1986	66%	90%	82%	84%	25,030
Immigrated 1986-1995	48%	85%	74%	74%	15,710
Immigrated 1996-2001	40%	78%	64%	69%	8,480
Total
Canadian-born	64%	87%	72%	77%	324,940
Immigrants	47%	74%	71%	69%	90,140
Immigrated before 1986	68%	84%	74%	77%	46,550
Immigrated 1986-1995	47%	74%	66%	66%	29,080
Immigrated 1996-2001	35%	63%	55%	57%	14,520

Among immigrants who landed before 1986, employment is more common than among the more recently landed. For immigrant men and women, the employment rate of those who landed before 1986 is comparable to the employment rate of the Canadian-born.

In 2001, the incidence of employment was higher among all cohorts than in 1996. The very recent immigrant cohort showed the greatest rise in employment rates, followed by the cohort of immigrants who landed in the ten years previous.

The jobs of recent immigrants

Part-time jobs more common for very recent immigrant men aged 25 to 64

The proportion of employed persons who work part-time varies considerably by age and gender, both for immigrants and the Canadian-born. More than half of employed young adults work part-time. Seventeen to 24% of employed women aged 25 to 64 work part-time, varying by cohort, while 4% to 16% of employed men aged 25 to 64 work part-time, again varying by cohort.

**Table D-15: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age, employed mostly part-time—age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2000 (number)**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	20,660	15,090	10,810	46,560
Immigrants	2,560	4,180	4,010	10,740
Immigrated before 1986	520	1,500	3,090	5,100
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,630	1,860	770	4,260
Immigrated 1996-1999	410	820	160	1,390
Men
Canadian-born	18,710	4,880	4,310	27,890
Immigrants	2,610	1,770	1,820	6,190
Immigrated before 1986	420	380	1,320	2,110
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,730	840	350	2,920
Immigrated 1996-1999	470	550	160	1,170
Total
Canadian-born	39,370	19,960	15,110	74,430
Immigrants	5,160	5,950	5,820	16,920
Immigrated before 1986	930	1,890	4,400	7,210
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,350	2,700	1,110	7,160
Immigrated 1996-1999	880	1,370	310	2,550

Note: Tables D-15 and D-16 do not include immigrants who landed in 2000 or 2001. Only persons who landed before 2000 are included among immigrants and very recent immigrants. Part-time employment is defined as having worked less than 30 hours per week during most of the weeks worked in the year 2000.

**Table D-16: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed working mostly part-time, by age and gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2000**
Women
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Canadian-born	60%	17%	21%	27%
Immigrants	60%	19%	22%	24%
Immigrated before 1986	55%	18%	22%	22%
Immigrated 1986-1995	62%	20%	24%	28%
Immigrated 1996-1999	59%	20%	22%	25%
Men
Canadian-born	55%	5%	8%	15%
Immigrants	55%	7%	9%	12%
Immigrated before 1986	43%	4%	8%	8%
Immigrated 1986-1995	58%	8%	10%	17%
Immigrated 1996-1999	59%	10%	16%	16%
Total
Canadian-born	57%	11%	14%	21%
Immigrants	57%	13%	15%	18%
Immigrated before 1986	49%	11%	14%	14%
Immigrated 1986-1995	60%	13%	17%	22%
Immigrated 1996-1999	59%	14%	18%	20%

Part-time employment is more common for very recent immigrant men aged 25 to 44 or 45 to 64 than for other men, particularly the Canadian-born. Recent immigrant women are only slightly more likely than other women, including the Canadian-born, to work part-time.

The prevalence of part-time employment was generally lower for the various cohorts in 2001 than in 1996, with recent immigrant cohorts experiencing greater declines than earlier immigrant cohorts and the Canadian-born cohort. The very recent young male immigrant cohort was an exception, with part-time employment higher among this cohort in 2001 than in 1996.

Many recent immigrants in health and science occupations

Employed recent immigrants are more likely than their Canadian-born counterparts to work in health, science and processing jobs. Well over four in ten employed very recently landed immigrants are employed in health and science occupations, compared to two in ten Canadian-born persons. By contrast, management and social occupations, which are favoured by the Canadian-born, account for a smaller share of the jobs of recent immigrants.

Table D-17: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	Sales and services	Processing	Admin- istrative	Mana- gement and social sciences	Trades, transport	Health, science	Total
Canadian-born	18,830	1,570	42,510	44,550	1,680	19,630	128,760
Immigrants	7,990	2,610	8,510	9,900	410	7,940	37,360
Immigrated before 1986	3,890	810	5,690	6,550	230	3,530	20,730
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,000	1,200	1,940	2,330	130	2,710	11,320
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,100	600	890	1,030	50	1,690	5,340
Men
Canadian-born	19,860	4,780	18,650	44,180	20,600	31,670	139,720
Immigrants	6,190	2,730	3,630	12,450	5,440	14,790	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	2,940	940	2,270	8,540	3,160	6,460	24,270
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,410	1,180	980	2,620	1,790	4,350	13,320
Immigrated 1996-2001	840	630	380	1,300	490	3,980	7,630
Total
Canadian-born	38,680	6,350	61,150	88,720	22,280	51,300	268,460
Immigrants	14,170	5,330	12,140	22,370	5,840	22,710	82,560
Immigrated before 1986	6,830	1,740	7,960	15,080	3,400	9,980	44,980
Immigrated 1986-1995	5,420	2,380	2,920	4,950	1,910	7,060	24,620
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,940	1,230	1,270	2,330	540	5,670	12,960

Women
Canadian-born	15%	1%	33%	35%	1%	15%	100%
Immigrants	21%	7%	23%	26%	1%	21%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	19%	4%	27%	32%	1%	17%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	27%	11%	17%	21%	1%	24%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	21%	11%	17%	19%	1%	32%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	14%	3%	13%	32%	15%	23%	100%
Immigrants	14%	6%	8%	28%	12%	33%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	12%	4%	9%	35%	13%	27%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	18%	9%	7%	20%	13%	33%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	11%	8%	5%	17%	6%	52%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	14%	2%	23%	33%	8%	19%	100%
Immigrants	17%	6%	15%	27%	7%	28%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	15%	4%	18%	34%	8%	22%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	22%	10%	12%	20%	8%	29%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	15%	9%	10%	18%	4%	44%	100%

Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-17 to D-20 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.

The distribution of occupations of very recent immigrants is quite different from that of earlier cohorts. In particular, a higher proportion of very recent immigrants than earlier immigrants work in health and science fields, especially among male immigrants. This is something specific to the latest cohort, as five years earlier in the 1996 Census the prevalence of health and science occupations among employed immigrants was quite similar across all cohorts, including very recent immigrants.

Figure D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.

Many very recent immigrants in manufacturing and business services

In Ottawa, relative to the Canadian-born, a large proportion of employed recent immigrants aged 25 to 64 work in manufacturing industries and business services industries. By contrast, the construction and transportation industries and the public sector account for a smaller share of jobs of recent immigrants than of the Canadian-born.

Figure D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Table D-18: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	Manu- facturing	Con- struction and Trans- portation	Trade	Business services	Public sector	Hospitality and other services	Total
Canadian-born	6,540	7,040	11,410	24,540	67,140	12,110	128,750
Immigrants	4,420	1,020	3,430	7,020	15,580	5,900	37,350
Immigrated before 1986	1,560	650	1,990	3,580	9,970	2,980	20,710
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,710	280	1,030	2,040	4,110	2,120	11,310
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,140	80	430	1,410	1,490	810	5,340
Men
Canadian-born	14,810	23,530	16,870	31,960	42,670	9,870	139,710
Immigrants	7,880	5,270	4,530	11,570	10,510	5,440	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	3,020	3,350	2,440	5,410	7,260	2,800	24,270
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,830	1,490	1,500	3,290	2,200	2,020	13,310
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,030	450	600	2,890	1,040	610	7,620
Total
Canadian-born	21,330	30,560	28,270	56,520	109,820	21,980	268,470
Immigrants	12,300	6,290	7,960	18,590	26,080	11,340	82,560
Immigrated before 1986	4,580	4,040	4,410	8,960	17,240	5,780	44,990
Immigrated 1986-1995	4,580	1,750	2,520	5,330	6,330	4,140	24,620
Immigrated 1996-2001	3,170	530	1,030	4,290	2,530	1,410	12,960

Women
Canadian-born	5%	5%	9%	19%	52%	9%	100%
Immigrants	12%	3%	9%	19%	42%	16%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	8%	3%	10%	17%	48%	14%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	15%	2%	9%	18%	36%	19%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	21%	1%	8%	26%	28%	15%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	11%	17%	12%	23%	31%	7%	100%
Immigrants	17%	12%	10%	26%	23%	12%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	12%	14%	10%	22%	30%	12%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	21%	11%	11%	25%	16%	15%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	27%	6%	8%	38%	14%	8%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	8%	11%	11%	21%	41%	8%	100%
Immigrants	15%	8%	10%	23%	32%	14%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	10%	9%	10%	20%	38%	13%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	19%	7%	10%	22%	26%	17%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	24%	4%	8%	33%	20%	11%	100%

Skill requirements of jobs of recent immigrant men higher

The jobs of recent immigrant men require significantly higher skills than the jobs of the Canadian-born. Less than one-half of jobs of Canadian-born men require the highest level of skill: a university education. For men who landed after 1996, nearly two-thirds of jobs require a university education. Very recent immigrant women trail the Canadian-born in the skill requirements of their jobs. Immigrants who landed between 1986 and 1995 have jobs that on average require less skill than the jobs of very recent immigrants.

Table D-19: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	No formal education	High school plus job training	College or trade apprenticeship	University	Total
Canadian-born	4,890	32,740	34,210	56,920	128,760
Immigrants	2,990	11,070	8,230	15,070	37,360
Immigrated before 1986	1,240	5,630	4,920	8,940	20,700
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,210	3,970	2,260	3,880	11,320
Immigrated 1996-2001	540	1,480	1,060	2,250	5,340
Men
Canadian-born	8,160	25,060	37,780	68,730	139,710
Immigrants	2,950	7,290	10,540	24,450	45,200
Immigrated before 1986	1,110	3,240	6,160	13,770	24,280
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,310	2,880	3,210	5,900	13,310
Immigrated 1996-2001	520	1,170	1,170	4,770	7,620
Total
Canadian-born	13,040	57,800	71,990	125,640	268,470
Immigrants	5,930	18,350	18,760	39,520	82,560
Immigrated before 1986	2,360	8,860	11,080	22,700	45,000
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,530	6,860	5,460	9,790	24,620
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,060	2,650	2,230	7,030	12,960

Women
Canadian-born	4%	25%	27%	44%	100%
Immigrants	8%	30%	22%	40%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	6%	27%	24%	43%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	11%	35%	20%	34%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	10%	28%	20%	42%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	6%	18%	27%	49%	100%
Immigrants	7%	16%	23%	54%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	5%	13%	25%	57%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	10%	22%	24%	44%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	7%	15%	15%	63%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	5%	22%	27%	47%	100%
Immigrants	7%	22%	23%	48%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	5%	20%	25%	50%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	10%	28%	22%	40%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	8%	20%	17%	54%	100%

Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-17 to D-12 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons from 25 to 64 years old. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and are less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults.

The information presented in Table D-19 does not directly indicate whether the skills of recent immigrants are fully or less than fully employed in the economy. To determine this, one has to compare the skill levels of jobs of employed recent immigrants with the level of education of employed recent immigrants. This is done in Table D-20 for persons holding a university degree.

Figure D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Education of recent immigrants not fully utilized

The jobs of recent immigrants with a university degree do not require the same level of skill as the jobs of Canadian-born persons with a university degree. Three-quarters of employed Canadian-born women with a university degree have a job requiring a university degree. But only six in ten employed women wih university degrees who immigrated after 1995 have a job that requires a university degree. For men in jobs requiring university degrees, the gap between immigrants and the Canadian-born is less pronounced.

The skill requirements of jobs of university graduates were higher in 2001 than in 1996. For the very recent immigrant cohort the share of jobs requiring a university degree increased by ten percentage points for both men and women, a larger shift than for any other cohort.

Table D-20: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed university graduates, 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
Women
	No formal education	High school plus job training	College or trade apprenticeship	University	Total
Canadian-born	370	4,330	7,180	33,470	45,340
Immigrants	350	2,450	2,320	10,200	15,300
Immigrated before 1986	70	1,020	1,140	5,520	7,760
Immigrated 1986-1995	120	830	710	2,760	4,410
Immigrated 1996-2001	150	600	460	1,930	3,140
Men
Canadian-born	460	3,040	6,160	40,160	49,820
Immigrants	430	1,730	2,470	18,060	22,680
Immigrated before 1986	70	500	1,170	9,390	11,120
Immigrated 1986-1995	160	690	760	4,370	5,980
Immigrated 1996-2001	210	530	550	4,310	5,600
Total
Canadian-born	830	7,370	13,330	73,630	95,160
Immigrants	780	4,160	4,790	28,270	37,990
Immigrated before 1986	130	1,500	2,300	14,910	18,850
Immigrated 1986-1995	270	1,520	1,480	7,130	10,400
Immigrated 1996-2001	370	1,130	1,010	6,230	8,730

Women
Canadian-born	1%	10%	16%	74%	100%
Immigrants	2%	16%	15%	67%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	13%	15%	71%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	3%	19%	16%	62%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	5%	19%	15%	61%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	1%	6%	12%	81%	100%
Immigrants	2%	8%	11%	80%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	4%	10%	84%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	3%	12%	13%	73%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	4%	9%	10%	77%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	1%	8%	14%	77%	100%
Immigrants	2%	11%	13%	74%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	8%	12%	79%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	3%	15%	14%	69%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	4%	13%	12%	71%	100%

Figure D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—25 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed university graduates with job requiring university education, by gender, Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage)

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