Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Victoria—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part C: Families and Households
Family and household affiliation of individuals
Older recent immigrants more likely to be living with relatives
Very few recent immigrants live alone. Like the Canadian-born population, a large majority of recent immigrants live in households with at least two people, and in most cases, these are people with whom they are related by blood, marriage or adoption. In fact, recent immigrants are more likely than the Canadian-born population to live with relatives. This difference is seen in all age groups, but is most notable among people aged 65 and over. Among Canadian-born seniors in Victoria, less than two-thirds live with relatives, while over one-third live alone. By comparison, three-quarters of very recent immigrants aged 65 and over live with relatives, while only one in five lives alone. In part, these figures probably reflect a difference in the average age of recent immigrant seniors and Canadian-born seniors.
| Canadian-born | Immigrants | Immigrated before 1986 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 |
Immigrated 1996-2001 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages (including 0-14 years) | |||||
| Living alone | 33,910 | 9,690 | 8,570 | 840 | 280 |
| Living with non-relatives only | 16,280 | 2,220 | 1,440 | 440 | 350 |
| Living with relatives | 195,750 | 45,490 | 33,290 | 8,130 | 4,090 |
| 15-24 years | |||||
| Living alone | 2,000 | 160 | 40 | 70 | 60 |
| Living with non-relatives only | 5,680 | 310 | 110 | 90 | 110 |
| Living with relatives | 28,500 | 2,220 | 500 | 1,110 | 610 |
| 25-44 years | |||||
| Living alone | 10,330 | 1,470 | 940 | 370 | 160 |
| Living with non-relatives only | 7,160 | 980 | 520 | 280 | 190 |
| Living with relatives | 55,110 | 11,050 | 5,680 | 3,500 | 1,870 |
| 45-64 years | |||||
| Living alone | 9,810 | 2,680 | 2,490 | 160 | 40 |
| Living with non-relatives only | 2,480 | 630 | 580 | 30 | 20 |
| Living with relatives | 45,930 | 17,770 | 15,220 | 1,910 | 660 |
| 65 years and over | |||||
| Living alone | 11,770 | 5,380 | 5,110 | 240 | 40 |
| Living with non-relatives only | 580 | 280 | 240 | 40 | 10 |
| Living with relatives | 20,680 | 12,910 | 11,870 | 910 | 140 |
| All ages (including 0-14 years) | |||||
| Living alone | 14% | 17% | 20% | 9% | 6% |
| Living with non-relatives only | 7% | 4% | 3% | 5% | 7% |
| Living with relatives | 80% | 79% | 77% | 86% | 87% |
| 15-24 years | |||||
| Living alone | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 7% |
| Living with non-relatives only | 16% | 11% | 16% | 7% | 14% |
| Living with relatives | 79% | 83% | 78% | 88% | 79% |
| 25-44 years | |||||
| Living alone | 14% | 11% | 13% | 9% | 7% |
| Living with non-relatives only | 10% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 8% |
| Living with relatives | 76% | 82% | 80% | 84% | 84% |
| 45-64 years | |||||
| Living alone | 17% | 13% | 14% | 8% | 5% |
| Living with non-relatives only | 4% | 3% | 3% | 1% | 3% |
| Living with relatives | 79% | 84% | 83% | 91% | 92% |
| 65 years and over | |||||
| Living alone | 36% | 29% | 30% | 20% | 19% |
| Living with non-relatives only | 2% | 2% | 1% | 3% | 6% |
| Living with relatives | 63% | 70% | 69% | 76% | 75% |
Note: For definitions of living arrangements and related concepts, see the Glossary.
Recent immigrants more likely to live in extended families
Recent immigrants are similar to Canadian-born individuals in that most live in nuclear families, with no relatives other than the immediate members of the nuclear family. However, recent immigrants are more likely than the Canadian-born population to live in extended family situations. Of the Canadian-born population living with one or more relatives, only 5% are part of an extended family. For very recent immigrants the proportion is 7%, and for other recent immigrants it is 12%.
Figure C-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—percentage living with relatives in an extended family, Victoria Census Metropolitan Area, 2001
Note: For definitions of extended and nuclear families, see the Glossary. Whereas Table C-1 includes all persons, Figure C-1 and Table C-2 include only persons who are living with relatives. A small percentage of individuals living with relatives are in “non-family” households. An example might be two adult brothers living together. The percentage of individuals in these situations is not shown in the table and figure in this section.
Extended family living arrangements are most common among older recent immigrants. Nearly one in four recent immigrants aged 65 and over live in extended families, compared to one in twenty Canadian-born seniors. Older recent immigrants living in extended families are most often related to someone within a nuclear family and are not members of the nuclear family itself.
| Canadian-born | Immigrants | Immigrated before 1986 |
Immigrated 1986-1995 |
Immigrated 1996-2001 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages | |||||
| Nuclear family | 182,060 | 41,080 | 30,260 | 7,090 | 3,730 |
| Extended family | 10,610 | 3,650 | 2,420 | 940 | 300 |
| Under 15 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 43,260 | 1,460 | - | 680 | 780 |
| Extended family | 2,170 | 100 | - | 50 | 55 |
| 15-24 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 25,990 | 1,910 | 440 | 970 | 510 |
| Extended family | 2,010 | 230 | 60 | 110 | 60 |
| 25-44 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 51,300 | 9,940 | 5,140 | 3,060 | 1,740 |
| Extended family | 2,750 | 930 | 410 | 410 | 100 |
| 45-64 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 42,750 | 16,440 | 14,120 | 1,720 | 610 |
| Extended family | 2,470 | 1,160 | 940 | 180 | 50 |
| 65 years and over | |||||
| Nuclear family | 18,780 | 11,330 | 10,570 | 660 | 100 |
| Extended family | 1,220 | 1,240 | 1,000 | 210 | 30 |
| All ages | |||||
| Nuclear family | 93% | 90% | 91% | 87% | 91% |
| Extended family | 5% | 8% | 7% | 12% | 7% |
| Under 15 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 95% | 94% | - | 93% | 93% |
| Extended family | 5% | 6% | - | 7% | 7% |
| 15-24 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 91% | 86% | 86% | 87% | 84% |
| Extended family | 7% | 10% | 11% | 9% | 9% |
| 25-44 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 93% | 90% | 91% | 88% | 93% |
| Extended family | 5% | 8% | 7% | 12% | 5% |
| 45-64 years | |||||
| Nuclear family | 93% | 93% | 93% | 91% | 92% |
| Extended family | 5% | 7% | 6% | 9% | 8% |
| 65 years and over | |||||
| Nuclear family | 91% | 88% | 89% | 73% | 77% |
| Extended family | 6% | 10% | 8% | 23% | 23% |
Note: For definitions of extended and nuclear families, see the Glossary. Whereas Table C-1 includes all persons, Figure C-1 and Table C-2 include only persons who are living with relatives. A small percentage of individuals living with relatives are in “non-family” households. An example might be two adult brothers living together. The percentage of individuals in these situations is not shown in the table and figure in this section. Consequently, the percentages in Table C-2 do not add to 100%.
Families
One in fourteen families in Victoria is a recent immigrant famil y
In Victoria in 2001, there were 14,200 recent immigrants who landed in Canada between 1986 and 2001. A large majority of these immigrants—11,700 or 82%—were members of a nuclear family. In other words, they were husbands, wives, common-law partners, lone parents or children. Only one in fourteen families in Victoria is a recent immigrant family—that is, a family in which either or both spouses or the lone parent are recent immigrants. In Canada as a whole, one in nine families is a recent immigrant family.
Most of the recent immigrant families, 92%, consist of married or common-law couples. Only 8% are lone-parent families. Among Canadian-born families, 18% are headed by a lone parent, while 82% contain a married or common-law couple.
Even when families are subdivided by the age of the oldest member, lone-parent families are seen to be less common among recent immigrant families than Canadian-born families in all age groups.
| Canadian-born families | Recent immigrant families | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All families (including ages 15-24 years) | ||||
| couples with or without children | 45,750 | 82% | 5,580 | 92% |
| lone-parent families | 10,340 | 18% | 490 | 8% |
| total number of families | 56,080 | 100% | 6,070 | 100% |
| 25-44 years | ||||
| couples with or without children | 17,440 | 76% | 2,950 | 91% |
| lone-parent families | 5,430 | 24% | 290 | 9% |
| total number of families | 22,870 | 100% | 3,240 | 100% |
| 45-64 years | ||||
| couples with or without children | 18,380 | 83% | 1,950 | 93% |
| lone-parent families | 3,850 | 17% | 150 | 7% |
| total number of families | 22,230 | 100% | 2,100 | 100% |
| 65 years and over | ||||
| couples with or without children | 8,910 | 93% | 600 | 94% |
| lone-parent families | 670 | 7% | 40 | 6% |
| total number of families | 9,570 | 100% | 640 | 100% |
Note: For definitions of family and related concepts, see the Glossary. Since the 1996 Census there have been changes to the definition of family.
Recent immigrant families more likely to have children in the home
Recent immigrant and Canadian-born families differ in the proportion of families with children at home. Nearly two in three recent immigrant families have at least one child of any age living at home. By comparison, a little more than half of Canadian-born families have children at home.
This difference occurs mainly among older families, when age of family is defined as the age of the oldest family member. Among young families, 71% of recent immigrant families have children at home, compared to 73% of Canadian-born families. However, 23% of recent immigrant families of seniors have children in the home, compared to 13% of Canadian-born families.
Figure C-2: Recent immigrant and Canadian-born families—never-married children living at home, by age of older spouse or lone parent, Victoria Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage)
The higher proportion of older recent immigrant families with children living at home could be due to a greater likelihood that older children stay longer in the parental home, as well as possible differences in the timing of childbirth and level of fertility. Some of the children in older immigrant families may be adults living with and possibly supporting one or two aging parents.
Older recent immigrant families have more children living at home
Recent immigrant families with children are somewhat more likely to have more than two children in the home than Canadian-born families with children. As many as 59% of recent immigrant families with children have two or more children, compared to 53% of Canadian-born families.
Among young families with children, the share with three or more children is only slightly higher among recent immigrant families than among Canadian-born families. However, among the oldest recent immigrant families with children, 14% have three or more children living at home, compared to only 1% of Canadian-born families.
| Canadian-born families | Recent immigrant families | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages (including ages 15-24 years) | ||||
| One child | 14,800 | 47% | 1,560 | 40% |
| Two children | 12,710 | 40% | 1,670 | 43% |
| Three or more children | 4,180 | 13% | 640 | 16% |
| 25-44 years | ||||
| One child | 6,600 | 40% | 890 | 38% |
| Two children | 7,380 | 44% | 1,010 | 44% |
| Three or more children | 2,640 | 16% | 410 | 18% |
| 45-64 years | ||||
| One child | 6,570 | 50% | 540 | 38% |
| Two children | 5,120 | 39% | 640 | 46% |
| Three or more children | 1,520 | 12% | 220 | 15% |
| 65 years and over | ||||
| One child | 1,150 | 93% | 110 | 76% |
| Two children | 80 | 6% | 20 | 10% |
| Three or more children | 10 | 1% | 20 | 14% |
In one in three recent immigrant families, one spouse was born in Canada
Forty percent of the 6,100 recent immigrant families consist of a recently immigrated husband married to or living common-law with a recently immigrated wife, with or without children. An additional 16% of families have a recently immigrated spouse and a spouse who immigrated earlier, before 1986. More than one in three recent immigrant families in Victoria have a recent immigrant paired with a Canadian-born spouse. This latter share is more than twice the Canadian average of 15% of recent immigrant families. Of the families of immigrants who landed before 1986, 53% consist of an immigrant paired with a Canadian-born spouse (not shown in Figure C-3).
Figure C-3: Recent immigrant families—family structure showing immigrant status of spouses, Victoria Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)
When recent immigrants enter into conjugal unions, they are very likely to do so as a legally married couple. Just 4% of recent immigrant couples live common-law, compared to 17% of Canadian-born couples. Even among younger couples, where common-law relationships are the clear preference of the Canadian-born, relatively few recent immigrant couples have chosen this option.
| Canadian-born families | Recent immigrant families | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages | 7,650 | 17% | 100 | 4% |
| 15-24 years | 850 | 84% | 10 | 40% |
| 25-44 years | 4,330 | 25% | 70 | 6% |
| 45-64 years | 2,120 | 12% | 10 | 1% |
| 65 years and over | 350 | 4% | 10 | 3% |
The low incidence of common-law relationships is in part a result of immigration law, which, prior to the introduction of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) in June 2002, did not recognize common-law relationships.
Households
One in seventeen households is a recent immigrant household
In 2001, there were 8,050 recent immigrant households—households in which at least one member of 15 years of age or older was a recent immigrant. These made up 6% of the total number of households in Victoria.
One-third of recent immigrant households, or 2,660 in total, have at least one member who immigrated after 1995. For fewer than half of these households, all members are very recent immigrants. The remaining 1,660 households are comprised of very recent immigrants living together with other persons. In 36% of these households, the other persons are immigrants who landed before 1996, in 57% they are persons born in Canada and in 7% they are both persons born in Canada and immigrants who landed before 1996. In Canada as a whole, the proportion of very recent immigrants living with Canadian-born persons is much lower and the share of very recent immigrants living with other immigrants much higher.
| Households | Number of households |
Share of all households |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian-born | 95,160 | 70% |
| Earlier immigrants | 31,910 | 24% |
| Recent immigrants | 8,050 | 6% |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 5,390 | 4.0% |
| 1996-2001 immigrants with others | 1,660 | 1.2% |
| 1996-2001 immigrants only | 1,000 | 0.7% |
| All households | 135,600 | 100% |
Note: The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
More than two of every three households in Victoria consist of only Canadian-born persons. Households that include one or more earlier immigrants but no recent immigrants account for 24% of households. This composition is different from Canada as a whole, where earlier immigrant households are less common.
Recent immigrant households more likely to be larger than a nuclear family
A recent immigrant household is much more likely than a Canadian-born household to consist of one or more families. The large majority of recent immigrant households, eight out of ten, are family households, compared to just six out of ten Canadian-born households.
More than four in ten Canadian-born households are non-family households, and most of these consist of a person living alone. Among recent immigrant households, persons living alone are much rarer.
Most households consist of a nuclear family—that is, a couple with or without children or a lone parent with one or more children. Immigrant households are more likely than Canadian-born households to consist of just a nuclear family.
A significant proportion of recent immigrant households consist of a nuclear family living with other persons. In most of these “expanded-family” households, the non-family person or persons are related to the family. Expanded-family households occur much less frequently among the Canadian-born.
| Family households | Non-family households | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | All family house-holds | Nuclear families | Expanded families | Multiple families | Single person | Multiple persons |
| Canadian-born | 54,830 | 50,090 | 4,170 | 580 | 33,910 | 6,430 |
| Earlier immigrants | 22,010 | 20,000 | 1,670 | 350 | 8,570 | 1,330 |
| Recent immigrants | 6,330 | 5,210 | 780 | 340 | 1,120 | 630 |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 4,170 | 3,490 | 520 | 170 | 850 | 390 |
| 1996-2001 immigrants with others | 1,490 | 1,090 | 250 | 150 | 0 | 180 |
| 1996-2001 immigrants only | 680 | 650 | 20 | 10 | 280 | 70 |
| All households | 83,300 | 75,420 | 6,630 | 1,260 | 43,850 | 8,460 |
| Canadian-born | 58% | 53% | 4% | 1% | 36% | 7% |
| Earlier immigrants | 69% | 63% | 5% | 1% | 27% | 4% |
| Recent immigrants | 79% | 65% | 10% | 4% | 14% | 8% |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 77% | 65% | 10% | 3% | 16% | 7% |
| 1996-2001 immigrants with others | 89% | 65% | 15% | 9% | 0% | 11% |
| 1996-2001 immigrants only | 68% | 65% | 2% | 1% | 28% | 7% |
| All households | 61% | 56% | 5% | 1% | 32% | 6% |
Note: The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary.
Households of recent immigrants are also more likely than Canadian-born households to consist of two or more families. These families may be related to each other, as for example a married couple living with the family of one of their children. Multiple family households are most common among households combining very recent immigrants with other Canadians. Many recent immigrants clearly live in households that are different from the standard nuclear family.
Recent immigrant households tend to be large
Recent immigrant households are more likely to be large in size than Canadian-born and earlier immigrant households. The proportion of households with four or more members is more than twice as large among recent immigrant households than among Canadian-born households, with 35% having four or more persons compared to 16% of Canadian-born households with four or more persons.
| Number of persons in household | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 1 to 3 | 4 or 5 | 6 or more | |
| Canadian-born | 79,390 | 14,480 | 1,290 | 95,160 |
| Earlier immigrants | 26,400 | 4,930 | 580 | 31,910 |
| Recent immigrants | 5,260 | 2,270 | 540 | 8,070 |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 3,410 | 1,630 | 360 | 5,400 |
| 1996-2001 immigrants with others | 1,110 | 390 | 170 | 1,660 |
| 1996-2001 immigrants only | 730 | 260 | 20 | 1,010 |
| All households | 111,480 | 21,700 | 2,430 | 135,600 |
| Number of persons in household | Estimated average size |
|||
| Households | 1 to 3 | 4 or 5 | 6 or more | |
| Canadian-born | 83% | 15% | 1% | 2.2 |
| Earlier immigrants | 83% | 15% | 2% | 2.3 |
| Recent immigrants | 65% | 28% | 7% | 3.1 |
| 1986-1995 immigrants | 63% | 30% | 7% | 3.1 |
| 1996-2001 immigrants with others | 67% | 23% | 10% | 3.4 |
| 1996-2001 immigrants only | 73% | 26% | 1% | 2.7 |
| All households | 82% | 16% | 2% | 2.3 |
Note: The total “All households” includes households of non-permanent residents not shown in the table. For definitions of household and related concepts, see the Glossary. Average size of household is estimated assuming an average of 4.5 for households with four or five members and an average of 7 for households with six or more members. For households with one, two or three members, the actual size of household was used in the calculation.
Most of the larger recent immigrant households have four or five members. Households where very recent immigrants live together with other persons are most likely of all households to be large, with one in ten households having six or more members. The share of equally large households among Canadian-born households is only 1%.
More care of children
The proportion of recent immigrants 15 years of age and over reporting time spent on unpaid care of children is higher than the proportion of Canadian-born persons in the same category. By contrast, the share of recent immigrants reporting time spent on a regular basis to look after elder persons is somewhat lower than for Canadian-born persons.
| Care of | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | Elders | |||
| Women | ||||
| Canadian-born | 37,180 | 29% | 22,280 | 17% |
| Immigrants | 9,620 | 31% | 6,010 | 19% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 6,400 | 27% | 4,820 | 21% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 2,240 | 43% | 880 | 17% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 980 | 39% | 310 | 12% |
| Men | ||||
| Canadian-born | 28,230 | 24% | 14,270 | 12% |
| Immigrants | 7,790 | 29% | 4,130 | 16% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 5,470 | 27% | 3,420 | 17% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 1,630 | 38% | 490 | 12% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 690 | 31% | 220 | 10% |
| Total | ||||
| Canadian-born | 65,400 | 26% | 36,550 | 15% |
| Immigrants | 17,410 | 30% | 10,130 | 18% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 11,870 | 27% | 8,240 | 19% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 3,870 | 41% | 1,370 | 14% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 1,670 | 35% | 530 | 11% |
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