Canada’s COVID-19 vaccine supply and donation strategy

Thanks to a robust vaccine supply strategy, Canada has one of the highest vaccination rates in the world. Our supply strategy also accounted for the potential to donate surplus doses to other countries in need, helping to vaccinate people around the world.

On this page

• Procuring vaccines for Canada
• Managing Canada's supply
• Canada's role in helping to vaccinate the world
• Canada's international vaccine distribution

Procuring vaccines for Canada

When the pandemic started, it was not known which vaccines would be successful or when they would be available. Experts therefore advised Canada to secure many different types of vaccines.

To secure fast access to vaccines for everyone in the country, we set up advance purchase agreements (APAs) with 7 manufacturers:

• Moderna
• Novavax
• Medicago
• Pfizer-BioNTech
• Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline
• Johnson & Johnson (Janssen)
• AstraZeneca

APAs have the obligations of a contract, but are more flexible in structure. This flexibility was needed given the uncertainties around when new vaccines would be developed. Having APAs meant that we could purchase vaccines that didn't yet exist.

The agreements with the vaccine manufacturers also required initial investments to support vaccine research and development, testing and manufacturing.

By signing memorandums of understanding with international sources, Canada was also able to access an early supply of the first vaccines available. We also looked for ways to secure quicker deliveries of approved vaccines.

Our strategy worked, giving people in Canada early access to safe and effective vaccines. We were among the first countries to start vaccinating and we now have one of the highest coverage rates in the world.

We continue to make sure that Canada is prepared to manage COVID-19 and its possible evolutions. To date, Canada has also secured vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, Novavax and Medicago for 2022 and 2023, with options to extend into 2024.

These agreements provide flexibility to obtain new second-generation COVID-19 vaccines developed by vaccine suppliers once they are authorized for use by Health Canada.

All vaccines require Health Canada authorization before they're used to vaccinate anyone in Canada.

Managing Canada's supply

We manage our COVID-19 vaccine supply strategically based on:

• the most recent scientific data, including regulatory decisions and guidance from the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI)
• the needs of provinces and territories, who are responsible for vaccine administration programs
• the identification of surplus doses that can be offered for international donations

To maximize the use of Canada's vaccine supply, we also:

• coordinate transfers of doses between provinces and territories to move vaccines to where they are needed most
• work with manufacturer to schedule deliveries for when and where they are needed the most
• monitor for the possibility of shelf-life extensions
• offer vaccines surplus to our domestic needs for global donations, with as much shelf-life as possible

This approach ensures that we have enough vaccine supply for people in Canada to stay up-to-date on their vaccines, including boosters. It also ensures that Canada has sufficient supply in country to mobilize a large-scale vaccination campaign if needed. And it enables us to provide vaccines to other countries in need around the world.

Despite all of these efforts, there will be wastage if doses expire before they're used or donated. Expired doses will be disposed of in accordance with appropriate handling and storage guidelines.

Doses distributed in Canada

Canada's role in helping to vaccinate the world

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a profound global impact, especially on vulnerable populations.

Women and children who already experience poverty, exclusion and/or marginalization more severely are especially impacted. As a part of Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy, our response includes a particular focus on supporting:

• the different needs of women and girls
• the world's poorest and most marginalized people
• education, health, nutrition and sexual and reproductive health and rights

Providing access to vaccination for all peoples is one of the most effective ways of controlling the virus.

Promoting vaccine equity

Canada has committed close to $3.5 billion in international assistance in response to the COVID‑19 pandemic. This includes over $1.2 billion to the Access to COVID‑19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator vaccine pillar:

• $840 million for the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) Facility to procure, deliver and distribute COVID-19 vaccines
• $315 million to other partners within the pillar to support vaccine research, development and manufacturing

Vaccinating the world

Canada is working to ensure the world has access to COVID-19 vaccines by:

• investing in COVAX
• donating our surplus doses
• supporting the delivery and distribution of vaccines
  • includes efforts to increase local demand and regional production capacity

Canada continues to work toward its commitment of donating the equivalent of at least 200 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines. So far, we have donated the equivalent of more than 196 million doses. This includes at least 41.5 million doses deemed surplus from Canada's domestic supply and donated to COVAX, as well as more than 3.7 million doses donated directly to countries through bilateral agreements.

Canada has also provided financial contributions to COVAX towards the purchase of the equivalent of 150.7 million vaccine doses for low- and middle-income countries. Canada will fulfill the balance of the commitment through future donations of doses through the COVAX Facility according to country demand.

With vaccine supply no longer the key constraint in combatting COVID-19 around the world, it is now critical to turn vaccines into vaccinations. This is why, on June 22, 2022, Canada announced $200 million in funding for a new signature initiative. Canada's Global Initiative for Vaccine Equity (CanGIVE) is designed to support vaccine delivery and distribution, as well as health systems strengthening in 12 countries, most of them in Africa. On January 13, 2023, Minister Sajjan announced additional allocations to CanGIVE, bringing the total value of the program to $275 million. Through CanGIVE, Canada is partnering with UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and Medicines Patent Pool (MPP).

How the COVAX Facility Works

Canada is committed to sharing our surplus vaccine supply through the COVAX Facility to ensure an equitable and efficient allocation to the countries who need them most. In some circumstances, we also shared doses directly with recipient countries through bilateral agreements.

The COVAX Facility uses the WHO's fair allocation method to provide all vaccine doses to recipient countries. This ensures that the doses reach the populations who need them most. The Facility communicates directly with countries to confirm they are able to accept and administer doses before they expire. As a donor, Canada is not involved in this allocation process.

Placing surplus doses through the COVAX Facility depends on:

• available supply with sufficient shelf life
• collaboration with manufacturers
• capacity of recipient countries to administer the vaccines and
• agreements between the COVAX Facility and partner organizations

Global vaccine supply increased rapidly in late 2021 and into 2022. The result is that many low- and lower middle-income countries now have more doses than they can administer before the doses expire. Given this current global imbalance, it's inevitable there will also be some wastage.

Canada remains committed to support removing barriers to international vaccine distribution so that everyone may be immunized against COVID-19.

Canada's international vaccine distribution

Canada continues to work toward its commitment of donating the equivalent of at least 200 million doses. So far, we have donated the equivalent of more than 196 million doses, including at least 41.5 million doses deemed surplus from Canada's domestic supply. As of December 15, 2022, over 25 million of the doses Canada has donated to COVAX have been delivered to countries.

We have also shared more than 3.76 million vaccine doses through direct, bilateral agreements with countries.

The following table shows the countries that have received surplus doses donated by Canada, either through COVAX or through bilateral agreements. The table only accounts for Canada's surplus vaccine doses. It does not include dose equivalents resulting from Canada's financial contribution to COVAX.