Chapter 2. Antimicrobial Resistance
Surveillance of Feed and Feed Ingredients
Key Findings
Salmonella (n = 35)
One Salmonella Mishmarhaemek isolate was resistant to 3 antimicrobial classes. None of these antimicrobials were from Category I resistance. No information about source or intended use of feed product was available.
Multiclass Resistance
Feed and Feed Ingredients
| Serovar | Numbers (%) of isolates |
Number of isolates by number of antimicrobial classes in the resistance pattern | Number of isolates resistant by antimicrobial class and antimicrobial | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | β-lactams | Folate pathway inhibitors | Macrolides | Phenicols | Quinolones | Tetracyclines | |||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 6-7 | GEN | KAN | STR | AMP | AMC | CRO | FOX | TIO | SSS | SXT | AZM | CHL | CIP | NAL | TET | ||
| Oranienburg | 4 (12.5) | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Schwarzengrund | 4 (12.5) | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Infantis | 3 (9.4) | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amsterdam var. 15+ 34+ | 2 (6.3) | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Agona | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Anatum | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hartford | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Havana | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Heidelberg | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 8,20:z10:- | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Livingstone | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Llandoff | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mbandaka | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mbandaka var. 14+ | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Minnesota | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mishmarhaemek | 1 (3.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Montevideo | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Muenster | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Putten | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rissen | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Senftenberg | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tennessee | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Worthington | 1 (3.1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 32 (100) | 31 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Antimicrobial abbreviations are defined in the Preamble.
Red, blue, and black numbers indicate isolates resistant to antimicrobials in Categories I, II, and III of importance to human medicine, respectively.
The total number of isolates was 35 but 3 isolates did not have serovar information.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
More details on how to interpret the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) tables are provided in the CIPARS Annual Report 2012 – Chapter 1. Design and Methods.
| Antimicrobial | n | Percentiles | % R | Distribution (%) of MICs (µg/mL) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC 50 | MIC 90 | ≤ 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256 | >256 | ||||
| I | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | 35 | <=1 | <=1 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.97.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.9 Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| Ceftiofur | 35 | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.20.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.80.0 | Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||||
| Ceftriaxone | 35 | <=0.25 | <=0.25 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.100.0 | Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 35 | <=0.015 | <=0.015 | 0.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.91.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.5.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.9 Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||||||
| II | Ampicillin | 35 | <=1 | <=1 | 2.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.94.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.9 | Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.2.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| Azithromycin | 35 | 4 | 8 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.62.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.34.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activityTable 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||||||
| Cefoxitin | 35 | 4 | 4 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.34.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.62.9 | Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| Gentamicin | 35 | 0.50 | 1 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.5.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.82.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.11.4 | Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| Kanamycin | 35 | <=8 | <=8 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.100.0 | Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 35 | 4 | 4 | 2.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.37.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.60.0 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.2.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||||
| Streptomycin | 35 | <=32 | <=32 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 100.0 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 35 | <=0.12 | <=0.12 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 100.0 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||||
| III | Chloramphenicol | 35 | 8 | 8 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 8.6 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 85.7 Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 5.7 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Sulfisoxazole | 35 | 64 | 64 | 2.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 5.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 34.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 54.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint. 2.9 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint. 2.9Table 59 - Footnote 2 | ||
| Tetracycline | 35 | <=4 | <=4 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.100.0 Table 59 - Footnote 1 | Table 59 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| IV | |||||||||||||||||||||
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