Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies Government of Canada – Self-Review Assessment Framework

Purpose

This assessment Framework is the tool that Canada will use to assess federal Measures in the context of Canada's G20 peer review of inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies, including both tax and non-tax Measures, in order to identify those that constitute inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies. This Framework is central to Canada fulfilling its commitment to Phase Out or Rationalize inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies by 2023 (see Annex A).

The Framework will be supplemented by guidelines to ensure that, moving forward, federal government expenditures are not misaligned with the inefficiency criteria identified in this Framework.

Step 1 – Identifying a Fossil Fuel Subsidy

The following steps will be used to assess whether a Measure is a Fossil Fuel Subsidy.

Defined terms (bold and italicized) are found in Annex B.

Step 2: Identifying an Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidy

All Measures identified as Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Step 1 of the assessment framework will be considered Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies unless they meet one or more of the following criteria:

1. Subsidies that enable significant net GHG emission reductions in Canada or internationally In Alignment with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2. Subsidies that support Clean Energy, Clean Technology or Renewable Energy
3. Subsidies that provide an Essential Energy Service to a Remote Community
4. Subsidies that provide short-term support for Emergency Response
5. Subsidies that support Indigenous Economic Participation in Fossil Fuel Activities
6. Subsidies that support Abated production processes, or projects that have a credible plan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2030

Annex A - G20 Commitment

In 2009, Canada and other G20 countries committed to phase out and rationalize over the medium-term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies while providing targeted support for the poorest.

Inefficient fossil fuel subsidies encourage wasteful consumption, reduce our energy security, impede investment in clean energy sources and undermine efforts to deal with the threat of climate change.

As we do that, we recognize the importance of providing those in need with essential energy services, including through the use of targeted cash transfers and other appropriate mechanisms. This reform will not apply to our support for clean energy, renewables, and technologies that dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Annex B: Defined Terms

"Abated" refers to effective (leading to significant elimination of emissions), operational carbon capture and storage (CCS)/carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) or equivalent technologies. Note: This excludes carbon capture for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery.

"Benefit" refers to any financial contribution that provides an advantage (benefit) to the recipient.

"Clean Energy" refers to energy produced without the release of greenhouse gases.

"Clean Technology" refers to any process, product or service that reduces negative environmental impacts relative to prevailing technology.

"Disproportionate Benefit" refers to a Measure for which:

1. more than 10% of the Measure's expenditures or foregone revenues is received by the Fossil Fuel Sector; or
2. the Fossil Fuel Sector is specifically targeted to benefit from the Measure.

"Emergency Response" refers to a response to a public health, humanitarian, or economic crisis.

"Essential Energy Services" refers to energy used for electricity, transportation, or space or water heating.

"Fossil Fuels" refers to non-renewable resources that were formed from biomass in the geological past (e.g., coal, natural gas, crude oil, bitumen), and any secondary product manufactured from those natural resources (e.g., pentanes, butane, propane, gasoline, diesel fuel). 

"Fossil Fuel Activities" refers to activities directly related to Fossil Fuel production (i.e., exploration, extraction, and processing including refining) or Fossil Fuel use (i.e., storage, transportation, sale and production of electricity and/or heat). For greater certainty, activities undertaken by the Fossil Fuel Sector that are unrelated to Fossil Fuel production or use are not considered Fossil Fuel Activities.

"Fossil Fuel Consumption" refers to industrial, commercial, public sector, and individual consumers of Fossil Fuels. For greater certainty, subsidies that support fossil fuel consumption refer solely to those that reduce the price paid by final consumers in the purchase of a Fossil Fuel.

"Fossil Fuel Sector" refers to those firms whose business primarily involves activities related to Fossil Fuel production (i.e., exploration, extraction, and processing including refining) and Fossil Fuel use (i.e., storage, transportation, sale). The term also refers to those firms that produce electricity and/or heat from Fossil Fuels.

"In Alignment with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement" refers to any GHG reduction occurring outside of Canada caused by an activity inside Canada for which the reduction can be verified through an Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome (ITMO) established pursuant to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

"Indigenous Economic Participation" refers to Measures that promote increased Indigenous economic participation in projects and firms. These Measures should ensure that the main beneficiary of the funding or Measure are Indigenous peoples.

"Measure" refers to the following types of federal programs and expenditure:

• expenditure programs (i.e., grants, contributions, transfers)
• intramural research and development
• tariff and duty reliefs; and
• tax expenditures that support Fossil Fuel Consumption or that can be claimed by the Fossil Fuel Sector and that represent alternatives to expenditure programs (i.e., tax credits, accelerated capital cost allowances, flow-through shares)

"Normal Treatment" refers to the treatment of a Measure that is a tariff or duty, where the Government has a standard way that it treats all businesses and industries.

"Phase Out" refers to gradually eliminating, up to and including complete repeal, an inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidy.

"Rationalize" refers to adjusting the design of an inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidy with the objective of ensuring that it is no longer an inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidy.

"Remote Community" refers to communities that are a) not currently connected to the North American electrical grid nor to the piped natural gas network; and, b) a permanent or long-term (five years or more) settlement with at least 10 dwellings.  

"Renewable Energy" refers to energy derived from natural processes that are replenished at a rate that is equal to or faster than the rate at which they are consumed.

"Subsidy" is defined by reference to the World Trade Organization's (WTO) definition of a "Subsidy" as set out in Article 1.1 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM)^{Footnote 1} :

"[A] subsidy shall be deemed to exist if:

1. (1) there is a financial contribution by a government or any public body within the territory of a Member (referred to in this Agreement as "government"), i.e. where:
   1. a government practice involves a direct transfer of funds (e.g. grants, loans, and equity infusion), potential direct transfers of funds or liabilities (e.g. loan guarantees);
   2. government revenue that is otherwise due is foregone or not collected (e.g. fiscal incentives such as tax credits)^{Footnote 2} ;
   3. a government provides goods or services other than general infrastructure, or purchases goods;
   4. a government makes payments to a funding mechanism, or entrusts or directs a private body to carry out one or more of the type of functions illustrated in (i) to (iii) above which would normally be vested in the government and the practice, in no real sense, differs from practices normally followed by governments;
   or
2. (2) there is any form of income or price support in the sense of Article XVI of GATT 1994; and
3. a benefit is thereby conferred."

While the above WTO definition applies to "a government or any public body within the territory of a Member", only Measures within the scope of Canada's 2009 G20 commitment (i.e., Measures enacted by the federal government or entities wholly controlled by the federal government) will be assessed. 

For the purpose of this Framework, Measures that are subject to Normal Treatment shall not be considered Subsidies.