Page 5 : Recommandations pour la qualité de l'eau potable au Canada: document technique – le nitrate et le nitrite
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada (2010). L'agriculture écologiquement durable au Canada - Série sur les indicateurs agroenvironnementaux : rapport n° 3. W. Eilers, R. MacKay, L. Graham et A. Lefebvre (éds.). Agriculture et Agroalimentaire, Ottawa (Ontario). Disponible à : agriculture.canada.ca/resources/prod/doc/prog/pdf/asca-aedc_rep2010_fra.pdf
Addiscott, T.M. et Benjamin, N. (2004). Nitrate and human health. Soil Use Manage., 20(2): 98-104.
Alavantić, D., Sunjevarić, I., Cerović, G., Bozin, D. et Pecevski, J. (1988). In vivo genotoxicity of nitrate and nitrite in germ cells of male mice. II. Unscheduled DNA synthesis and sperm abnormality after treatment of spermatids. Mutat. Res., 204: 697-701.
Aly, H.A., Mansour, A.M., Abo-Salem, O.M., Abd-Ellah, H.F. et Abdel-Naim, A.B. (2010). Potential testicular toxicity of sodium nitrate in adult rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 48(2):572-8.
Anderson, L.M., Giner-Sorolla, A., Haller, I.M. et Budinger, J.M. (1985). Effects of cimetidine, nitrite, cimetidine plus nitrite, and nitrosocimetidine on tumors in mice following transplacental plus chronic lifetime exposure. Cancer Res., 45(8): 3561-3566.
Anderson, S., Pedersen, K.M., Bruun, N.H. et Laurberg, P. (2002). Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: A clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(3):1068-72. [cité dans Miller et coll., 2009].
Anderson, S., Bruun, N.H., Pedersen, K.M. et Laurberg, P. (2003). Biologic variation is important for interpretation of thyroid function tests. Thyroid 13(11):1069-78. [cité dans Miller et coll., 2009].
Andrews, A.W., Fornwald, J.A. et Lijinsky, W. (1980). Nitrosation and mutagenicity of some amine drugs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 52(2): 237-244.
Andrews, D.A. et Harward, C. (1994). Isleham ion-exchange nitrate-removal plant. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 8(2): 12-127.
Aoki, Y., Belin, R.M., Clickner, R., Jeffries, R., Phillips, L. et Mahaffey, K.R. (2007). Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002). Thyroid, 17(12): 1211-1223.
Aoyagi, M., Matsukura, N. et Uchida, E. (1980). Induction of liver tumors in Wistar rats by sodium nitrite given in pellet diet. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 65(2): 411-414.
APHA, American Water Works Association et Water Environment Federation (1992). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
APHA, American Water Works Association et Water Environment Federation (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
APHA, American Water Works Association et Water Environment Federation (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
APHA, American Water Works Association et Water Environment Federation (2000). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Online edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
APHA, American Water Works Association et Water Environment Federation (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Appelo, C.A.J. et Postma, C. (1996). Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. A.A.Balkam (éditeur), Rotterdam, Pays-Bas.
Arbuckle, T.E., Sherman, G.J., Corey, P.N., Walters, D. et Lo, B. (1988). Water nitrate and CNS birth defects: A population-based case-control study. Arch Environ Health, 43(2):162-7 :162-7.
Archer, M.C. (1989). Mechanisms of action of N-nitroso compounds. Cancer Surv., 8(2): 241-250.
Asahina, S., Friedman, M.A., Arnold, E., Millar, G.N., Mishkin, M., Bishop, Y. et Epstein, S.S. (1971). Acute synergistic toxicity and hepatic necrosis following oral administration of sodium nitrite and secondary amines to mice. Cancer Res., 31(9): 1201-1205.
Aschengrau, A., Zierler, S. et Cohen, A. (1989). Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion. Arch. Environ. Health, 44(5): 283-290.
Aschengrau, A., Zierler, S. et Cohen, A. (1993). Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of late adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch. Environ. Health, 48(2): 105-113.
Astill, B.D. et Mulligan, L.T. (1977). Phenolic antioxidants and the inhibition of hepatotoxicity from N-dimethylnitrosamine formed in situ in the rat stomach. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 15(3): 167-171.
ASTM (1997). D4327-97: Standard test method for anions in water by chemically suppressed ion chromatography. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
ASTM (1999). D3867-99: Standard test methods for nitrite-nitrate in water. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
ASTM (2003). D4327-03: Standard test method for anions in water by chemically suppressed ion chromatography. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
ATSDR (2007). Case studies in environmental medicine nitrate/nitrite toxicity. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centre for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Affiché à l'adresse : www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/nitrate/docs/nitrate_nitrite.pdf
Avery, A.A. (1999). Infantile methemoglobinemia: reexamining the role of drinking water nitrate. Environ. Health Perspect., 107(7): 583-586.
AWWA (1995). AWWA Manual M38 Electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Balimandawa, M., de Meester, C. et Léonard, A. (1994). The mutagenicity of nitrite in the Salmonella/microsome test system. Mutat. Res., 321: 7-11.
Barale, R., Zucconi, D. et Loprieno, N. (1981). A mutagenicity methodology for assessing the formation of N-dimethylnitrosamine in vivo. Mutat. Res., 85(2): 57-70.
Baribeau, H. (2006). Chapitre 6 : Growth and inactivation of nitrifying bacteria. Dans: Fundamentals and control of nitrification in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. Manual of Water Supply Practices M56. 1ère édition. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Baribeau, H. (2010). Chloramination issues: Overview of nitrification; AWWA inorganic Contaminants Workshop, Denver, Colorado - March 2.
Barrett, J.H., Parslow, R.C., McKinney, P.A., Law, G.R. et Forman, D. (1998). Nitrate in drinking water and the incidence of gastric, esophageal, and brain cancer in Yorkshire, England. Cancer Causes Control, 9(2): 153-159.
Bartholomew, B. et Hill, M.J. (1984). The pharmacology of dietary nitrate and the origin of urinary nitrate. Food Chem. Toxicol., 22(10): 789-795.
Bartsch, H., Ohshima, H. et Pignatelli, B. (1988). Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation. Mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention. Mutat. Res., 202(2): 307-324.
Bartsch, H., Ohshima, H., Pignatelli, B. et Calmels, S. (1989). Human exposure to endogenous N-nitroso compounds: quantitative estimates in subjects at high risk for cancer of the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and urinary bladder. Cancer Surv., 8(2): 335-362.
Bartsch, H., Ohshima, H., Shuker, D.E., Pignatelli, B. et Calmels, S. (1990). Exposure of humans to endogenous N-nitroso compounds: implications in cancer etiology. Mutat. Res., 238(3): 255-267.
Below, H., Zollner, H., Volzke, H. et Kramer, A. (2008). Evaluation of nitrate influence on thyroid volume of adults in a previously iodine-deficient area. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 211(1-2): 186-191.
Beresford, S.A.A. (1985). Is nitrate in the drinking water associated with the risk of cancer in the urban UK? Int. J. Epidemiol., 14(1): 57-63.
Beszedits, S. et Walker, L. (1998). Nitrate removal from drinking water supplies. B & L Information Services, Toronto, Ontario.
Bingham, S.A., Pignatelli, B., Pollock, J.R., Ellul, A., Malaveille, C., Gross, G., Runswick, S., Cummings, J.H. et O'Neill, I.K. (1996). Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer? Carcinogenesis, 17(3): 515-523.
Blount, B.C., Pirkle, J.L., Osterloh, J.D., Valentin-Blasini, L. et Caldwell, K.L. (2006). Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(12): 1865-1871.
Blount, B.C., Rich, D.Q., Valentin-Blasini, L., Lashley, S., Ananth, C.V., Murphy, E., Smulian, J.C., Spain, B.J., Barr, D.B., Ledoux, T., Hore, P. et Robson, M. (2009). Perinatal exposure to perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate in New Jersey mothers and newborns. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(19): 7543-7549.
Blowers, L., Preston-Martin, S. et Mack, W.J. (1997). Dietary and other lifestyle factors of women with brain gliomas in Los Angeles County (California, USA). Cancer Causes Control, 8(1): 5-12.
Bohdziewicz, J., Bodzek, M. et Wasik, E. (1999). The application of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration to the removal of nitrate from groundwater. Desalination, 121: 139-147.
Boink, A.B.T.J., Dormans, J.A.M.A., Speijers, G.J.A. et Vleeming, W. (1999). Effects of nitrate and nitrite in experimental animals. Dans : Managing risks of nitrate to humans and the environment. W.S. Wilson, A.S. Ball et R.H. Hinton (eds.). Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. pp. 317-326.
Bolton, J.R. et Stefan, M.I. (2000). UV-photodegradation as a treatment technology for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Dans : Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water Quality and Technology Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, November 5-9, 2000. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Bos, P.M.J., Van Den Brandt, P.A., Wedel, M. et Ockhuizen, T. (1988). The reproducibility of the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in human saliva after a nitrate load. Food Chem. Toxicol., 26(2): 93-97.
Brambilla, G. (1985). Genotoxic effects of drug/nitrite interaction products: evidence for the need of risk assessment. Pharmacol. Res. Commun., 17(4): 307-321.
Brambilla, G. et Martelli, A. (2005). Keynote comment: Nitrosatable drugs, cancer, and guidelines for genotoxicity. Lancet Oncol., 6(8): 538-539.
Brambilla, G. et Martelli, A. (2007). Genotoxic and carcinogenic risk to humans of drug-nitrite interaction products. Mutat. Res., 635(1): 17-52.
Brams, A., Buchet, J.P., Crutzen-Fayt, M.C., De Meester, C., Lauwerys, R. et Léonard, A. (1987). A comparative study, with 40 chemicals, of the efficiency of the Salmonella assay and the SOS chromotest (kit procedure). Toxicol. Lett., 38: 123-133.
Brender, J.D., Olive, J.M., Felkner, M., Suarez, L., Marckwardt, W. et Hendricks, K.A. (2004). Dietary nitrite and nitrate, nitrosatable drugs, and neural tube defects. Epidemiology, 15(3): 330-336.
Brown, J.L. (1999). N-Nitrosamines. Occup. Med., 14(4): 839-848.
Brunato, F., Garziera, M.G. et Briguglio, E. (2003). A severe methaemoglobinemia induced by nitrate: a case report. Eur. J. Emerg. Med., 10(4): 326-330.
Bruning-Fann, C.S. et Kaneene, J.B. (1993). The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on human health: a review. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 35(6): 521-538.
Budayová, E. (1985). Effects of sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate on in vitro cultured mammalian cells. Neoplasma, 32: 341-350.
Bukowski, J., Somers, G. et Bryanton, J. (2001). Agricultural contamination of groundwater as a possible risk factor for growth restriction or prematurity. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 43(4): 377-383.
Bunin, G.R., Kuijten, R.R., Boesel, C.P., Buckley, J.D. et Meadows, A.T. (1994). Maternal diet and risk of astrocytic glioma in children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group (United States and Canada). Cancer Causes Control, 5(2): 177-187.
Burkart, M.R. et Stoner, J.D. (2002). Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems. Wat Sci.and Technol. 45(9):19-29
Capen, C.C. (1997). Mechanistic data and risk assessment of selected toxic end points of the thyroid gland. Toxicol. Pathol., 25(1): 39-48.
Caron, M., Levallois, P., Gingras, S. et Phaneuf, D. (2004). Étude de la consommation d'eau dans la population adulte. Québec, Québec.
Cartes, P., Jara, A., Domanet, R. et de la Luz, M. (2009). Urease activities and nitrogen mineralization kinetics as affected by temperature and urea input rate in southern Chilean andisols. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 9(1): 69-82.
Casey, B.M, Dashe, J.S., Wells, C.E., McIntire, D.D., Leveno, K.J. et Cunningham , F.G. (2006). Subclinical hyperthyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol., 107(2 Pt 1):337-41.
Casu, A., Carlini, M., Contu, A., Bottazzo, G.F. et Songini, M. (2000). Type 1 diabetes in Sardinia is not linked to nitrate levels in drinking water. Diabetes Care, 23(7): 1043-1044.
CCN (2011). Répertoire des organismes de certifications accrédités de produits et de services. Conseil canadien des normes, Ottawa (Ontario). Disponible à : www.scc.ca/fr/programs-services/product-certification/directory-of-accredited-clients
CDC (1996). Spontaneous abortions possibly related to ingestion of nitrate-contaminated well water--LaGrange county, Indiana, 1991-1994. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 45(26): 569-572.
CDC (1997). Methemoglobinemia attributable to nitrite contamination of potable water through boiler fluid additives--New Jersey, 1992 and 1996. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 46(9): 202-204.
Cedergren, M.I., Selbing, A.J., Lofman, O. et Kallen, B.A. (2002). Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk for congenital cardiac defects. Environ. Res., 89(2): 124-130.
Cevaal, J.N., Suratt, W.B. et Burke, J.E. (1995). Nitrate removal and water quality improvements with reverse osmosis for Brighton, Colorado. Desalination, 103: 101-111.
Chambers, P.A., Guy, M., Roberts, E.S., Charlton, M.N., Kent, R., Gagnon, C., Grove, G. et Foster, N. (2001). Les éléments nutritifs et leurs effets sur l'environnement au Canada. Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Environnement Canada, Pêches et Océans Canada, Santé Canada et Ressources naturelles Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). 271 p.
Chan, W.C. et Fong, Y.Y. (1977). Ascorbic acid prevents liver tumor production by aminopyrine and nitrite in the rat. Int. J. Cancer, 20(2): 268-270.
Chang, C.C., Tsai, S.S., Wu, T.N. et Yang, C.Y. (2010). Nitrate in municipal drinking water and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an ecological cancer case-control study in Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A, 73(4): 330-338.
Charmandari, E., Meadows, N., Patel, M., Johnston, A. et Benjamin, N. (2001). Plasma nitrate concentrations in children with infectious and noninfectious diarrhea. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 32(4): 423-427.
Chébékoué, S.F. (2008). Évaluation du risque cancérigène associé à la contamination de l'eau potable de puits municipaux par le nitrate/nitrite dans certaines régions rurales du Québec. Faculté de Medecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec. (thèse de Maitrise)
Chebi, P.B. et Hamano, T. (1995). Pilot runs at Santa Ana watershed project authority using Asahi electrodialysis. Desalination, 103: 69-78.
Chen, H., Ward, M.H., Tucker, K.L., Graubard, B.I., McComb, R.D., Potischman, N.A., Weisenburger, D.D. et Heineman, E.F. (2002). Diet and risk of adult glioma in eastern Nebraska, United States. Cancer Causes Control, 13(7): 647-655.
Chen, Y.X., Zhang, Y. et Chen, G.-H. (2003). Appropriate conditions or maximizing catalytic reduction efficiency of nitrate into nitrogen gas in groundwater. Water Res., 37: 2489-2495.
Chi, J., Zhang, S-T., Lu, X., Dong, L-H. et Yao, S-L (2004). Chemical reduction of nitrate by metallic ions. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 53(1):37-41.
Chiu, H,F., Tsai, S.S. et Yang, C.Y. (2007). Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from bladder cancer: an ecological case-control study in Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A, 70 (12): 1000-1004.
Choi, B.C.K. (1985). N-Nitroso compounds and human cancer: a molecular epidemiologic approach. Am. J. Epidemiol., 121(5): 737.
Chow, C.K., Chen, C.J. et Gairola, C. (1980). Effect of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water on rats. Toxicol. Lett., 6(3): 199-206.
Clifford, D.A. (1990). Ion exchange and inorganic adsorption. Chapitre 9. Dans : Water quality and treatment, Fred Pontius, éditeur. 4ème édition, p. 561-639, McGraw Hill.
Clifford, D.A., Sorg, T.J. et Ghurye, G.L. (2011). Ion exchange and adsorption of inorganic contaminants. Chapitre 12. Dans : Water quality and treatment - A handbook on drinking water, James K. Edzwald, éditeur. 6ème édition., McGraw-Hill.
Clifford, D. et Liu, C.X. (1995). A review of processes for removing nitrate from drinking water. Dans : Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Annual Conference, Anaheim, California. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Clifford, D.A. (1999). Ion exchange and inorganic adsorption. Dans : Water quality and treatment--a handbook of community water supplies. R.D. Letterman, éditeur. 5ème édition. American Water Works Association and McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, New York. p. 9.1-9.91.
Cocco, P., Broccia, G., Aru, G., Casula, P., Muntoni, S., Cantor, K.P. et Ward, M.H. (2003). Nitrate in community water supplies and incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Sardinia, Italy. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 57(7): 510-511.
Cohn, P., Cox, M. et Berger, P. (1999). Health and aesthetic aspects of water quality. Dans: Water quality and treatment--a handbook of community water supplies. R.D. Letterman, éditeur. 5ème édition. American Water Works Association and McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.
Cortas, N.K. et Wakid, N.W. (1991). Pharmacokinetic aspects of inorganic nitrate ingestion in man. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 68(3): 192-195.
Coss, A., Cantor, K.P., Reif, J.S., Lynch, C.F. et Ward, M.H. (2004). Pancreatic cancer and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite. Am. J. Epidemiol., 159(7): 693-701.
Craun, G.F., Greathouse, D.G. et Gunderson, D.H. (1981). Methaemoglobin levels in young children consuming high nitrate well water in the United States. Int. J. Epidemiol., 10(4): 309-317.
Crespi, M. et Ramazzotti, V. (1991). Evidence that N-nitroso compounds contribute to the causation of certain human cancers. Dans : Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control. I. Bogárdi, R.D. Kuzelka et W.G. Ennenga, éditeurs. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. p. 233-252.
Croen, L.A., Todoroff, K. et Shaw, G.M. (2001). Maternal exposure to nitrate from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects. Am. J. Epidemiol., 153(4): 325-331.
Crofton, K.M. (2008). Thyroid disrupting chemicals: mechanisms and mixtures. Int. J. Androl., 31(2): 209-223.
Crofton, K.M., Craft, E.S., Hedge, J.M., Gennings, C., Simmons, J.E., Carchman, R.A., Carter, W.H., Jr et DeVito, M.J. (2005). Thyroid-hormone-disrupting chemicals: Evidence for dose-dependent additivity or synergism. Environ Health Perspect 113(11):1549-54.
Cross, A.J., Pollock, J.R. et Bingham, S.A. (2003). Haem, not protein or inorganic iron, is responsible for endogenous intestinal N-nitrosation arising from red meat. Cancer Res., 63(10): 2358-2360.
Cunliffe D.A. (1991). Bacterial nitrification in chloraminated water supplies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology pp, 3399-3202.
Dahab, M.F. (1991). Nitrate treatment methods: an overview. Dans : Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control. I. Bogárdi, R.D. Kuzelka et W.G. Ennenga, éditeurs. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. p. 349-368.
Dahlquist, G.G., Blom, L.G., Persson, L.A., Sandstrom, A.I. et Wall, S.G. (1990). Dietary factors and the risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes in childhood. Br. Med. J., 300(6735): 1302-1306.
Darad, R., De, A.K. et Aiyar, A.S. (1983). Toxicity of nitrite and dimethylamine in rats. Toxicol. Lett., 17(1-2): 125-130.
De Escobar, G.M., Ares, S., Berbel, P., Obregón, M.J. et del Rey, F.E. (2008). The changing role of maternal thyroid hormone in fetal brain development. Semin Perinatol., 32:380-6.
De Groef, B., Decallonne, B.R., Van der Geyten, S., Darras, V.M. et Bouillon, R. (2006). Perchlorate versus other environmental sodium/iodide symporter inhibitors: potential thyroid-related health effects. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 155(1): 17-25.
De Roos, A.J., Ward, M.H., Lynch, C.F. et Cantor, K.P. (2003). Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of colon and rectum cancers. Epidemiology, 14(6): 640-649.
DeSimone, L.A. (2009). Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5227, 139 p. Disponible à : http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5227
DeVito, M., Biegel, L., Brouwer, A., Brown, S., Brucker-Davis, F., Cheek, A.O., Christensen, R., Colborn, T., Cooke, P., Crissman, J. et coll. (1999). Screening methods for thyroid hormone disruptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 107(5):407-15. [cité dans Miller et coll., 2009].
Dietrich, M., Block, G., Pogoda, J.M., Buffler, P., Hecht, S. et Preston-Martin, S. (2005). A review: Dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control, 16(6): 619-635.
Doel, J.J., Benjamin, N., Hector, M.P., Rogers, M. et Allaker, R.P. (2005). Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 113(1): 14-19.
Dordelmann, O. (2009). Full-scale biological denitrification plants in Germany, Austria and Poland. Dans : Proceedings of the AWWA Water Quality and Technology Conference, Seattle, WA. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Dorsch, M.M., Scragg, R.K., McMichael, A.J., Baghurst, P.A. et Dyer, K.F. (1984). Congenital malformations and maternal drinking water supply in rural South Australia: a case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 119(4): 473-486.
Drewes, J., Bellona, C.L., Xu, P., Amy, G. et Oelker, G. (2008). Comparing nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for treating recycled water. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado.
Druckrey, H., Preussmann, R., Ivankovic, S. et Schmahl, D. (1967). [Organotropic carcinogenic effects of 65 various N-nitroso- compounds on BD rats.] Z. Krebsforsch., 69(2): 103-201 (in German).
Drury, C.F., Yang, J.K., De Jong, R., Yang, X.M., Huffman, E.C., Kirkwood, V. et Reid, K. (2007). Residual soil nitrogen indicator for agricultural land in Canada. Rev. can. sci. sol. = Can. J. Soil Sci., 87: 167-177.
Dubrovsky, N. et Hamilton, P. (2010). Nutrients in the nation's streams and groundwater: national findings and implications. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia (Fact Sheet 2010-3078; pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3078/).
Dubrovsky, N.M., Burow, K.R., Clark, G.M., Gronberg, J.M., Hamilton P.A., Hitt, K.J., Mueller, D.K., Munn, M.D., Nolan, B.T., Puckett, L.J., Rupert, M.G., Short, T.M., Spahr, N.E., Sprague, L.A. and Wilber, W.G. (2010). The quality of our nation's waters--Nutrients in the nation's streams and groundwater, 1992-2004: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Circular 1350, 174 p.
Duncan, C., Dougall, H., Johnston, P., Green, S., Brogan, R., Leifert, C., Smith, L., Golden, M. et Benjamin, N. (1995). Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate. Nat. Med., 1(6): 546-551.
Duncan, C., Li, H., Dykhuizen, R., Frazer, R., Johnston, P., MacKnight, G., Smith, L., Lamza, K., McKenzie, H., Batt, L., Kelly, D., Golden, M., Benjamin, N. et Leifert, C. (1997). Protection against oral and gastrointestinal diseases: importance of dietary nitrate intake, oral nitrate reduction and enterosalivary nitrate circulation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol., 118(4): 939-948.
Duranceau, S. (2001). Selection of a nitrate removal process for the City of Seymour, Texas. Dans : Membrane practices for water treatment. S. Duranceau (ed.). American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
ECETOC (1988). Nitrate and drinking water. Centre européen d'Ecotoxicologie et de Toxicologie des Produits chimiques, Bruxelles (Technical Report No. 27).
Ecobichon, D.J., Allen, M. et Hicks, R (1985). The contamination of groundwater by agrochemicals as determined by a well water quality study in Carleton County: a report, 1984-1985. Ministère de la Santé du Nouveau-Brunswick, Fredericton, Juin.
Edwards, G., Whong, W.Z. et Speciner, N. (1979). Intrahepatic mutagenesis assay: a sensitive method for detecting N-nitrosomorpholine and in vivo nitrosation of morpholine. Mutat. Res., 64(6): 415-423.
Edwards, M. et Dudi, A. (2004). Role of chlorine and chloramines in corrosion in lead-bearing plumbing materials. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 96(10): 69.
EFSA (2008). Avis du groupe scientifique sur les contaminants de la chaîne alimentaire suite à une demande de la Commission visant la réalisation d'une évaluation scientifique des risques liés à la présence de nitrate dans les légumes. Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments. Disponible à : www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/contam_ej_689_nitrate_fr.pdf.
Egboka, B.C.E. (1984). Nitrate contamination of shallow groundwaters in Ontario, Canada. Sci. Total Environ., 35: 53.
Eisenbrand, G., Spiegelhalder, B. et Preussmann, R. (1980). Nitrate and nitrite in saliva. Oncology, 37(4): 227-231.
El Nahas, S.M., Globus, M. et Vethamany-Globus, S. (1984). Chromosomal aberrations induced by sodium nitrite in bone marrow of adult rats and liver cells of transplacentally exposed embryos. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 13: 643-647.
Elhannouni, F., Belhadj, M., Taky, M., Echihabi, L., Hafsi, M., El Abbassi, H., Cherif, A.T. et El Midaoui, A. (2000). Denitrification of ground water by electrodialysis using a new anion exchange membrane. Water Supply Res. Technol.-Aqua, 49(4): 211-218.
Elmidaoui, A., Menkouchi Sahli, M.A., Takaikt, M., Chay, L., Taky, M., Elmghair, M. et Hafsi, M. (2002). Selective nitrate removal by coupling electrodialysis and a bioreactor. Desalination, 153: 389-397.
Environnement Canada (1992). Surveillance nationale de la pollution atmosphérique (SNPA) : extrait annuel de 1990. Service de protection de l'environnement, Environnement Canada, Ottawa (Ontario), rapport no EPS 7/AP/23.
Environnement Canada (2003). Recommandations canadiennes pour la qualité des eaux : protection de la vie aquatique - ion nitrate. Bureau national des recommandations et des normes, Direction générale de la coordination et des politiques relatives à l'eau, Environnement Canada. 130 p. (Santé des écosystèmes : solutions fondées sur la science, rapport no 1-6; http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2008/ec/En1-34-6-2003F.pdf).
Environnement Canada (2010). Tendances pour le nitrate. Coopération au sujet des inventaires, des tendances et de la cartographie des émissions. 1 p. Disponible à :www.ec.gc.ca/pcmar-cabmp/default.asp?lang=Fr&n=ACBFF19F-1.
Environnement Nouveau-Brunswick (1983). Chemistry of municipal water supplies in New Brunswick. Environnement Nouveau-Brunswick, Fredericton (Internal Report D83-01).
Ericson, A., Kallen, B. and Lofkvist, E. (1988). Environmental factors in the etiology of neural tube defects: a negative study. Environ. Res., 45: 38-47.
Eskandari, S., Loo, D.D., Dai, G., Levy, O., Wright, E.M. et Carrasco, N. (1997). Thyroid Na+/I- symporter. Mechanism, stoichiometry, and specificity. J Biol Chem. 272(43):27230-8.
Eskiocak, S., Dundar, C., Basoglu, T. et Altaner, S. (2005). The effects of taking chronic nitrate by drinking water on thyroid functions and morphology. Clin. Exp. Med., 5(2): 66-71.
Fan, A.M. et Steinberg, V.E. (1996). Health implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water: an update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and development toxicity. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 23(1 Pt 1): 35-43.
Fan, A.M., Willhite, C.C. et Book, S.A. (1987). Evaluation of the nitrate drinking water standard with reference to infant methemoglobinemia and potential reproductive toxicity. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 7(2): 135-148.
FAO/OMS (2003a). Nitrate (and potential endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds). Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture/Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève (WHO Food Additive Series 50). Disponible à : www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v50je06.htm
FAO/ OMS (2003b). Nitrite (and potential endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds). Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture/Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève (WHO Food Additive Series 50). Disponible à : www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v50je05.htm
FDA (1980a). Evaluation of the MIT nitrite feeding study to rats. Report by the Interagency Working Group on Nitrite Research. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
FDA (1980b). Re-evaluation of the pathology findings of studies on nitrite and cancer: histologic lesions in Sprague-Dawley rats. Final report submitted by the Universities Associated for Research and Education in Pathology to the Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, washington, DC.
Fewtrell, L. (2004). Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion. Environ. Health Perspect., 112(14): 1371-1374.
Finan, A., Keenan, P., Donovan, F.O., Mayne, P. et Murphy, J. (1998). Methaemoglobinaemia associated with sodium nitrite in three siblings. Br. Med. J., 317(7166): 1138-1139.
Fitzgerald, D., Kiely, D.A., Neilson, R.D., Shaw, S., Audette, R.J., Prior, M., Ashton, E., and Allison, E. (1997). Alberta farmstead water quality survey. Prepared for CAESA Water Quality Monitoring Committee. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration and Alberta Health. Edmonton, Alberta. 50 p.
Fitzgerald, D., Chanasuk, D., Neilson, D., Kiely, D. et Audette, R. (2001). Farm well water in Alberta. Water Qual. Res. J. Can., 36(3): 565-585.
Fletcher, I.J., Woodward, A.J. et Henwood, N.G. (1991). Design and construction of an ion-exchange denitrification plant in south Staffordshire. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 5(5): 566-572.
Fong, L.Y., Wong, F.W. et Chan, W.C. (1980). Do chronic urinary tract infections induce cancer in the rat fed nitrate and aminopyrine? IARC Sci. Publ., 31: 693-704.
Food Safety Network (2010). Nitrite/nitrate. In: Preservatives. Food Safety Network, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 3 pp. Disponible à : www.uoguelph.ca/foodsafetynetwork/preservatives
Forman, D., Al-Dabbagh, S. et Doll, R. (1985). Nitrate, nitrite and gastric cancer in Great Britain. Nature, 313(6004): 620-625.
Forman, D., Al-Dabbagh, S., Knight, T. et Doll, R. (1988). Nitrate exposure and the carcinogenic process. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 534: 597-603.
Forrest, F., Rodvang, J., Reedyk, S. et White, J. (2006). A survey of nutrients and major ions in shallow groundwater of Alberta's agricultural areas. Prepared for the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Rural Water Program, Project Number:4590-4-20-4. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta. 116 p.
Freedman, D.M., Cantor, K.P., Ward, M.H. et Helzlsouer, K.J. (2000). A case-control study of nitrate in drinking water and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minnesota. Arch. Environ. Health, 55(5): 326-329.
Friedman, M.A. et Staub, J. (1976). Inhibition of mouse testicular DNA synthesis by mutagens and carcinogens as a potential simple mammalian assay for mutagenesis. Mutat. Res., 37(1): 67-76.
Friedman, M.A., Millar, G., Sengupta, M. et Epstein, S. (1972). Inhibition of mouse liver protein and nuclear RNA synthesis following combined oral treatment with sodium nitrite and dimethylamine or methylbenzylamine. Experientia, 28(1): 21-23.
Fristachi, A. et Rice, G. (2007). Estimation of the total daily oral intake of NDMA attributable to drinking water. J. Water Health, 5(3): 341-355.
Fritsch, P., de Saint Blanquat, G. et Klein, D. (1985). Excretion of nitrate and nitrite in saliva and bile in the dog. Food Chem. Toxicol., 23(7): 655-659.
Furukawa, F., Nishikawa, A., Ishiwata, H., Takahashi, M., Hayashi, Y. et Hirose, M. (2000). Renal carcinogenicity of concurrently administered fish meal and sodium nitrite in F344 rats. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 91(2): 139-147.
Gangolli, S.D., Van Den Brandt, P.A., Feron, V.J., Janzowsky, C., Koeman, J.H., Speijers, G.J.A., Spiegelhalder, B., Walker, R. et Wishnok, J.S. (1994). Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 292(1): 1-38.
Garcia, H. et Lijinsky, W. (1973). Studies of the tumorigenic effect in feeding of nitrosamino acids and of low doses of amines and nitrite to rats. Z. Krebsforsch. Klin. Onkol. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 79(3): 141-144.
Gatehouse, D.G. et Tweats, D.J. (1982). Mutagen formation after the addition of nitrite to normal human gastric juice. Carcinogenesis, 3(5): 597-598.
Gatseva, P. et Dimitrov, I. (1997). Population morbidity in a community with nitrate contamination of drinking water. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 39(4): 65-71.
Gatseva, P., Vladeva, S. et Pavlov, K. (1998). Incidence of goiter among children in a village with nitrate contamination of drinking water. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 40(3): 19-23.
Gatseva, P.D. et Argirova, M.D. (2008a). Iodine status and goitre prevalence in nitrate-exposed schoolchildren living in rural Bulgaria. Public Health, 122(5): 458-461.
Gatseva, P.D. et Argirova, M.D. (2008b). High-nitrate levels in drinking water may be a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction in children and pregnant women living in rural Bulgarian areas. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 211(5-6): 555-559.
Gelperin, A., Moses, V.K. et Bridger, C. (1975). Relationship of high nitrate community water supply to infant and fetal mortality. Ill. Med. J., 147: 155-157, 186.
George, M., Wiklund, L., Aastrup, M., Pousette, J., Thunholm, B., Saldeen, T., Wernroth, L., Zaren, B. et Holmberg, L. (2001). Incidence and geographical distribution of sudden infant death syndrome in relation to content of nitrate in drinking water and groundwater levels. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 31(12): 1083-1094.
Globus, M. et Samuel, D. (1978). Effect of maternally administered sodium nitrite on hepatic erythropoiesis in fetal CD-1 mice. Teratology, 18(3): 367-378.
Gombar, C.T., Zubroff, J., Strahan, G.D. et Magee, P.N. (1983). Measurement of 7-methylguanine as an estimate of the amount of dimethylnitrosamine formed following administration of aminopyrine and nitrite to rats. Cancer Res., 43(11): 5077-5080.
Görsdorf S, Appel KE, Engeholm C, Obe G. (1990). Nitrogen dioxide induces DNA single-strand breaks in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Carcinogenesis. 11(1):37-41.
Goss, M.J., Barry, D.A.J. et Rudolph, D.L (1998). Contamination in Ontario farmstead domestic wells and its association with agriculture: 1. Results from drinking water wells. J Contam Hydrol, 32(3-4):267-293.
Gouvernement du Québec (2004). Étude sur la qualité de l'eau potable dans sept bassins versants en surplus de fumier et impacts potentiels sur la santé - caractérisation de l'eau souterraine dans les sept bassins versants. Disponible à : www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/eau/bassinversant/sept-bassins/index.htm
Gowans, W.J. (1990). Fatal methaemoglobinaemia in a dental nurse. A case of sodium nitrite poisoning. Br. J. Gen. Pract., 40(340): 470-471.
Granli, T., Dahl, R., Brodin, P. et Bockman, O.C. (1989). Nitrate and nitrite concentrations in human saliva: variations with salivary flow-rate. Food Chem. Toxicol., 27(10): 675-680.
Grant, D. et Butler, W.H. (1989). Chronic toxicity of sodium nitrite in the male F344 rat. Food Chem. Toxicol., 27(9): 565-571.
Green, L.C., Tannenbaum, S.R. et Fox, J.G. (1982). Nitrate in human and canine milk. N. Engl. J. Med., 306(22): 1367-1368.
Green, M. et Shelef, G. (1994). Treatment of nitrate contaminated groundwater. Dans : Groundwater contamination and control. U. Zoller, éditeur. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, New York.
Greenblatt, M. et Mirvish, S.S. (1973). Dose-response studies with concurrent administration of piperazine and sodium nitrite to strain A mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 50(1): 119-124.
Greenblatt, M., Kommineni, V.R. et Lijinsky, W. (1973). Null effect of concurrent feeding of sodium nitrite and amino acids to MRC rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 50(3): 799-802.
Greenblatt, M., Mirvish, S. et So, B.T. (1971). Nitrosamine studies: induction of lung adenomas by concurrent administration of sodium nitrite and secondary amines in swiss mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 46(5): 1029-1034.
Greer, M.A., Goodman, G., Pleus, R.C. et Greer, S.E. (2002). Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ. Health Perspect., 110(9): 927-937.
Gros, H., Schnoor, G. et Rutten, P. (1986). Nitrate removal from groundwater by autotrophic microorganisms. Water Supply, 4: 11-21.
Gulis, G., Czompolyova, M. et Cerhan, J.R. (2002). An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District, Slovakia. Environ. Res., 88(3): 182-187.
Gupta, S.K., Gupta, R.C., Seth, A.K., Gupta, A.B., Bassin, J.K. et Gupta, A. (1999). Adaptation of cytochrome-b5 reductase activity and methaemoglobinaemia in areas with a high nitrate concentration in drinking-water. Bull. World Health Organ., 77(9): 749-753.
Guter, G.A. (1981). Removal of nitrate from contaminated water supplies for public use. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Guter, G.A. (1995). Nitrate removal from contaminated groundwater by anion exchange. Ion Exchange Technology. A.K. Sengupta, éditeur, Technomic Publishing Company.
Hampel, R., Zollner, H., Glass, A. et Schonebeck, R. (2003). [No influence of urinary nitrate excretion on the goitre prevalence in Germany.] Med. Klin. (Munich), 98(10): 547-551 (en allemand).
Hansen, P.S., Brix, T.H., Sorensen, T.I., Kyvik, K.O. et Hegedus, L. (2004). Major genetic influence on the regulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis: A study of healthy danish twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(3):1181-7. [cité dans Miller et coll., 2009].
Hanukoglu, A. et Danon, P.N. (1996). Endogenous methemoglobinemia associated with diarrheal disease in infancy. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 23: 1-7.
Harrington, G.W., Noguera, D.R., Kandou, A.I. et Vanhoven, D.J. (2002). Pilot-scale evaluation of nitrification control strategies. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 94(11): 78-89.
Hawkes, C.H., Cavanagh, J.B., Darling, J.L., Watkins, B.A. et Thomas, D.G.T. (1992). Chronic low-dose exposure of sodium nitrite in VM-strain mice: central nervous system changes. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 11(4): 279-281.
Hegesh, E. et Shiloah, J. (1982). Blood nitrate and infantile methemoglobinemia. Clin. Chim. Acta, 125(2): 107-115.
Heindel, J.J., Chapin, R.E., Gulati, D.K., George, J.D., Price, C.J., Marr, M.C., Myers, C.B., Barnes, L.H., Fail, P.A., Grizzle, T.B., Schwetz B.A. et Yang R.S.H. (1994). Assessment of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of pesticide/fertilizer mixtures based on confirmed pesticide contamination in California and Iowa groundwater. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 22(4): 605-621.
Hell, F., Lahnsteiner, J., Frischherz, H. et Baumgartner, G. (1998). Experience with full-scale electrodialysis for nitrate and hardness removal. Desalination, 117: 173-180.
Helser, M.A., Hotchkiss, J.H. et Roe, D.A. (1992). Influence of fruit and vegetable juices on the endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline and N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in humans on controlled diets. Carcinogenesis, 13(12): 2277-2280.
Heyland, A. et Moroz, L.L. (2005). Cross-kingdom hormonal signaling: An insight from thyroid hormone functions in marine larvae. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 23):4355-61. [cité dans Miller et coll., 2009].
Hill, C.P. et Arweiler, S. Assessment and operational responses to nitrification episodes. Dans : Manual of Water Supply Practices M56: Fundamentals and control of nitrification in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Hirose, M., Tanaka, H., Takahashi, S., Futakuchi, M., Fukushima, S. et Ito, N. (1993). Effects of sodium nitrite and catechol, 3-methoxycatechol, or butylated hydroxyanisole in combination in a rat multiorgan carcinogenesis model. Cancer Res., 53(1): 32-37.
Höll, W.H. et Hagen, K. (2002). Partial demineralisation of drinking water using carbon dioxide regenerated ion exchangers. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 2(1): 57-62.
Howdeshell, K.L. (2002). A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system. Environ. Health Perspect., 110(Suppl. 3): 337-348.
Hsu, J.D., Hsu, C.L., Chou, F.P., Wen, P.H. et Wang, C.J. (1997). Potential effect of sodium nitrite on the expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes during 2-acetyl aminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Chem. Biol. Interact., 108(1-2): 1-18.
Hunault, C.C., Lambers, A.C., Mensinga, T.T., van Isselt, J.W., Koppeschaar, H.P. et Meulenbelt, J. (2007). Effects of sub-chronic nitrate exposure on the thyroidal function in humans. Toxicol. Lett., 175(1-3): 64-70.
Huncharek, M. et Kupelnick, B. (2004). A meta-analysis of maternal cured meat consumption during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors. Neuroepidemiology, 23(1-2): 78-84.
Huncharek, M., Kupelnick, B. et Wheeler, L. (2003). Dietary cured meat and the risk of adult glioma: a meta-analysis of nine observational studies. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 22(2): 129-137.
CIRC (1978). Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol. 17, Some N-nitroso Compounds. Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer, Lyon, France.
CIRC (1987). Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1-42. Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer, Lyon (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Supplement 7).
CIRC (2010). Ingested nitrate and nitrite and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer, Lyon. 464 pp. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 94).
Ilnitsky, A.P. et Kolpakova, A.S. (1997). The enhancing effect of sodium nitrite on virus-induced leukemia in mice. Cancer Detect. Prev., 21(4): 312-318.
Inai, K., Aoki, Y. et Tokuoka, S. (1979). Chronic toxicity of sodium nitrite in mice, with reference to its tumorigenicity. Gann, 70(2): 203-208.
Inui, N., Nishi, Y. et Hasegawa, M.M. (1980). Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation and neoplastic transformation of hamster embryonic cells by coadministration of sodium nitrite and aminopyrine. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 97(2): 119-128.
Inui, N., Nishi, Y., Taketomi, M. et Mori, M (1979). Transplacental action of sodium nitrite on embryonic cells of Syrian golden hamster. Mutat. Res., 66: 149-158.
Inui, N., Nishi, Y., Taketomi, M. et Yamada, T. (1978). A short-term, simple method for detection of N-nitrosocompounds produced from sodium nitrite and morpholine in stomach. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 81(2): 310-314.
IPCS. (2002). N-Nitrosodimethylamine. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 38). Disponible à : www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad38.htm).
Ishidate, M., Jr., Sofuni, T., Yoshikawa, K., Hayashi, M., Nohmi, T., Sawada, M. et Matsuoka, A. (1984). Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food Chem. Toxicol., 22: 623-636.
Ishiguro, K., Zhu, Y.L., Shyam, K., Penketh, P.G., Baumann, R.P. et Sartorelli, A.C. (2010). Quantitative relationship between guanine O6-alkyl lesions produced by onrigin and tumor resistance by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Biochem. Pharmacol., 80(9): 1317-1325.
Jahreis, G., Hesse, V., Rohde, W., Prange, H. et Zwacka, G. (1991). Nitrate-induced hypothyroidism is associated with a reduced concentration of growth hormone-releasing factor in hypothalamic tissue of rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol., 97(1): 109-112.
Jakszyn, P., Bingham, S., Pera, G., Agudo, A., Luben, R., Welch, A., Boeing, H., Del Giudice, G., Palli, D., Saieva, C., Krogh, V., Sacerdote, C., Tumino, R., Panico, S., Berglund, G., Simán, H., Hallmans, G., Sanchez, M.J., Larrañaga, N., Barricarte, A., Chirlaque, M.D., Quirós, J.R., Key, T.J., Allen, N., Lund, E., Carneiro, F., Linseisen, J., Nagel, G., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Olsen, A., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Ocké, M.O., Peeters, P.H., Numans, M.E., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Trichopoulou, A., Fenger, C., Stenling, R., Ferrari, P., Jenab, M., Norat, T., Riboli, E. et Gonzalez, C.A. (2006). Endogenous versus exogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study. Carcinogenesis, 27(7): 1497-1501.
Janssen, L.H.J.M., Visser, H. et Romer, F.G. (1989). Analysis of large scale sulphate, nitrate, chloride and ammonium concentrations in the Netherlands using an aerosol measuring network. Atmos. Environ., 23(2): 2783-2796.
Johnson, C. et Kross, B. (1990). Continuing importance of nitrate contamination of groundwater and wells in rural areas. Am. J. Ind. Med., 18: 449-456.
Jones, C.S., Hill, D. et Brand, G. (2007). Use a multifaceted approach to manage high source-water nitrate. Opflow, June 2007, American Water Works Association. pp. 20-22.
Joossens, J.V., Hill, M.J., Elliott, P., Stamler, R., Stamler, J., Lesaffre, E., Dyer, A., Nichols, R. et Kesteloot, H. (1996). Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group.Int. J. Epidemiol., 25(3): 494-504.
Kamm, J.J., Dashman, T., Conney, A.H. et Burns, J.J. (1975). Effect of ascorbic acid on amine-nitrite toxicity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 258: 169-174.
Kang, J.G., Kim, S.H. et Ahn, T.Y. (2006). Bacterial diversity in the human saliva from different ages. J. Microbiol., 44(5): 572-576.
Kapoor, A. et Viraraghavan, T. (1997). Nitrate removal from drinking water--review. J. Environ. Eng., 123(4): 317-380.
Keeney, D.R. et Hatfield, J.L (2008).The nitrogen cycle, historical perspective, and current and potential future concerns. Dans : Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management. J.L Hatfield et R.F Follett (éditeurs.). Elsevier Inc.
Kelley, S.T., Oehme, F.W. et Hoffman, S.B. (1974). Effect of chronic dietary nitrate on canine thyroid function. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 27(1): 200-203.
Kemper, J.M., Westerhoff, P., Dotson, A. et Mitch, W.A. (2009) Nitrosamine, dimethylnitramine, and chloropicring formation during strong base anion-exchange treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43(2):466-472.
Kirk, A.B. (2006). Environmental perchlorate: why it matters. Anal. Chim. Acta, 567(1): 4-12.
Kirmeyer, G.J., Martel, K., Thompson, G., Radder, L., Klement, W., LeChevallier, M., Baribeaa, H. et Flores, A. (2004). Optimizing chloramine treatment. American Water Works Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Kirmeyer, G.J., Odell, L.H., Jacangelo, J., Wilczak, A. et Wolfe, R. (1995). Nitrification occurrence and control in chloraminated water systems. American Water Works Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Kjartanson, K. (1986). Memorandum à P. Toft, Ministère de la Santé Nationale et du Bien-être social, en date du 2 juin, de K. Kjartanson, Environmental Management, Manitoba Environment and Workplace Safety and Health.
Knekt, P., Järvinen, R., Dich, J. et Hakulinen, T. (1999). Risk of colorectal and other gastro-intestinal cancers after exposure to nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds: a follow-up study. Int. J. Cancer, 80(6): 852-856.
Knight, T.M., Forman, D., Al-Dabbagh, S.A. et Doll, R. (1987). Estimation of dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite in Great Britain. Food Chem. Toxicol., 25(4): 277-285.
Knobeloch, L., Salna, B., Hogan, A., Postle, J. et Anderson, H. (2000). Blue babies and nitrate-contaminated well water. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(7): 675-678.
Kociba, R.J. et Sleight, S.D. (1970). Nitrite toxicosis in the ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pig. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 16(2): 424-429.
Kodama, F., Umeda, M. et Tsutsui, T. (1976). Mutagenic effect of sodium nitrite on cultured mouse cells. Mutat. Res., 40: 119-124.
Kodama, K., Sumii, K., Kawano, M., Kido, T., Nojima, K., Sumii, M., Haruma, K., Yoshihara, M. et Chayama, K. (2003). Gastric juice nitrite and vitamin C in patients with gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis: is low acidity solely responsible for cancer risk? Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 15(9): 987-993.
Koestner, A., Denlinger, R.H. et Wechsler ,W. (1975). Induction of neurogenic and lymphoid neoplasms by the feeding of threshold levels of methyl and ethylnitrosourea precursors to adult rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13(6):605-609 [obtenu en ligne le 26 juin 2010].
Kors, L.J., Moorman, J.H.N., Wind, A.P.M. et van der Hoek, J.P. (1998). Nitrification and low temperature in a raw water reservoir and rapid sand filters. Water Sci. Technol., 37(2): 169-176.
Kortboyer, J.M., Schothorst, R.C., Zeilmaker, M.J et Meulenbelt, J. (1998). Intravenous administration of sodium nitrite to healthy volunteers: a single ascending dose study. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. RIVM Report 235802 011, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
Kortboyer, J.M., Ollling, M., Zeilmaker, M.J., Slob, W., Boink, A.B.T.J., Schothorst, R.C., Sips, A.J.A.M. et Meulenbelt, J. (1997). The oral bioavailability of sodium nitrite investigated in healthy adult volunteers. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. RIVM Report No. 235802 007. Bilthoven, Netherlands.
Kostraba, J.N., Gay, E.C., Rewers, M. et Hamman, R.F. (1992). Nitrate levels in community drinking waters and risk of IDDM: an ecological analysis. Diabetes Care, 15(11): 1505-1508.
Kowalski, B., Miller, C.T. et Sen, N.P. (1980). Studies on the in vivo formation of nitrosamines in rats and humans after ingestion of various meals. IARC Sci. Publ., 31: 609-617.
Krishna Murthy, A.S., Baker, J.R., Smith, E.R. et Zepp, E. (1979). Neoplasms in rats and mice fed butylurea and sodium nitrite separately and in combination. Int. J. Cancer, 23(2): 253-259.
Krul, C.A.M., Zeilmaker, M.J., Schothorst, R.C. et Havenaar, R. (2004). Intragastric formation and modulation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model under human physiological conditions. Food Chem. Toxicol., 42(1): 51-63.
Kyrtopoulos, S.A., Pignatelli, B., Karkanias, G., Golematis, B. et Esteve, J. (1991). Studies in gastric carcinogenesis. V. The effects of ascorbic acid on N-nitroso compound formation in human gastric juice in vivo and in vitro. Carcinogenesis, 12(8): 1371-1376.
L'hirondel, J. et L'hirondel, J.-L. (2002). Nitrate and man: toxic, harmless or beneficial? CABI Publishing. Wallingford, Oxon. 168 p.
Lauch, R.P. et Guter, G.A. (1986). Ion exchange for the removal of nitrate from well water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(5): 83-88.
Law, G., Parslow, R., McKinney, P. et Cartwright, R. (1999). Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrate in drinking water: a study in Yorkshire, United Kingdom. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 53(6): 383-384.
Leaf, C.D., Wishnok, J.S. et Tannenbaum, S.R. (1989). Mechanisms of endogenous nitrosation. Cancer Surv., 8(2): 323-334.
Lehman, S.G., Badruzzaman, M., Adham, S.S., Roberts, D.J., Clifford, D.A., Zuo, G., Patel, A., Rittmann, B.E., Ahn, C. et Van Ginkel, S. (2010). Biological destruction of perchlorate and nitrate in ion exchanges concentrate. Water Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado.
Levallois, P., Thériault, M., Rouffignat, J., Tessier, S., Landry, R., Ayotte, P., Girard, M., Gingras, S., Gauvin, D. et Chiasson, C. (1998). Groundwater contamination by nitrates associated with intensive potato culture in Québec. Sci. Total Environ., 217:91-101.
Levallois, P., Ayotte, P., Van Maanen, J.M.S., Desrosiers, T., Gingras, S., Dallinga, J.W., Vermeer, I.T., Zee, J. et Poirier, G. (2000). Excretion of volatile nitrosamines in a rural population in relation to food and drinking water consumption. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38(11): 1013-1019.
Licht, W.R. et Deen, W.M. (1988). Theoretical model for predicting rates of nitrosamine and nitrosamide formation in the human stomach. Carcinogenesis, 9(12): 2227-2237.
Liebscher, H., Hii, B. et McNaughton, D. (1992). Nitrate and pesticide contamination of ground water in the Abbotsford aquifer, southwestern British Columbia. Direction générale des eaux intérieures, Environnement Canada, Vancouver, C.B.
Lijinsky, W. (1984). Induction of tumours in rats by feeding nitrosatable amines together with sodium nitrite. Food Chem. Toxicol., 22(9): 715-720.
Lijinsky, W. et Greenblatt, M. (1972). Carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine produced in vivo from nitrite and aminopyrine. Nat. New Biol., 236(67): 177-178.
Lijinsky, W. et Reuber, M.D. (1980). Tumours induced in Fischer 344 rats by the feeding of disulfiram together with sodium nitrite. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 18(1): 85-87.
Lijinsky, W. et Taylor, H.W. (1977). Feeding tests in rats on mixtures of nitrite with secondary and tertiary amines of environmental importance. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 15(4): 269-274.
Lijinsky, W., Greenblatt, M. et Kommineni, C. (1973a). Brief communication: Feeding studies of nitrilotriacetic acid and derivatives in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 50(4): 1061-1063.
Lijinsky, W., Taylor, H.W., Snyder, C. et Nettesheim, P. (1973b). Malignant tumours of liver and lung in rats fed aminopyrine or heptamethyleneimine together with nitrite. Nature, 244(5412): 176-178.
Lijinsky, W., Kovatch, R. et Riggs, C.W. (1983). Altered incidences of hepatic and hemopoietic neoplasms in F344 rats fed sodium nitrite. Carcinogenesis, 4(9):1189-1191.
Lin, J.K. et Ho, Y.S. (1992). Hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity in rats fed squid with or without exogenous nitrite. Food Chem. Toxicol., 30(8): 695-702.
Lin, S.H. et Chang, L.W. (1996) Removal of nitrogenous compounds from aqueous solution by ozonation and ion exchange. Wat. Res 30(8):1851-1857.
Lindsey, B.D. et Rupert, M.G. (2012). Methods for evaluating temporal groundwater quality data and results of decadal-scale changes in chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the United States, 1988-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5049, 46 p.
Liu, X. et Clifford, D.A. (1996). Ion exchange with denitrified brine reuse. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(11): 88-99.
Lu, N., Gao, N-Y., Deng, Y. et Li, Q-S. (2009). Nitrite formation during low pressure ultraviolet lamp irradiation of nitrate. Water Sci. Technol., 60(6): 1393-1400.
Luca, D., Luca, V., Cotor, F. et Răileanu, L. (1987). In vivo and in vitro cytogenetic damage induced by sodium nitrite. Mutat. Res., 189: 333-339.
Luk, G.K. et Au-Yeung, W.C. (2002). Experimental investigation on the chemical reduction of nitrate from groundwater. Adv. Environ. Res., 6: 441-453.
Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E. et Gladwin, M.T. (2008). The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 7(2): 156-167.
Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E., Cole, J.A. et Benjamin, N. (2004). Nitrate, bacteria and human health. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2(7): 593-602.
Mackerness, C.W., Leach, S.A., Thompson, M.H. et Hill, M.J. (1989). The inhibition of bacterially mediated N-nitrosation by vitamin C: relevance to the inhibition of endogenous N-nitrosation in the achlorhydric stomach. Carcinogenesis, 10(2): 397-399.
Maekawa, A., Ogiu, T., Onodera, H., Furuta, K., Matsuoka, C., Ohno, Y. et Odashima, S. (1982). Carcinogenicity studies of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate in F-344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 20(1): 25-33.
Magee, P.N. et Barnes, J.M. (1967). Carcinogenic nitroso compounds. Adv. Cancer Res., 10: 163-246.
Manassaram, D.M., Backer, L.C. et Moll, D.M. (2006). A review of nitrate in drinking water: maternal exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(3): 320-327.
Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship (2011a). Communication personnelle de Kim Philip.
Marquardt, H., Rufino, F. et Weisburger, J.H. (1977). On the aetiology of gastric cancer: mutagenicity of food extracts after incubation with nitrite. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 15(2): 97-100.
Mascher, F. et Marth, E. (1993). Metabolism and effect of nitrate. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 1(1): 49-52.
Mateju, V., Cizinska, S., Krejci, J. et Janoch, T. (1992). Biological water denitrification--a review. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 14: 170-183.
Matos, C.T., Velizarov, S., Crespo, J.G. et Reis, M.A.M. (2005). Removal of bromate, perchlorate, and nitrate from drinking water in an ion exchange membrane bioreactor. Water Supply, 5(4): 9-14.
Mayne, S.T., Risch, H.A., Dubrow, R., Chow, W.H., Gammon, M.D., Vaughan, T.L., Farrow, D.C., Schoenberg, J.B., Stanford, J.L., Ahsan, H., West, A.B., Rotterdam, H., Blot, W.J. et Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. (2001). Nutrient intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10(10): 1055-1062.
McAdam, E.J. et Judd, S.J. (2006). A review of membrane bioreactor potential for nitrate removal from drinking water. Desalination, 196: 135-148.
McColl, K.E.L. (2007). Hostile environment of the gastroesophageal junction. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 41(Suppl. 2): S102-S107.
McElroy, J.A., Trentham-Dietz, A., Gangnon, R.E., Hampton, J.M., Bersch, A.J., Kanarek, M.S. et Newcomb, P.A. (2008). Nitrogen-nitrate exposure from drinking water and colorectal cancer risk for rural women in Wisconsin, USA. J. Water Health, 6(3): 399-409.
McGreer, E.R. et Belzer, W. (1999). Contaminant sources. In: Health of the Fraser River aquatic ecosystem. Vol. 1. A synthesis of research conducted under the Fraser River Action Plan. C. Gray et T. Tuominen (eds.). Environnement Canada, Vancouver, C.B. p. 7-22 (Publication No. DOE FRAP 1998-11).
McKinney, P.A., Parslow, R. et Bodansky, H.J. (1999). Nitrate exposure and childhood diabetes. In: Managing risks of nitrate to humans and the environment. W.S. Wilson, A.S. Ball et R.H. Hinton, éditeurs. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. p. 327-339.
Mensinga, T.T., Speijers, G.J.A. et Meulenbelt, J. (2003). Health implications of exposure to environmental nitrogenous compounds. Toxicol. Rev., 22(1): 41-51.
Meyer, K.J., Swaim, P.D., Bellamy, W.D., Rittmann, B.E. et Tang. Y. (2010). Biological and ion exchange nitrate removal evaluation. Water Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado (Rapport No. 4131).
Michaud, D.S., Holick, C.N., Batchelor, T.T., Giovannucci, E. et Hunter, D.J. (2009). Prospective study of meat intake and dietary nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines and risk of adult glioma. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 90(3): 570-577.
Miller, M.D., Crofton, K.M., Rice, D.C., Zoeller, R.T. (2009). Thyroid-disrupting chemicals: Interpreting upstream biomarkers of adverse outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 117(7):1033-41.
Miller, C.T. (1984). Unscheduled DNA synthesis in human leucocytes after a fish (amine source) meal with or without salad (nitrite source). IARC Sci. Publ., 57: 609-613.
Ministère de la Santé et du Bien-être social Canada (1994). Principes et techniques de traitement de l'eau - Manuel de production d'eau potable. Publié par l'Association canadienne des eaux potables et usées en collaboration avec le Groupe Communication, Ottawa (Ontario).
Ministère de l'Environnement de l'Ontario (2011). Comunication personnelle de Satish Deshpande. Septembre.
Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement, de la faune et des Parcs du Québec (2010). Communication personnelle de Caroline Robert
Mirvish, S.S. (1975a). Blocking the formation of N-nitroso compounds with ascorbic acid in vitro and in vivo. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 258: 175-180.
Mirvish, S.S. (1975b). Formation of N-nitroso compounds: chemistry, kinetics, and in vivo occurrence. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 31(3): 325-351.
Mirvish, S.S. (1983). The etiology of gastric cancer. Intragastric nitrosamide formation and other theories. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 71(3): 629-647.
Mirvish, S.S. (1986). Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer. Cancer, 58(Suppl. 8): 1842-1850.
Mirvish, S.S. (1991). The significance for human health of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds. In: Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control. I. Bogárdi, R.D. Kuzelka et W.G. Ennenga, éditeurs. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. pp. 253-266.
Mirvish, S.S. (1994). Experimental evidence for inhibition of N-nitroso compound formation as a factor in the negative correlation between vitamin C consumption and the incidence of certain cancers. Cancer Res., 54(Suppl. 7): 1948s-1951s.
Mirvish, S.S. (1995). Role of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and N-nitrosation in etiology of gastric, esophageal, nasopharyngeal and bladder cancer and contribution to cancer of known exposures to NOC. Cancer Lett., 93(1): 17-48.
Mirvish, S.S. (1996). Inhibition by vitamins C and E of in vivo nitrosation and vitamin C occurrence in the stomach. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 5(Suppl. 1): 131-136.
Mirvish, S.S., Greenblatt, M. et Kommineni, V.R. (1972). Nitrosamide formation in vivo: induction of lung adenomas in Swiss mice by concurrent feeding of nitrite and methylurea or ethylurea. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 48(5): 1311-1315.
Mirvish, S.S., Cardesa, A., Wallcave, L. et Shubik, P. (1975). Induction of mouse lung adenomas by amines or ureas plus nitrite and by N-nitroso compounds: effect of ascorbate, gallic acid, thiocyanate, and caffeine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 55(3): 633-636.
Mirvish, S.S., Pelfrene, A.F., Garcia, H. et Shubik, P. (1976). Effect of sodium ascorbate on tumor induction in rats treated with morpholine and sodium nitrite, and with nitrosomorpholine. Cancer Lett., 2(2): 101-108.
Mirvish, S.S., Bulay, O., Runge, R.G. et Patil, K. (1980). Study of the carcinogenicity of large doses of dimethylnitramine, N-nitroso-L-proline, and sodium nitrite administered in drinking water to rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 64(6): 1435-1442.
Mirvish, S.S., Salmasi, S., Cohen, S.M., Patil, K. et Mahboubi, E. (1983). Liver and forestomach tumors and other forestomach lesions in rats treated with morpholine and sodium nitrite, with and without sodium ascorbate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 71(1): 81-85.
Mirvish, S.S., Grandjean, A.C., Moller, H., Fike, S., Maynard, T., Jones, L., Rosinsky, S. et Nie, G. (1992). N-Nitrosoproline excretion by rural Nebraskans drinking water of varied nitrate content. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 1(6): 455-461.
Mirvish, S.S., Grandjean, A.C., Reimers, K.J., Connelly, B.J., Chen, S.C., Gallagher, J., Rosinsky, S., Nie, G., Tuatoo, H., Payne, S., Hinman, C. et Ruby, E. I. (1995). Dosing time with ascorbic acid and nitrate, gum and tobacco chewing, fasting, and other factors affecting N-nitrosoproline formation in healthy subjects taking proline with a standard meal. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 4(7): 775-783.
Mirvish, S.S., Reimers, K.J., Kutler, B., Chen, S.C., Haorah, J., Morris, C.R., Grandjean, A.C. et Lyden, E.R. (2000). Nitrate and nitrite concentrations in human saliva for men and women at different ages and times of the day and their consistency over time. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 9(5): 335-342.
Mirvish, S.S., Davis, M.E., Lisowyj, M.P. et Gaikwad, N.W. (2008). Effect of feeding nitrite, ascorbate, hemin, and omeprazole on excretion of fecal total apparent N-nitroso compounds in mice. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 21(12): 2344-2351.
Mitch, W.A., Sharp, J.O., Trussell, R.R., Valentine, R.L., Alvarez-Cohen, L. et Sedlak, D.L. (2003). N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environ. Eng. Sci., 20(5):389-404.
Mokhtar, N.M., el-Aaser, A.A., el-Bolkainy, M.N., Ibrahim, H.A., Badr El-Din, N.K. et Moharram, N.Z. (1988). Effect of soybean feeding on experimental carcinogenesis--III. Carcinogenicity of nitrite and dibutylamine in mice: A histopathological study. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 24(3): 403-411.
Moller, H., Landt, J., Pedersen, E., Jensen, P., Autrup, H. et Jensen, O.M. (1989). Endogenous nitrosation in relation to nitrate exposure from drinking water and diet in a Danish rural population. Cancer Res., 49(11): 3117-3121.
Moltchanova, E., Rytkonen, M., Kousa, A., Taskinen, O., Tuomilehto, J. et Karvonen, M. (2004). Zinc and nitrate in the ground water and the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland. Diabet. Med., 21: 256-261.
Montesano, R. (1976). Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds. Ann. Nutr. Aliment., 30(5-6): 867-871.
Montesano, R. et Bartsch, H. (1976). Mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds: possible environmental hazards. Mutat. Res., 32(3-4): 179-228.
Montesano, R. et Magee, P.N. (1971). Evidence of formation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in rats given N-methylurea and sodium nitrite. Int. J. Cancer, 7(2): 249-255.
Morales-Suarez-Varela, M.M., Llopis-Gonzalez, A. et Tejerizo-Perez, M.L. (1995). Impact of nitrate in drinking water on cancer mortality in Valencia, Spain. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 11(1): 15-21.
Mueller, B.A., Newton, K., Holly, E.A. et Preston-Martin, S. (2001). Residential water source and the risk of childhood brain tumors. Environ. Health Perspect., 109(6): 551-556.
Mueller, B.A., Nielsen, S.S., Preston-Martin, S., Holly, E.A., Cordier, S., Filippini, G., Peris-Bonet, R. et Choi, N.W. (2004). Household water source and the risk of childhood brain tumours: results of the SEARCH International Brain Tumor Study. Int. J. Epidemiol., 33(6): 1209-1216.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Ghosh, D., Chatterjee, A., Sinha, S., Tripathy, S. et Chandra, A.K. (2005). Evaluation of possible goitrogenic and anti-thyroidal effect of nitrate, a potential environmental pollutant. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 49(3): 284-288.
Murphy, R.S., Sadler, C.J. et Blot, W.J. (1998). Trends in cured meat consumption in relation to childhood and adult brain cancer in the united states. Food Control, 9(5): 299-305.
MWH (2005). Water treatment principles and design. 2ème édition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York.
Nakamura, S.I., Oda, Y., Shimada, T., Oki, I. et Sugimoto, K. (1987). SOS-inducing activity of chemical carcinogens and mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002: examination with 151 chemicals. Mutat. Res., 192: 239-246.
NAS (1981). The health effects of nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds: part 1 of a 2-part study. Prepared by the Committee on Nitrite and Alternative Curing Agents in Food, National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Newberne, P.M. (1979). Nitrite promotes lymphoma incidence in rats. Science, 204(4397): 1079-1081.
Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation (2010). Communication personnelle de Haseen Khan. Février.
Niagolova, N., McElmurry, S.P., Voice, T.C., Long, D.T., Petropoulos, E.A., Havezov, I., Chou, K. et Ganev, V. (2005). Nitrogen species in drinking water indicate potential exposure pathway for Balkan endemic nephropathy. Environ. Pollut., 134(2): 229-237.
Nolan, B., Hitt, K. et Ruddy, B. (2002). Probability of nitrate concentration of recently recharged groundwater in the conterminous United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(1): 2138.
Nova Scotia Environment (2010). Communication personnelle de Judy MacDonald. Février.
NRC (1995). Nitrate and nitrite in drinking water. Prepared by the Subcommittee on Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water, Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
NSDH (1982). Chemical quality. Municipal water supplies. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
NSF International (2012). Nitrate/Nitrite effluent values: Summary of NSF testing experience on POU devices under NSF/ANSI Standards 53 and 58 (2005 - 2011). Rapport pour Santé Canada. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
NSF/ANSI (2009a). Reverse osmosis drinking water treatment systems. NSF International/American National Standards Institute Standard 58. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
NSF/ANSI (2009b). Drinking water distillation systems. NSF International/American National Standards Institute Standard 62. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
NSF/ANSI (2009c). Drinking water treatment units--health effects. NSF International/American National Standards Institute Standard 53. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
NSF/ANSI (2009d). Drinking water system components--health effects. NSF International/American National Standards Institute Standard 61. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
NTP (1990). Final Report on the Reproductive Toxicity of Sodium Nitrite (CAS No. 7632-00-0). Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: National Toxicology Program. Rapport No.: NTP 90-266.
NTP (2001). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of sodium nitrite (CAS No. 7632-00-0) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies). National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.pp. 7-273 (Technical Report Series TR-495).
Nyakas, C., Buwalda, B., Kramers, R.J., Traber, J. et Luiten, P.G. (1994a). Postnatal development of hippocampal and neocortical cholinergic and serotonergic innervation in rat: effects of nitrite-induced prenatal hypoxia and nimodipine treatment. Neuroscience, 59(3): 541-559.
Nyakas, C., Buwalda, B., Markel, E., Korte, S.M. et Luiten, P.G. (1994b). Life-spanning behavioural and adrenal dysfunction induced by prenatal hypoxia in the rat is prevented by the calcium antagonist nimodipine. Eur. J. Neurosci., 6(5): 746-753.
Nyakas, C., Markel, E., Bohus, B., Schuurman, T. et Luiten, P.G. (1990). Protective effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on discrimination learning deficits and impaired retention behavior caused by prenatal nitrite exposure in rats. Behav. Brain Res., 38(1): 69-76.
Odell, L., Kirmeyer, G., Wilzak, A., Jacangelo, J., Marchinko, J. et Wolfe, R. (1996). Controlling nitrification in chloraminated systems. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(7): 86-98.
OEHHA (1997). Public health goals for nitrate and nitrite in drinking water. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California .Disponible à : www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/nit2_c.pdf.
OEHHA (2005). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program risk assessment guidelines. Part II: Technical support document for describing available cancer potency factors. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California.
OEHHA (2006). Public health goal for N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California.
Ohshima, H. et Bartsch, H. (1981). Quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline excreted in the urine. Cancer Res., 41(9 Pt 1): 3658-3662.
Ohshima, H. et Bartsch, H. (1994). Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res., 305(2): 253-264.
Ohshima, H., Furihata, C., Matsushima, T. et Bartsch, H. (1989). Evidence of potential tumour-initiating and tumour-promoting activities of hickory smoke condensate when given alone or with nitrite to rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 27: 511-516.
Olsen, P., Gry, J., Knudsen, I., Meyer, O. et Poulsen, E. (1984). Animal feeding study with nitrite-treated meat. IARC Sci. Publ., 57: 667-675.
OMS (2007). Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Organisation mondiale de la Santé (WHO/SDE/WSH/07.01/16).
Paediatric Epidemiolgy Group. (1999). Nitrate in drinking water and childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Scotland and Central England. University of Leeds
Palli, D., Saieva, C., Coppi, C., Del Giudice, G., Magagnotti, C., Nesi, G., Orsi, F. et Airoldi, L. (2001). O6-alkylguanines, dietary N-nitroso compounds, and their precursors in gastric cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 39(1): 42-49.
Pant, N. et Srivastava, S.P. (2002). Testicular and spermatotoxic effect of nitrate in mice. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 21(1): 37-41.
Parks, N.J., Krohn, K.J., Mathis, C.A., Chasko, J.H., Geiger, K.R., Gregor, M.E. et Peek, N.F. (1981). Nitrogen-13-labeled nitrite and nitrate: distribution and metabolism after intratracheal administration. Science, 212(4490): 58-60.
Parslow, R.C., McKinney, P.A., Law, G.R., Staines, A., Williams, R. et Bodansky, H.J. (1997). Incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, northern England, is associated with nitrate in drinking water: an ecological analysis. Diabetologia, 40(5): 550-556.
Paynor, L. et Fabiani, C. (1995). Anion rejection in a nitrate highly rejecting reverse osmosis thin-film composite membrane. Desalination, 104: 165-174.
Peake, E., MacLean, M.A. et Sandhu, H.S. (1988). Total inorganic nitrate (particulate nitrate and nitric acid) in the atmosphere of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Atmos. Environ., 22(12): 2891-2893.
Pegg, A.E. (2000). Repair of O6-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases. Mutat. Res., 462(2-3): 83-100.
Pennington, J.A.T. (1998). Dietary exposure models for nitrate and nitrite. Food Control, 9(6): 385-395.
Peto, R., Gray, R., Brantom, P. et Grasso, P. (1991a). Dose and time relationships for tumor induction in the liver and esophagus of 4080 inbred rats by chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine. Cancer Res., 51(23 Pt 2): 6452-6469.
Peto, R., Gray, R., Brantom, P. et Grasso, P. (1991b). Effects on 4080 rats of chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine: a detailed dose-response study. Cancer Res., 51(23 Pt 2): 6415-6451.
Pfnader, W.H., Brown, J.R. et Garner, G.B. (1993). Terminology for reporting nitrate concentration. University of Missouri Extension report G9802. Disponible à : http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G9802
Phaneuf, D., Chaussé, K., Pantako, O. et Levallois, P. (2004). Évaluation du risque à la santé pour la population exposée aux nitrate présents dans l'eau potable. Saint-Lazare, Québec.
Pintar, K., Slawson, R. et Huck, P. (2000). Investigation of conditions and control strategies influencing nitrification in a chloraminated bench-scale distribution study. Dans : Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water Quality and Technology Conference. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Pintar, K.D.M., Anderson, W.B., Slawson, R.M., Smith, F.E. et Huck, P.M. (2005). Assessment of a distribution system nitrification critical threshold concept. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 97(7): 116-129.
Pogoda, J.M. et Preston-Martin, S. (2001). Maternal cured meat consumption during pregnancy and risk of paediatric brain tumour in offspring: potentially harmful levels of intake. Public Health Nutr., 4(2): 183-189.
Preston-Martin, S., Pogoda, J.M., Mueller, B.A., Holly, E.A., Lijinsky, W. et Davis, R.L. (1996). Maternal consumption of cured meats and vitamins in relation to pediatric brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5(8): 599-605.
Prince Edward Island Department of Environment, Labour and Justice (2010). Communication personnelle de George Somers.
Prival, M.J., Simmon, V.F. et Mortelmans, K.E (1991). Bacterial mutagenicity testing of 49 food ingredients gives very few positive results. Mutat. Res., 260: 321-329.
Prospero, J.M. et Savoie, D.L (1989). Effect of continental sources of nitrate concentrations over the Pacific. Ocean. Nature, 339(6227): 687-689.
Rademacher, J.J., Young, T.B. et Kanarek, M.S. (1992). Gastric cancer mortality and nitrate levels in Wisconsin drinking water. Arch. Environ. Health, 47(4): 292-294.
Radikova, Z., Tajtakova, M., Kocan, A., Trnovec, T., Sebokova, E., Klimes, I. et Langer, P. (2008). Possible effects of environmental nitrate and toxic organochlorines on human thyroid in highly polluted areas in Slovakia. Thyroid, 18(3): 353-362.
Radovanovic, Z. et Stevanovic, D. (1988). Different forms of mineral nitrogen in drinking water and the Balkan nephropathy. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17(6): 813-815.
Rathbone, B.J., Johnson, A.W., Wyatt, J.I., Kelleher, J., Heatley, R.V. et Losowsky, M.S. (1989). Ascorbic acid: a factor concentrated in human gastric juice. Clin. Sci., 76(3): 237-241.
Reddy, K. et Lin, J. (2000). Nitrate removal from groundwater using catalytic reduction. Water Res., 34(3): 995-1001.
Richard, Y.R. (1989). Operating experiences at full-scale biological and ion-exchange denitrification plants in France. J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 3(2): 154-166.
Rivett, M.O, Buss, S.R., Morgan, P., Smith, J.W.N. et Bemment, C.D. (2008). Nitrate attenuation in groundwater: a review of biogeochemical controlling processes. Water Res, 42:4215-4232.
Rogalla, F., de Larminat, G., Coutelle, J. et Godart, H. (1991). Experience with nitrate removal methods from drinking water. In: Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control. I. Bogárdi, R.D. Kuzelka et W.G. Ennenga, éditeurs. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. 520 p.
Rogers, M.A.M., Vaughan, T.L., Davis, S. et Thomas, D.B. (1995). Consumption of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosodimethylamine and the risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 4(1): 29-36.
Roth, A.C. et Smith, M.K. (1988). Nitrite-induced iron deficiency in the neonatal rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 96(1): 43-51.
Roth, A.C., Herkert, G.E., Bercz, J.P. et Smith, M.K. (1987). Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of sodium nitrite in Long-Evans rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 9(4): 668-677.
Ruckart, P., Henderson, A., Black, M. et Flanders, D. (2008). Are nitrate levels in groundwater stable over time? J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 18: 129-133.
Ruddell, W.S., Bone, E.S., Hill, M.J., Blendis, L.M. et Walters, C.L. (1976). Gastric-juice nitrite. A risk factor for cancer in the hypochlorhydric stomach? Lancet, 2(7994): 1037-1039.
Ruppenthal, S. (2004). Treating water high in nitrate to supplement supply. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 96(5): 68-70.
Ruppenthal, S. (2007). Nitrate removal solutions for drinking water: how a flexible approach can deliver reliable results. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 99(6): 28-30.
Sahli Menkouchi, M.A., Tahaikt, M., Achary, I., Taky, M., Elhanouni, F., Hafsi, M., Elmghari, M. et Elmidaoui, A. (2006). Technical optimization of nitrate removal for groundwater by ED using a pilot plant. Desalination, 189: 200-208.
Sahli Menkouchi, M.A., Annouar, S., Mountadar, M., Soufiane, A. et Elmidaoui, A. (2008). Nitrate removal of brackish underground water by chemical adsorption and by electrodialysis. Desalination, 227: 327-333.
Salem, K., Sandeaux, J., Molenat, J., Sandeaux, R. et Gavach, C. (1995). Elimination of nitrate from drinking water by electrochemical processes. Desalination 1001:123-131.
Sanchez-Echaniz, J., Benito-Fernandez, J. et Mintegui-Raso, S. (2001). Methemoglobinemia and consumption of vegetables in infants. Pediatrics, 107(5): 1024-1028.
Sandor, J., Kiss, I., Farkas, O. et Ember, I. (2001). Association between gastric cancer mortality and nitrate content of drinking water: ecological study on small area inequalities. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 17(5): 443-447.
Santafe-Moros, A., Gozalvez-Zafrilla, J.M. et Lora-Garcia, J. (2005). Performance of commercial nanofiltration membranes in the removal of nitrate ions. Desalination, 185: 281-287.
Santé Canada (2003a). Concentrations of nitrosamines, nitrite, and nitrate in food from Total Diet Study in Ottawa (ON), 2000. Ottawa (Ontario). Disponible à : http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/surveill/total-diet/concentration/nitrosamine_conc_ottawa2000-fra.php
Santé Canada (2003b). Concentrations of nitrosamines, nitrite, and nitrate in food from Total Diet Study in St. John's (NF), 2001. St. John's (Terre-Neuve). Disponible à : http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/surveill/total-diet/concentration/nitrosamine_conc_ottawa2000-fra.php
Santé Canada (2011). Recommandations pour la qualité de l'eau potable au Canada : document technique - N-nitrosodiméthylamine. Bureau de l'eau, de l'air et du changement climatique, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). Disponible à : www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/ndma/index-fra.php
Santé Canada (2012). Communication personnelle de Anca-Maria Tugulea. Bureau de la science et de la recherche en santé environnementale, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
Santé Canada (2013). Recommandations pour la qualité de l'eau potable au Canada : document technique -- L'ammoniac. Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de l'air, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). (Numéro de catalogue H144-13/5-2013F-PDF). Disponible à : www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/index-fra.php#doc_tech
Saskatchewan Water Security Agency, (2010). Communication personnelle de Sam Ferris. Février.
Schock, M.R. et Lytle, D.A. (2011). Internal corrosion and deposition control. Dans : Water quality and treatment--a handbook of community water supplies. 6ème édition. American Water Works Association and McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.
Schoeman, J.J. et Steyn, A. (2003). Nitrate removal with reverse osmosis in a rural area in South Africa. Desalination, 155: 15-26.
Scragg, R.K., Dorsch, M.M., McMichael, A.J. et Baghurst, P.A. (1982). Birth defects and household water supply. epidemiological studies in the Mount Gambier region of South Australia. Med. J. Aust., 2(12): 577-579.
Sedgwick, B. (1997). Nitrosated peptides and polyamines as endogenous mutagens in O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase deficient cells. Carcinogenesis, 18(8): 1561-1567.
Seidel, C., Gorman, C. et Werner, K. (2008). Nitrate reduction by sulphur modified iron: pilot study results. Presentation at the American Water Works Association Inorganic Contaminants Workshop. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Seidel, C.S., Gorman, C., Darby, J.L. et Jensen, V.B. (2011). An assessment of the state of nitrate treatment alternatives. Report prepared for the American Water Works Association (AWWA) Inorganic Contaminant Research and Inorganic Water Quality Joint Project Committee. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado. Disponible à : www.awwa.org/files/Resources/TECProjects/TECReportNitrateFINALRevised07272011.pdf
Sen, N.P., Smith, D.C., Moodie, C.A. et Grice, H.C. (1975). Failure to induce tumours in guinea pigs after concurrent administration of nitrite and diethylamine. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13(4):423-425 [Online 13 August 2010].
Shank, R.C. et Newberne, P.M. (1976). Dose response study of the carcinogenicity of dietary sodium nitrite and morpholine in rats and hamsters. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 14(1): 1-8.
Shapiro, K.B., Hotchkiss, J.H. et Roe, D.A. (1991). Quantitative relationship between oral nitrate-reducing activity and the endogenous formation of N-nitrosoamino acids in humans. Food Chem. Toxicol., 29(11): 751-755.
Shephard, S.E., Schlatter, C. et Lutz, W.K. (1987). Assessment of the risk of formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds from dietary precursors in the stomach. Food Chem. Toxicol., 25(1): 91-108.
Shimada, T. (1989). Lack of teratogenic and mutagenic effects of nitrite on mouse fetuses. Arch. Environ. Health, 44(1): 59-63.
Shiotani, A., Iishi, H., Uedo, N., Higashino, K., Kumamoto, M., Nakae, Y. et Tatsuta, M. (2004). Hypoacidity combined with high gastric juice nitrite induced by Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastric cancer. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 20(Suppl. 1): 48-53.
Shrimali, M. et Singh, K.P. (2001). New methods of nitrate removal from water. Environ. Pollut., 112: 351-359.
Shuval, H.I. et Gruener, N. (1972). Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of nitrate and nitrite in the environment. Am. J. Public Health, 62(8): 1045-1052.
Siddiqi, M., Kumar, R., Kaul, D., Spiegelhalder, B. et Preussmann, R. (1992). Salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations from a sample population of children and adults in high risk area for esophageal and gastric cancers in Kashmir, India. Cancer Lett., 64(2): 133-136.
Sinha, D.P. et Sleight, S.D. (1971). Pathogenesis of abortion in acute nitrite toxicosis in guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 18(2): 340-347.
Skadsen, J. (1993). Nitrification in distribution system. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 7: 95-103.
Skadsen, J. et Cohen, Y.K (2006). Operational and treatment practices to prevent nitrification. Dans : Manual of water supply practices M56: Fundamentals and control of nitrification in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Sleight, S.D. et Atallah, O.A. (1968). Reproduction in the guinea pig as affected by chronic administration of potassium nitrate and potassium nitrite. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 12(2): 179-185.
Smith, C.D. (2006). Monitoring for nitrification prevention and control. Dans: Manual of water supply practices M56: Fundamentals and control of nitrification in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Sobala, G.M., Crabtree, J.E., Dixon, M.F., Schorah, C.J., Taylor, J.D., Rathbone, B.J., Heatley, R.V. et Axon, A.T. (1991). Acute Helicobacter pylori infection: clinical features, local and systemic immune response, gastric mucosal histology, and gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut, 32(11): 1415-1418.
Spiegelhalder, B., Eisenbrand, G. et Preussmann, R. (1976). Influence of dietary nitrate on nitrite content of human saliva: possible relevance to in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 14(6): 545-548.
Steindorf, K., Schlehofer, B., Becher, H., Hornig, G. et Wahrendorf, J. (1994). Nitrate in drinking water. A case-control study on primary brain tumours with an embedded drinking water survey in Germany. Int. J. Epidemiol., 23(3): 451-457.
Sugiyama, K., Tanaka, T. et Mori, H. (1979). Carcinogenicity examination of sodium nitrate in mice. Acta Schol. Med. Univ. Gifu, 27(1): 1-6.
Super, M., Heese, H. de V., MacKenzie, D., Dempster, W.S., du Plessis, J. et Ferreira, J.J. (1981). An epidemiological study of well-water nitrate in a group of south west African/Namibian infants. Water Res., 15: 1265-1270.
Suziki, H., Iijima, K., Scobie, G., Fyfe, V., McColl, K.E.L. (2005). Nitrate and nitrosative chemistry within Barrett's oesophagus during acid reflux. Gut, 54: 1527-1535.
Tabacova, S., Baird, D.D. et Balabaeva, L. (1998). Exposure to oxidized nitrogen: lipid peroxidation and neonatal health risk. Arch. Environ. Health, 53(3): 214-221.
Tabacova, S., Balabaeva, L. et Little, R.E. (1997). Maternal exposure to exogenous nitrogen compounds and complications of pregnancy. Arch. Environ. Health, 52(5): 341-347.
Tajtakova, M., Semanova, Z., Tomkova, Z., Szokeova, E., Majoros, J., Radikova, Z., Sebokova, E., Klimes, I. et Langer, P. (2006). Increased thyroid volume and frequency of thyroid disorders signs in schoolchildren from nitrate polluted area. Chemosphere, 62(4): 559-564.
Tannenbaum, S.R., Weisman, M. et Fett, D. (1976). The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 14(6): 549-552.
Tannenbaum, S.R., Wishnok, J.S. et Leaf, C.D. (1991). Inhibition of nitrosamine formation by ascorbic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 53(Suppl. 1): 247S-250S.
Taylor, H.W. et Lijinsky, W. (1975). Tumor induction in rats by feeding heptamethyleneimine and nitrite in water. Cancer Res., 35(3): 812-815.
Taylor, J.S. et Wiesner, M. (1999). Membranes. In: Water quality and treatment--a handbook of community water supplies. 5ème édition. R.D. Letterman, éditeur. American Water Works Association and McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, New York.
Terblanche, A.P.S. (1991). Health hazards of nitrate in drinking water. Water S.A., 17(1): 77-82.
Til, H.P., Falke, H.E., Kuper, C.F. et Willems, M.I. (1988). Evaluation of the oral toxicity of potassium nitrite in a 13-week drinking-water study in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 26(10): 851-859.
Til, H.P., Kuper, C.F. et Falke, H.E. (1997). Nitrite-induced adrenal effects in rats and the consequences for the no-observed-effect level. Food Chem. Toxicol., 35(3-4): 349-355.
Toccalino, P.L., Norman, J.E. et Hitt, K.J. (2010). Quality of source water from public-supply wells in the United States, 1993-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5024, 206 p.
Tonacchera, M., Pinchera, A., Dimida, A., Ferrarini, E., Agretti, P., Vitti, P., Santini, F., Crump, K. et Gibbs, J. (2004). Relative potencies and additivity of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide on the inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake by the human sodium iodide symporter. Thyroid, 14(12): 1012-1019.
Tricker, A.R. (1997). N-Nitroso compounds and man: sources of exposure, endogenous formation and occurrence in body fluids. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 6(3): 226-268.
Tsuda, H. et Hasegawa, M. (1990). Malignant transformation of mouse BALB/c3T3 cells induced by NaNo2. Carcinogenesis, 11: 595-597.
Tsuda, H. et Kato, K. (1977). High rate of endoreduplications and chromosomal aberrations in hamster cells treated with sodium nitrite in vitro. Mutat. Res., 56: 69-74.
Tsuda, H., Inui, N. et Takayama, S. (1976). In vitro transformation of newborn hamster cells induced by sodium nitrite. Gann, 67: 165-173.
Turek, B., Hlavsova, D., Tucek, J., Waldman, J. et Cerna, J. (1980). The fate of nitrate and nitrite in the organism. IARC Sci. Publ., 31: 625-632.
U.S. EPA (1993). Methods for determination of inorganic substances in environmental samples. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (EPA 600/R-93/100).
U.S. EPA (2002a). Nitrification. Distribution system issue paper. Office of Water, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA (2002b) Guidance for implementing a point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment strategy for compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act. Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA (2006a). Basic information about nitrate in drinking water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Disponible à : www.water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfm
U.S. EPA (2006b) Point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment options for small drinking water systems.Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA (2007a). Nitrate and nitrite. TEACH chemical summary. U.S. EPA, toxicity and exposure assessment for children's health. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Disponible à : www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/Nitrate_summary.pdf
U.S. EPA (2007b). Guidelines establishing test procedures for the analysis of pollutants under the Clean Water Act; National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; and National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations; analysis and sampling procedures; Final rule. 40 CFR Part 122, 136 et al. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Disponible à : www.deq.state.va.us/vpdes/pdf/40CFR136-TestProcedures-FinalRule.pdf
U.S. EPA (2007c) Arsenic removal from drinking water by point of use reveres osmosis (POU RO) U.S EPA demonstration projext at Sunset Ranch development in Homedale, ID final performance evaluation report. Report prepared for National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA/600/R-07/082.
U.S. EPA (2009a). Analytical methods approved for drinking water compliance monitoring of inorganic contaminants and other inorganic constituents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Disponible à : www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/pdfs/methods/methods_inorganic.pdf
U.S. EPA (2009b). Analytical feasibility support document for the second six-year review of existing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA 815-B-09-003).
U.S. EPA (2009c). Contaminant occurrence support document for category 2 contaminants for the second six-year review of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA 815-B-09-011).
U.S. EPA (2010). Cooperation on emission inventories, trends, and mapping. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Disponible à :: www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/usca/coop.html
U.S. EPA (2011). Estimation programs interface suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v 4.0. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Urbain, V., Benoit, R. et Manem, J. (1996). Membrane bioreactor: a new treatment tool. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(5): 75-86.
Van der Bruggen, B., Everaert, K., Wilms, D. et Vandecasteele, C. (2001). Application of nanofiltration for removal of pesticides, nitrate and hardness from ground water: rejection properties and economic evaluation. J. Memb. Sci., 193: 239-248
Van der Hoek, J.P., Van der Ven, P.J.M. et Klapwijk, A. (1998). Combined ion exchange/biological denitrification for nitrate removal from ground water under different process conditions. Water Res., 22(6): 679-684.
Van Duijvenboden, W. et Matthijsen, A.J.C.M. (1989). Integrated criteria document nitrate. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). (Report No. 758473012) [cité dans OMS, 2007].
Van Leeuwen, J.A., Waltner-Toews, D., Abernathy, T., Smit, B. et Shoukri, M. (1999). Associations between stomach cancer incidence and drinking water contamination with atrazine and nitrate in Ontario (Canada) agroecosystems, 1987-1991. Int. J. Epidemiol., 28(5): 836-840.
van Logten, M.J., den Tonkelaar, E.M., Kroes, R., Berkvens, J.M. et van Esch, G.J. (1972). Long-term experiment with canned meat treated with sodium nitrite and glucono-δ-lactone in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 10(4): 475-488.
Van Loon, A.J.M., Botterweck, A.A.M., Goldbohm, R.A., Brants, H.A.M., Van Klaveren, J.D. et Van Den Brandt, P.A. (1998). Intake of nitrate and nitrite and the risk of gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study. Br. J. Cancer, 78(1): 129-135.
Van Maanen, J.M.S., Van Dijk, A., Mulder, K., De Baets, M.H., Menheere, P.C., Van Der Heide, D., Mertens, P.L. et Kleinjans, J.C.S. (1994). Consumption of drinking water with high nitrate levels causes hypertrophy of the thyroid. Toxicol. Lett., 72(1-3): 365-374.
Van Maanen, J.M., Pachen, D.M., Dallinga, J.W. et Kleinjans, J.C. (1998). Formation of nitrosamines during consumption of nitrate- and amine-rich foods, and the influence of the use of mouthwashes. Cancer Detect. Prev., 22(3): 204-212.
Van Maanen, J.M., Albering, H.J., de Kok, T.M., van Breda, S.G., Curfs, D.M., Vermeer, I.T., Ambergen, A.W., Wolffenbuttel, B.H., Kleinjans, J.C. et Reeser, H.M. (2000). Does the risk of childhood diabetes mellitus require revision of the guideline values for nitrate in drinking water? Environ. Health Perspect., 108(5): 457-461.
Vanderpas, J. (2006). Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 26: 293-322.
Velizarov, S., Crespo, J.G. et Reis, M.A. (2002). Removal of nitrate from water in a novel ion exchange membrane bioreactor. Water Supply, 2(2): 161-167.
Vermeer, I.T.M. et Van Maanen, J.M.S. (2001). Nitrate exposure and the endogenous formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in humans. Rev. Environ. Health, 16(2): 105-116.
Vermeer, I.T.M., Gerrits, M.M., Moonen, E.J.C., Engels, L.G.J.B., Dallinga, J.W., Kleinjans, J.C.S., van Maanen, J.M., Kuipers, E.J. et Kusters, J.G. (2002). Helicobacter pylori does not mediate the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. Helicobacter, 7(3): 163-169.
Vermeer, I.T.M., Moonen, E.J.C., Dallinga, J.W., Kleinjans, J.C.S. et Van Maanen, J.M.S. (1999). Effect of ascorbic acid and green tea on endogenous formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine in humans. Mutat. Res., 428(1-2): 353-361.
Vermeer, I.T.M., Pachen, D.M.F.A., Dallinga, J.W., Kleinjans, J.C.S. et Van Maanen, J.M.S. (1998). Volatile N-nitrosamine formation after intake of nitrate at the ADI level in combination with an amine-rich diet. Environ. Health Perspect., 106(8): 459-463.
Virtanen, S.M., Jaakkola, L., Rasanen, L., Ylonen, K., Aro, A., Lounamaa, R., Akerblom, H.K. et Tuomilehto, J. (1994). Nitrate and nitrite intake and the risk for type 1 diabetes in Finnish children. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Diabet. Med., 11(7): 656-662.
Vleeming, W., van de Kuil, A., te Biesebeek, J.D., Meulenbelt, J. et Boink, A.B. (1997). Effect of nitrite on blood pressure in anaesthetized and free-moving rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 35(6): 615-619.
Volkmer, B.G., Ernst, B., Simon, J., Kuefer, R., Bartsch, G., Jr., Bach, D. et coll. (2005). Influence of nitrate levels in drinking water on urological malignancies: a community-based cohort study. BJU Int., 95(7): 972-976.
Vorhees, C.V., Butcher, R.E., Brunner, R.L. et Wootten, V. (1984). Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of sodium nitrite in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 22(1): 1-6.
Vulsma, T., Gons, M.H. et de Vijlder, J.J. (1989). Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N. Engl. J. Med., 321(1): 13-16.
Wachinski, A.M. (2006). Nitrate removal. In: Ion exchange treatment for water. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Wagner, D.A., Schultz, D.S., Deen, W.M., Young, V.R. et Tannenbaum, S.R. (1983). Metabolic fate of an oral dose of 15N-labeled nitrate in humans: effect of diet supplementation with ascorbic acid. Cancer Res., 43: 1921-1925.
Wakida, F.T. and Lerner, D.N. (2005). Non-agricultural sources of groundwater nitrate: a review and case study. Water Res, 39:3-16.
Walker, R. (1990). Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosocompounds: a review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications. Food Addit. Contam., 7(6): 717-768.
Walker, R. (1996). The metabolism of dietary nitrite and nitrate. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 20: 780-785.
Walker, R. (1999). The metabolism of dietary nitrite and nitrate. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
Walton, G. (1951). Survey of literature relating to infant methemoglobinemia due to nitrate-contaminated water. Am. J. Public Health Nation's Health, 41(8 Pt 1): 986-996.
Wang, L., Chen, A., Tong, N. et Coonfare, C.T. (2007). Arsenic removal from drinking water by ion exchange. U.S. EPA demonstration project at Fruitland, ID, six-month evaluation report. Water Supply and Water Resources Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cinnicinati, Ohio (EPA/600/R-07/017).
Ward, M.H., Mark, S.D., Cantor, K.P., Weisenburger, D.D., Correa-Villaseñor, A. et Zahm, S.H. (1996). Drinking water nitrate and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Epidemiology, 7(5): 465-471.
Ward, M.H., Pan, W.H., Cheng, Y.J., Li, F.H., Brinton, L.A., Chen, C.J., Hsu, M.M., Chen, I.H., Levine, P.H., Yang, C.S. et Hildesheim, A. (2000). Dietary exposure to nitrite and nitrosamines and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. Int. J. Cancer, 86(5): 603-609.
Ward, M.H., Cantor, K.P., Riley, D., Merkle, S. et Lynch, C.F. (2003). Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology, 14(2): 183-190.
Ward, M.H., deKok, T.M., Levallois, P., Brender, J., Gulis, G., Nolan, B.T. et VanDerslice, J. (2005a). Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs. Environ. Health Perspect., 113(11): 1607-1614.
Ward, M.H., Heineman, E.F., McComb, R.D. et Weisenburger, D.D. (2005b). Drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite and risk of glioma. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 47(12): 1260-1267.
Ward, M.H., Cerhan, J.R., Colt, J.S. et Hartge, P. (2006). Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and nitrate and nitrite from drinking water and diet. Epidemiology, 17(4): 375-382.
Ward, M.H., Rusiecki, J.A., Lynch, C.F. et Cantor, K.P. (2007). Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control, 18(10): 1141-1151.
Ward, M.H., Heineman, E.F., Markin, R.S. et Weisenburger, D.D. (2008). Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 14(3): 193-197.
Ward, M.H., Kilfoy, B.A., Weyer, P.J., Anderson, K.E., Folsom, A.R. et Cerhan, J.R. (2010). Nitrate intake and the risk of thyroid cancer and thyroid disease. Epidemiology, 21(3): 389-395.
Warton, B., Heitz, A., Zappia, L.R., Franzmann, P.D., Joll, C.A., Alessandrino, M., Allpike, M., O'Leary, B. et Kagi, R.I. (2007). Magnetic ion exchange drinking water treatment in a large-scale facility. J. Am. Water Works 99(1):89-101
Wassenaar, L.I., Hendry, M.J. and Harrington, N. (2005). Decadal geochemical and isotopic trends for nitrate in a transboundary aquifer and implications for agricultural beneficial management practices. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40:4626-4632.
Weisburger, J.H., Marquardt, H., Hirota, N., Mori, H. et Williams, G.M. (1980). Induction of cancer of the glandular stomach in rats by an extract of nitrite-treated fish. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 64(1): 163-167.
Weyer, P.J., Cerhan, J.R., Kross, B.C., Hallberg, G.R., Kantamneni, J., Breuer, G., Jones, M.P., Zheng, W. et Lynch, C.F. (2001). Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Epidemiology, 12(3): 327-338.
Whong, W.Z. et Ong, T.M. (1979). Mediated mutagenesis of dimethylnitrosamine in Neurospora crassa by various metabolic activation systems. Cancer Res., 39(5): 1525-1528.
Whong, W.Z., Speciner, N.D. et Edwards, G.S. (1979). Mutagenicity detection of in vivo nitrosation of dimethylamine by nitrite. Environ. Mutagen., 1(3): 277-282.
Wilczak, A., Jacangelo, J., Marcinko, J., Odell, L., Kirmeyer, G. et Wolf, R. (1996). Occurrence of nitrification in chloraminated distribution systems. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(7): 74-85.
Witter, J.P., Gatley, S.J. et Balish, E. (1979). Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labeled nitrate (13NO3-) in humans and rats. Science, 204(4391): 411-413.
Woodruff, T.J., Zeise, L., Axelrad, D.A., Guyton, K.Z., Janssen, S., Miller, M., Miller, G.G., Schwartz, J.M., Alexeeff, G., Anderson, H. et coll. (2008). Meeting report: Moving upstream-evaluating adverse upstream end points for improved risk assessment and decision-making. Environ Health Perspect 116(11):1568-75.
WQA (2012). Assessment of performance of POU systems used for nitrate/nitrite reduction. Rapport pour Santé Canada. Water Quality Association. Lisle, Illinois.
Xia, S., Zhang, Y. et Zhong, F. (2009). A continuous stirred hydrogen-based polyvinyl chloride membrane biofilm reactor for the treatment of nitrate contaminated drinking water. Bioresour. Technol., 100: 6223-6228.
Xu, G., Song, P. et Reed, P.I. (1992). The relationship between gastric mucosal changes and nitrate intake via drinking water in a high-risk population for gastric cancer in Moping County, China. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 1(6): 437-443.
Xu, J., Xu, X. et Verstraete, W. (2001). Quantitative measurement of the nitrate reductase activity in the human oral cavity. Food Chem. Toxicol., 39(4): 393-400.
Xu, Y. et Chi, H. (1990). The effect of Chinese tea on the occurrence of esophageal tumors induced by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine formed in vivo. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 3(4): 406-412.
Yamamoto, K., Nakajima, A., Eimoto, H., Tsutsumi, M., Maruyama, H., Denda, A., Nii, H., Mori, Y. et Konishi, Y. (1989). Carcinogenic activity of endogenously synthesized N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine in rats administered bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and sodium nitrite. Carcinogenesis, 10(9): 1607-1611.
Yang, C.Y., Cheng, M.F., Tsai, S.S. et Hsieh, Y.L. (1998). Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 89(2): 124-130.
Yang, C.Y., Wu, D.C. et Chang, C.C. (2007). Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from colon cancer in Taiwan. Environ. Int., 33(5): 649-653.
Yang, H. et Cheng, H. (2007). Controlling nitrite level in drinking water chlorination and chloramination. Separation and Purification Technology 56:392-396
Yoshida, A., Harada, T. et Maita, K. (1993). Tumor induction by concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea and sodium nitrite in mice. Toxicol. Pathol., 21(3): 303-310.
Yoshida, Y., Hirose, M., Takaba, K., Kimura, J. et Ito, N. (1994). Induction and promotion of forestomach tumors by sodium nitrite in combination with ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate in rats with or without N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine pre-treatment. Int. J. Cancer, 56(1): 124-128.
Yukon Environmental Health Services (2010). Communication personnelle de Patricia Brooks. Mars.
Zaki, A., Ait Chaoui, A., Talibi, A., Derouiche, A.F., Aboussaouira, T., Zarrouck, K., Chait, A. et Himmi, T. (2004). Impact of nitrate intake in drinking water on the thyroid gland activity in male rat. Toxicol. Lett., 147(1): 27-33.
Zeegers, M.P., Selen, R.F.M., Kleinjans, J.C.S., Goldbohm, R.A. et van den Brandt, P.A. (2006). Nitrate intake does not influence bladder cancer risk: the Netherlands Cohort Study. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(10): 1527-1531.
Zeeman, CL, Kross, B, et Vlad, M. (2002). A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania. Environ Health Perspect, 110, 817-822.
Zeiger, E., Anderson, B., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T. et Mortelmans, K. (1992). Salmonella mutagenicity tests: V. Results from the testing of 311 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutag., 19(Suppl. 21): 2-141.
Zeilmaker, M.J., Meulenbelt, J., Kortboyer, J.M. et Slob, W. (1996). Safety assessment of nitrate: Mathematical modeling of nitrite formation in man and its application in the risk assessment of nitrate. Rapport No. 235802002 du National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Pays-Bas, p. 1-38.
Zeilmaker, M.J., Bakker, M.I., Schothorst, R. et Slob, W. (2010). Risk assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine formed endogenously after fish-with-vegetable meals. Toxicol. Sci., 116(1): 323-335.
Zeisel, S.H., DaCosta, K.A. et Fox, J.G. (1985). Endogenous formation of dimethylamine. Biochem. J., 232(2): 403-408.
Zeman, C.L., Kross, B. et Vlad, M. (2002). A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania. Environ. Health Perspect., 110(8): 817-822.
Zhang, Y., Groiffin, A., Rahman, M., Camper, A. et Edward, M. (2009a). Lead contamination of the potable water due to nitrification. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(6): 1890-1895.
Zhang, Y., Love, N. et Edwards, M. (2009b). Nitrification in drinking water systems. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39: 153-208.
Zhang, Y., Edwards, M., Pinto, A., Love, N., Camper, A., Rahman, M. et Baribeau, H. (2010). Effect of nitrification on corrosion in the distribution system. Water Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado.
Zhao, H.X., Mold, M.D., Stenhouse, E.A., Bird, S.C., Wright, D.E., Demaine, A.G. et Millward, B.A. (2001). Drinking water composition and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in Devon and Cornwall, England. Diabet. Med., 18(9): 709-717.
Zhu, X., Choo, K.-H. et Park, J.-M. (2006). Nitrate removal from contaminated water using polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration. Desalination, 193: 350-360.
Zoeller, R.T., Tyl, R.W. et Tan, S.W. (2007). Current and potential rodent screens and tests for thyroid toxicants. Crit Rev Toxicol 37(1-2):55-95. [cited in Miller et al., 2009].
Zoeller, R.T. et Crofton, K.M. (2005). Mode of action: Developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency--neurological abnormalities resulting from exposure to propylthiouracil. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 35(8-9): 771-781.
- AAF
- acétyl-2-aminofluorène
- ADN
- acide désoxyribonucléique
- AGT
- O6-alkylguanine-ADN alkyltransférase
- Aln
- allantoïne
- AMP
- aminopyrine
- ANSI
- American National Standards Institute
- ARN
- acide ribonucléique
- ASC
- ascorbate
- BDAO
- N-oxyde de N, N-diméthyldodécylamine
- BHPA
- bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine
- BOA
- bactéries oxydant l'azote
- BON
- bactéries oxydant le nitrite
- CCN
- Conseil canadien des normes
- CEP
- Comité fédéral-provincial-territorial sur l'eau potable
- Cim
- cimétidine
- CMA
- concentration maximale acceptable
- CN
- composé nitrosable
- CNN
- composé N-nitroso
- DEA
- diéthylamine
- DID
- diabète sucré insulino-dépendant de type 1
- DJA
- dose journalière acceptable
- DL 50
- dose estimée comme étant létale pour la moitié des animaux
- DMA
- diméthylamine; chlorhydrate de diméthylamine
- DMENO
- dose minimale avec effet nocif observé
- DPH
- chlorhydrate de diphénhydramine
- DSENO
- dose sans effet nocif observé
- DSEO
- dose sans effet observé
- DSF
- disulfirame
- DT 05
- dose tumorigène 05
- EFSA
- Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments
- EP
- eau potable
- EPA
- Environmental Protection Agency (É.-U.)
- eq
- équivalent
- EQR
- évaluation quantitative du risque
- ETU
- éthylènethio-urée
- EU
- éthylurée
- FAO
- Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture
- HHT
- hypothalamo-hypophyso-thyroïdien
- HMI
- heptaméthylèneimine
- IC
- intervalle de confiance
- IRIS
- Integrated Risk Information System
- JECFA
- Comité mixte FAO/OMS d'experts des additifs alimentaires
- LD 50
- limite de détection
- LDM
- limite de détection de la méthode
- LNH
- lymphome non hodgkinien
- LQP
- limite de quantification pratique
- MAni
- méthylaniline
- MCP
- maléate de chlorphéniramine
- Mor
- morpholine
- MU
- méthylurée
- NADH
- nicotinamide-adénine-dinucléotide hydrogéné
- NDEA
- N-nitrosodiéthylamine
- NDMA
- N-nitrosodiméthylamine
- NEB
- néphropathie endémique des Balkans
- NIS
- symporteur sodium/iodure
- NMU
- N-nitroso- N-méthylurée
- NO 2¯
- ion nitrite
- NO 2-N
- azote du nitrite
- NO 3¯
- ion nitrate
- NO 3-N
- azote du nitrate
- NPRO
- N-nitrosoproline
- NPYR
- N-nitrosopyrrolidine
- NSF
- NSF International
- NTP
- National Toxicology Program (É.-U.)
- OEHHA
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (Californie)
- OIPUF
- osmose inverse sous pression ultra-faible
- OMS
- Organisation mondiale de la santé
- OTMA
- oxyde de triméthylamine- N
- p/p
- poids par poids
- pc
- poids corporel
- Pip
- pipérazine
- RC
- rapport de cotes
- RR
- risque relatif
- S
- syrien
- SD
- Sprague-Dawley
- SM
- Standard Method
- SPÉQ
- seuil pratique d'évaluation quantitative
- Su
- suisse
- T 3
- triiodothyronine
- T 4
- thyroxine
- TMA
- triméthylamine
- TSH
- hormone thyréotrope
- U
- unité
- UDS
- synthèse non programmée de l'ADN
- UV
- ultraviolet
- VBS
- valeur basée sur la santé
Détails de la page
- Date de modification :