Turkey Lakes Watershed Study reference list: 1988

88-01 Joshi, S.R. The fallout of Chernobyl radioactivity in Central Ontario, Canada. J. Environ. Radioactivity 6: 203-211, 1988.

Summary

Levels of Chernobyl-derived radionuclides in TLW bulk deposition samples are evaluated. The tropospheric residence time of the radionuclides was estimated to be approximately 14 days.

88-02 Kelso, J.R.M., and D.S. Jeffries. Response of headwater lakes to varying atmospheric deposition in north-central Ontario, 1979-1985. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 45:1905-1911, 1988.

Summary

Paper discusses the causes of variations in chemistry observed for 54 Algoma lakes (including some of the Turkey Lakes) between 1979 and 1985. Lakes were surveyed on a 3 year cycle. Changes in pH, ANC and Ca2+ were related to either changing atmospheric deposition or terrestrial basin response. Two fishless lakes (in 1979) developed white sucker populations by 1986 through invasion into a more hospitable chemical environment. Water quality "recovery" in central Ontario extends beyond that observed near Sudbury.

88-03 Jeffries, D.S., and W.H. Hendershot. Aluminum geochemistry at the catchment scale in watersheds influenced by acidic precipitation. In: Sposito, G. (ed.), Environmental chemistry of aluminum, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 279-302, 1989.

Summary

Paper presents a review of the hydrological and geochemical factors that influence Al chemistry at the catchment scale. Data and interpretation from the TLW and basins in southern Quebec are used to present and illustrate the points made.

88-04 Sirois, A. and L.A. Barrie. An estimate of the importance of dry deposition as a pathway from the atmosphere to the biosphere in eastern Canada. Tellus 40B: 59-80, 1988.

Summary

Dry deposition of SO4 and NO3 over eastern Canada was estimated using data for 6 stations including the TLW. The relative importance of wet vs dry deposition is reported and the error evaluated. The episodic nature of both wet and dry components is also discussed.

88-05 Craig, D. and L.M. Johnston. Acidification of shallow groundwaters during the spring melt period. Nordic Hydrol., 19: 89-98, 1988.

Summary

Factors controlling the occurrence of episodic shallow groundwater acidification in the TLW are discussed. ANC and pH depressions are observed when the H+ loading rate exceeds the ANC supply rate by dissolution of CaCO3 present in the till.

88-06 Jeffries, D.S., I.K. Morrison, and J.R.M. Kelso. The Turkey Lakes Watershed Study. Proc. Can. Hydrol. Symp. No. 17, Banff, Alta., 117-126, 1988.

Summary

Rationale for the study basin selection criteria, general basin description, research topics, and difficulties encountered are all presented. This is perhaps the most complete and concise review of why and how the TLW study has been conducted.

88-07 Kelso, J.R.M. Fish community structure, biomass, and production in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 115-120, 1988.

Summary

Report summaries fisheries community, biomass, and production studies in the TLW. Only the 3 downstream lakes support a native, reproducing fish stock. Biomass varied 3.3-fold but fish flesh production by only 1.5-fold. Both were strongly influenced by lake depth and also related to ANC and phytoplankton C assimilation. These conditions might be related to acidification and/or biogeographic factors.

88-08 Dermott, R.M. Zoobenthic distribution and biomass in Turkey Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 108-114, 1988.

Summary

The composition of benthic fauna in the 4 lakes of the TLW is dependent on absence of fish, depth, and hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations, rather than the chemical gradient in the watershed. Details of species composition and biomass are presented and evaluated.

88-09 Sirois, A. and R.J. Vet. Detailed analysis of sulphate and nitrate atmospheric deposition estimates at the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl1): 14-25, 1988.

Summary

Wet, dry, and total SO4 and NO3 deposition to the TLW was estimated using daily measured precipitation and air concentrations. Total deposition (1980-1984) was 34-38 mmol/m2/yr SO4 and 38-47 mmol/m2/yr NO3. Dry deposition constitutes 14-25% of total. Deposition is highly episodic; 20% of daily events provides 60-70% of total deposition. Season cycles are also discussed.

88-10 Vet, R.J., A. Sirois, D.S. Jeffries, R.G. Semkin, N.W. Foster, P. Hazlett, and C.H. Chan. A comparison of bulk, wet-only and wet-plus-dry deposition measurements at the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 26-37, 1988.

Summary

Report compares annual and seasonal deposition estimates determined from 4 different measurement methods, namely weekly and variable period bulk deposition, and daily and monthly wet-only deposition plus daily air concentration measurements. Expected and unexpected differences are discussed.

88-11 Chew, H., L.M. Johnston, D. Craig, and K. Inch. Aluminum contamination of groundwater: spring melt in Chalk River and Turkey Lakes Watersheds – preliminary results. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 66-71, 1988.

Summary

Aluminum speciation of episodically acidified, near-surface groundwaters is reported for 2 watersheds in central Ontario. There are significant differences in the distribution of 4 species measured between the watersheds; pH appears to be the controlling factor. Differing carbonate content in the tills is also important.

88-12 Lam, D.C.L., A.G. Bobba, D.S. Jeffries, and D. Craig. Modelling stream chemistry for the Turkey Lakes Watershed: comparison with 1981-1984 data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 72-80, 1988.

Summary

Report presents results of the linkage of an hydrological (see 88-13) and an hydrogeochemical model to simulate the geochemical gradients observed in the TLW. The model was calibrated using data from 1981 and verified using 1982-1984 data. The simulation supports the hypothesis that increased groundwater input at low elevation locations accounts for the higher Ca2+ and ANC observed there.

88-13 Bobba, A.G. and D.C.L. Lam. Application of a hydrological model to the acidified Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 81-87, 1988.

Summary

Report presents results of the application of a hydrological model to differing locations within the TLW. Close agreement was achieved with observed stream flow, groundwater flow, snowpack, and snowpack chemistry. Episodic events are effectively simulated. Hydrological coefficients vary from location to location due to geological and geomorphological factors. The coefficients are temporally constant.

88-14 Craig, D. and L.M. Johnston. Acid precipitation and groundwater chemistry at the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 59-65, 1988.

Summary

Groundwater chemistry in the TLW is dominated by weathering of carbonates present in the till. Flow pathways and flow rates account for variable groundwater quality. Hence the reservoir of ANC provided by groundwaters for surface waters in the basin is highly site specific.

88-15 Foster, N.W. and J.A. Nicolson. Acid deposition and nutrient leaching from deciduous vegetation and podzolic soils at the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 96-100, 1988.

Summary

Paper summarizes the changes in ion concentrations and fluxes (1981-1985) for precipitation as it passes through the canopy to the mineral soils. Hydrogen ion neutralization occurs both in the canopy and soils. Sulphate is an important counter-ion to K+ leached from the vegetation. Acid deposition has only a minor effect on the composition of stemflow and forest floor percolate. Calcium and Mg2+ is leached from the mineral soils in association with SO4 and NO3. Sources of SO4 and NO3 are discussed.

88-16 Nicolson, J.A. Water and chemical budgets for terrestrial basins at the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 88-95, 1988.

Summary

Paper summarizes ion budgets for 20 headwater streams in the TLW. Runoff is 28-63% of precipitation. Water, H+ and NH output increased with elevation; ANC, Ca2+, and NO3 decreased. Nitrogen is strongly retained by the terrestrial basin while SO4 is generally in balance. ANC balances cation loss at low elevation while SO4 is more important at high elevations.

88-17 Hogan, G.D. and I.K. Morrison. Distribution of trace metals within the above ground phytomass of Acer saccharum Marsh, and Betula alleghaniensis Britt. at the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 101-106, 1988.

Summary

The distribution of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd in the stemwood, stembark, and foliage for the 2 most important tree species in the TLW was measured and evaluated. Foliage and stembark concentrations were highest. Some differences between species were observed. Data are compared to those from other locations.

88-18 Kelso, J.R.M. and J.H. Lipsit. Young-of-the-year fish community in nine lakes, varying in pH, on the Canadian Shield. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 121-126, 1988.

Summary

Larval fish populations were sampled from lakes in the TLW and others near Sudbury to assess the impact of the rapid water quality changes that accompany spring runoff. Abundance was not strongly linked to lake pH or ANC; however, diversity was related. Monitoring of the larval fish community is proposed as an inexpensive, responsive, and reproducible measure of change in fish communities that are sensitive to acidification.

88-19 Kwain, W. and J.R.M. Kelso. Risk to salmonids of water quality in the Turkey Lakes Watershed as determined by bioassay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 127-135, 1988.

Summary

Report presents results of in-situ bioassy studies conducted to address the reason for the fishless state of Batchawana L. Spring pH depressions did not induce consistent mortality in caged fish. Whole-body ion concentrations were generally similar for fish caged in Batchawana L compared to those in the other 3 lakes; Pb and Hg levels were higher however. Factors beyond pH and trace metals likely contribute to the fishless condition of Batchawana L.

88-20 Johnson, M.G. and D.B. McNeil. Fossil midge associations in relation to trophic and acidic state of the Turkey Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 136-144, 1988.

Summary

Analysis of sediment cores suggest that all the lakes except Wishart L have been progressing to more oligotrophic conditions; trophic status of Wishart L has been relatively stable. There is little evidence of lake acidification except in the most recent sediments of the headwater (Batchawana L). There has likely never been a fish community in Batchawana L.

88-21 Johnson, M.G., J.R.M. Kelso, and S.E. George. Loadings of organochlorine contaminants and trace elements to two Ontario lake systems and their concentrations in fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 170-178, 1988.

Summary

Report presents assessment of the inputs of various organic contaminants and trace metals on 3 lakes in the TLW (and 2 others) and their incorporation into fish. Atmospheric deposition was determined for several OC's and pesticides. Lake loading and/or lipophilicity could account for most of the variability of these substances in fish. Lead concentrations were proportional to loadings and Hg exhibited the greatest biomagnification.

88-22 Morris, J.R. and W. Kwain. Sediment pH in profundal core samples from the Turkey Lakes, Algoma, Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 155-158, 1988.

Summary

Sediment pH profiles are used to assess the pH history of the lakes. There is little evidence that the lakes are recently more acidic.

88-23 Morris, J.R. and W. Kwain. A study of metal accumulation trends in sediment cores from the Turkey lakes (Algoma, Ontario.) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 145-154, 1988.

Summary

Temporal (vertical) and spatial trends for Al, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni were investigated in 18 sediment cores. Using cumulative Al as an index of time, Pb and Zn both exhibit marked enrichment in recent sediments while Cu and Ni show a more modest increase. Metal accumulation rates vary among lakes and sites within a lake reflecting variation in dry matter sedimentation.

88-24 Jensen, M.J., N.K. Kaushik, P.T.S. Wong, and J.B. Robinson. The effect of acid precipitation on microbial decomposition precesses in sediment from streams in Turkey Lake watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 159-169, 1988.

Summary

Organic matter decomposition was examined under laboratory conditions using 14C techniques. Effect of acidity strongly depended on whether the stream sediment was settled (little effect) or suspended (decreased decomposition rate). The pH - decomposition rate relationship depended on the type of substrate used, and, in particular, the amount of organic matter present.

88-25 Semkin, R.G. and D.S. Jeffries. Chemistry of atmospheric deposition, the snowpack, and snowmelt in the Turkey Lakes watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 38-46, 1988.

Summary

Report presents snow and snowmelt chemistry in the TLW. Comparison of bulk, wet-only and cumulative snowpack permitted evaluation of collector efficiencies and estimation of SO4 and NO3 dry deposition. Preferential elution of ions during snowmelt is discussed.

88-26 Jeffries, D.S., R.G. Semkin, R. Neureuther, and M.D. Seymour. Ion mass budgets for lakes in the Turkey Lakes watershed, June 1981 - May 1983. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 26-37, 1988.

Summary

Report presents snow and snowmelt chemistry in the TLW. Comparison of bulk, wet-only and cumulative snowpack permitted evaluation of collector efficiencies and estimation of SO4 and NO3 dry deposition. Preferential elution of ions during snowmelt is discussed.

88-27 Jeffries, D.S., J.R.M. Kelso, and I.K. Morrison. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Turkey Lakes watershed, central Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(Suppl 1): 3-12, 1988.

Summary

Report summarizes the characteristics of the TLW and compares them to other calibrated basins in North America. It acts as the introductory paper to the TLW Special Volume. Additional information on the rationale for the TLW study may be found in the forward to the Special Volume (i.e. Kelso, J.R.M., CJFAS, 45(Suppl 1): 2, 1988) and 88-06.

88-28 Johnston, L.M., and D. Craig. Turkey Lakes Watershed Study: hydrogeological instrumentation and aquifer materials (updated 1986). Nat. Hydrol. Res. Inst. Unpubl. Rep., Contribution No. 87-004, 6 pp,. (+ Figures and Tables), 1987.

Summary

Report presents data and evaluation of the geochemistry of till samples collected during drilling of the 57 wells at the TLW. Till ANC (expressed as weight % CaCO3) increases with depth from 0.3% (1 m) to 1.4% (7 m). Average till ANC varies from 0.6-1.3% among the 5 sub-basins. Results from the analysis of inorganic and organic carbon, S, and x-ray diffraction of the silt-clay fraction are also presented.

88-29 Jeffries, D.S. Snowpack storage of pollutants, release during melting, and impact on receiving surface waters. In: Norton, S.A., Lindberg, S.E. and Page, A.L. (eds), Acid Precipitation, Vol. 4: Soils, Aquatic Processes, and Lake Acidification, Springer-Verlag, 107-132. 1990.

Summary

This paper is a review of snowpack chemistry and the physical/chemical processes that control pollutant release during melting. It draws heavily on data and interpretation from the TLW to illustrate the points.

88-30 Vet, R.J., W.B. Sukloff, M.E. Still, J.B. Martin, W.R. Kobelka, and A. Gaudenzi. Canadian Air and Precipitaion Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) Precipitation Chemistry Data Summary 1985. Atmos. Environ. Serv. Rep. AQRB-88-01, 482 pp, 1988.

Summary

Report summarizes daily sample information and wet only precipitation concentrations for all stations in CAPMoN for 1985. TLW data are found under "Algoma".

88-31 Vet, R.J., W.B. Sukloff, M.E. Still, J.B. Martin, W.F. Kobelka, and A.J. Gaudenzi. Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) Precipitation Chemistry Data Summary 1986. Atmos. Environ. Serv. Rep. AQRB-88-02, 468 pp, 1988.

Summary

Same as except covering 1986 calender year.

88-32 Hern, J.A., G.K. Rutherford, and G.W. vanLoon. Effects of simulated acid rain on the cation exchange capacities of two Podzolic soils, Canada. Geoderma 42: 105-114, 1988.

Summary

Report presents results of an artificial acidification of reconstituted soil columns from the TLW and Montmorency Forest, Quebec. Only small changes in CEC were observed and the factors controlling this observation are discussed. (see 87-14)

88-33 Hazlett, P.W., and N.W. Foster. Sources of acidity in forest-floor percolate from a maple-birch ecosystem. Wat. Air Soil Pollut.46: 87-97, 1989.

Summary

Ion concentrations and fluxes in throughfall and forest-floor percolate from the TLW (collected 1982-84) were examined to determine sources of acidity and the extent of cation leaching from forest-floor horizons. H+ deposition from throughfall accounted for 100% of the forest-floor flux in the dormant season and 40% in the growing season. Both internal watershed sources of NO3 and organic anions and external sources of NO3 and SO4 influenced cation mobility in the forest floor.

88-34 Foster, N.W. Influence of seasonal temperature on nitrogen and sulfur mineralization/immobilization in a maple-birch forest floor in central Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69: 501-514, 1989.

Summary

Net mineralization of S and N, and nitrification in a F(Oe) horizon from the TLW were examined from May to September using a) buried bags, b) lysimeters, and c) closed flasks at 10o, 20o, or 30oC. Over the 16 week period, NO3+NH extracted from the soil using the flasks at 20oC was 30 kg/ha N and 9 kg/ha SO4. Using buried bags (mean temperature = 15.2oC), 33 kg/ha N and 4 kg/ha SO4 were extracted. However, lysimeters exhibited a net N release of only 8 kg/ha and a net retention of 3 kg/ha SO4. Mineralization was sensitive to temperature, and a shift from net mineralization to net immobilization of N occurred at maximum forest floor temperature.

88-35 Foster, N.W., P.W. Hazlett, J.A. Nicolson, and I.K. Morrison. Ion leaching from a sugar maple forest in response to acidic deposition and nitrification. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 48: 251-261, 1989.

Summary

Annual variation in ion deposition and soil leaching (1981-86) was examined. Throughfall input of SO4 and NO3-N ranged from 493-917 and 261-443 eg/ha/yr respectively. Nitrate concentrations in throughfall and forest floor percolate declined, but mineral soil-solution values increased. A shift in the relative importance of SO4 vs NO3 leaching of cations from the mineral soil (NO3 increasing) was observed due to increased production of excess NO3 within the soil column. The NO3 efflux from the mineral soil (below the rooting zone) greatly exceeded atmospheric deposition while SO4 efflux was only moderately greater.

88-36 Foster, N.W., J.A. Nicolson, and P.W. Hazlett. Temporal variation in nitrate and nutrient cations in drainage waters from a deciduous forest. J. Environ. Qual.18(2): 238-244, 1989.

Summary

Temporal variability of inorganic N in soil solutions and streamwaters (1984) was examined. Dormant season streamwater NO3 levels were significantly, positively correlated with mineral soil-solution concentrations of NO3 and Ca2+. During snowmelt, mineral soil-solution NO3 was higher than that passing through the forest floor. Elevated concentrations of NO3 observed in streams during spring melt are derived from transport of this soil solution.

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