Turkey Lakes Watershed Study reference list: 1992

92-01 Kelso, J.R.M., M.A. Shaw, and D.S. Jeffries. Contemporary (1979-1988) and inferred historical status of headwater lakes in North Central Ontario, Canada. Environ. Pollut. 78: 65-71, 1992.

Summary

Fifty-six Canadian Shield lakes were sampled from 1979-88 to monitor changes in acidic deposition. Wet deposition of sulphate was highest in the late 1970s, at 83 meq.m-2. pH values increased 0.42 units from 1979-85, and decreased by 0.15 units between 1985 and 1988. Fish reappeared in 1987 when pH increased by 0.9 pH units, indicating that further water quality improvements could lead to increased fish populations in many Ontario lakes.

92-02 Booty, W.G., A.G. Bobba, D.C.L. Lam and D.S. Jeffries. Application of four watershed acidification models to Batchawana Watershed, Canada. Environ. Pollut. 77: 243-252, 1992.

Summary

Paper reviews four acidification models for the Batchawana watershed. Predicted and observed data for outflows and lake chemistry are compared for the period Jan. 1981 - Dec. 1984. The Turkey-Mersey Watershed Acidification Model (TMWAM) showed best results for pH, while the Enhanced Trickle-Down (ETD) was best for ANC. TMWAM adequately simulated SO4, but the remaining three models performed poorly.

92-03 Hazlett, P.W., M.C. English, and N.W. Foster. Ion enrichment of snowmelt water by processes within a podzolic soil. J. Environ. Qual. 21(1): 102-109, 1992.

Summary

The spring snowmelt of 1986 at the TLW was collected, to determine ion concentrations in runoff, forest-floor percolate, and mineral soil percolate. Sulphate, NO3 and Ca2+ concentrations increased as meltwater passed through forest-floor soils, while H+ decreased. The steep topography of the area means that the runoff water strongly influences surface water chemistry in the spring.

92-04 Smith, G.K.M, N.W. Foster, P.W. Hazlett, I.K. Morrison, and J.A. Nicolson. Mortality, climate and air pollution cause nitrogen imbalance in a tolerant hardwood forest soil. Forestry Canada, Ont. Region, Frontline Tech. Note No. 10, 4pp.,1992.

Summary

From 1981 to the present, N cycling in a tolerant hardwood forest ecosystem was examined to assess the effects of both natural and management disturbances. The Turkey Lakes watershed with a stand of old sugar maples was the focus. Nitrogen saturation is attained naturally, although atmospheric additions of NH and NO3 make contributions. Disturbances can lead to increased leaching and acidity. Nutrients need to be conserved to maintain forest regrowth.

92-05 Foster, N.W., M.J. Mitchell, I.K. Morrison, and J.P. Shepard. Cycling of acid and base cations in deciduous stands of Huntington Forest, New York, and Turkey Lakes, Ontario. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 167-174, 1992.

Summary

A comparison of annual nutrient fluxes is made between these two tolerant hardwood forests over a one year period. Ca2+ was the dominant cation in both systems, but base cation leaching was 5 times greater at Turkey Lakes. Relative to throughfall, aluminum concentrations increased in forest floor and mineral soil solutions. Turkey Lakes soils seem more sensitive to acidification. Natural soil acidity greatly exceeds acidity deposited from the atmosphere, so that any changes in acidity will be slow.

92-06 Smith, G.K.M., N.W. Foster, P.W. Hazlett, I.K. Morrison, and J.A. Nicolson. Acid rain increases nutrient leaching in a tolerant hardwood forest soil. Forestry Canada, Ont. Region, Frontline Tech. Note No. 12, 1992.

Summary

Leaching of nutrient cations from forest soils by acidic anions such as SO4 and NO3 can cause imbalances which weaken trees. Most of the NO3 comes from natural soil reactions, although some is deposited from the atmosphere. Some forest stands have more nutrient reserves and are better able to recover from harvesting or leaching by atmospheric SO4 deposition, but full-tree harvesting may seriously deplete nutrients at a sensitive site.

92-07 Morrison, I.K., N.W. Foster, and J.A. Nicolson. Influence of acid deposition on element cycling in mature sugar maple forest, Algoma, Canada. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 61: 243-252, 1992.

Summary

This study examines the impact of the long-range transport of air pollutants on biogeochemical processes in the sugar maple stands of the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Throughfall is enriched in K+, while the cations of the forest floor soil waters are dominated by Ca2+. Atmospheric inputs of SO4 and NO3 are moderate, and distributed throughout the year, but they contribute to leaching of bases within the forest floor and upper mineral soil. Element recycling will probably preserve a balance at the site.

92-08 Mitchell, M.J., N.W. Foster, J.P. Shepard, and I.K. Morrison. Nutrient cycling in Huntington Forest and Turkey Lakes deciduous stands: nitrogen and sulfur. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 457-464, 1992.

Summary

A comparison of biogeochemical cycling in these two hardwood sites, Turkey Lakes being the older, shows a much greater leaching of NO3 at TLW. At HF, water leached from the forest floor through the mineral soils showed an increase in SO4 flux. The C:N ratio at TLW was narrower (16:1 vs 34:1) and should favour accumulation of nitrogen and subsequent NO3 leaching. Stand age and the absence of beech leaf litter at TLW contribute to higher NO3 leaching.

92-09 Foster, N.W., I.K. Morrison, X. Yin, and P.A. Arp. Impact of soil water deficits in a mature sugar maple forest: stand biogeochemistry. Can J. For. Res. 22: 1753-1760, 1992.

Summary

Computer simulations have shown that severe soil water deficits during 1982-1983 and 1988-1989 caused reduction in growth for sugar maples at Turkey Lakes. Low NO3 concentrations are observed during summer droughts, and correlate negatively with SO4 levels in solution but positively with Ca2+ levels. Although dry summers may lead to a reduction in nitrogen leaching from soils, net cation leaching is unlikely to change.

92-10 Shaw, M.A., S. Geiling, S. Barbour, I.J. Davies, E.A. Hamilton, A. Kemp, R. Reid, P.M. Ryan, N. Watson, and W. White. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans national LRTAP biomonitoring programme: site location, physical and chemical characteristics. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1875: 87 pp, 1992.

Summary

Biomonitoring sites across Canada (including the TLW) were chosen in 1987 by the DFO to document changes in aquatic biota in response to the anticipated declines in sulphate deposition. This report summarizes physical and chemical characteristics of the chosen lakes and rivers, provides location maps and documents the sampling stations.

92-11 Nihlgård, B., J. Cerny, H. Hultberg, D. Jeffries, A. Jenkins, T. Paces, and G. Söderman. Evaluation of integrated monitoring in terrestrial reference areas of Europe and North America, The pilot program 1989-1991. Environment Data Centre Report, National Board of Waters and the Environment, Helsinki 1992. 60 pp, 1992.

Summary

Report evaluates the international monitoring of the effects of long-range transboundary air pollutants on ecosystems. Canadian data are from the Turkey Lakes Watershed, and many useful comparisons with European conditions are made. It was concluded that international integrated monitoring should be continued, to provide a data-base which can predict future trends and determine critical loads in ecosystems.

92-12 Raynal, D.J., N.W. Foster, M.J. Mitchell, and D.W. Johnson. Regional evaluations of acidic deposition effects on forests: eastern hardwoods. In: Johnson, D.W., and S.E. Lindberg, (eds), Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling. Springer-Verlag, New York, 526-534, 1992.

Summary

Paper reviews the research on complex forest-atmosphere relationships within the IFS network, including nutrient budgets, toxicity of metals, (especially Al), Ca2+ uptake, and K+ and P deficiency. The network includes Huntington Forest in the Adirondacks, TLW, and the Coweeta Watershed in North Carolina.

92-13 Van Miegroet, H, D.W. Cole, and N.W. Foster. Nitrogen distribution and cycling. In: Johnson, D.W., and S.E. Lindberg, (eds), Atmospheric Deposition and forest nutrient cycling. Springer-Verlag, New York, 178-199, 1992.

Summary

The N distribution in the IFS ecosystems, which includes the TLW, and factors controlling N saturation, retention and leaching are reviewed. The general concepts of the N cycle are discussed. The TLW is among the group of ecosystems with the highest total N content and leaching. See also 92-21.

92-14 Hogan, G.D. Physiological effects of direct impact of acidic deposition on foliage. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 42: 307-319, 1992.

Summary

Numerous studies including some in the TLW have examined the direct effects of acidic deposition on physiological processes or morphological indicators at the foliar level. Extreme pH values (less than pH 3.0) can affect cuticular structure, increase leaching of foliar cations, reduce photosynthesis and transpiration, and increase cuticular water loss. There is variation among species in the magnitude of the response and the effective pH at which a response is observed. The possibility of direct injury to forest vegetation from ambient rainfall is slight.

92-15 Sirois, A., and W. Fricke. Regionally representative daily air concentrations of acidrelated substances in Canada; 1983-1987. Atmos. Environ. 26a(4): 593-607, 1992.

Summary

Paper presents analyses of observed concentrations of particulate SO4, NO3, and NH, and gaseous SO2 and HNO3 at 9 sites across Canada, including TLW. The survey conducted by AES, shows highest concentrations at Longwoods in southern Ontario, and lowest in Newfoundland and Saskatchewan. SO2 is highest in winter and lowest in summer. Gaseous SO2 exceeds particulate SO4 except during summer months with one exception, and gaseous HNO3 is higher than particulate NO3 except for autumn to spring at 3 sites. SO4:NH and NO3:NH molar ratios are given, and total SO4 concentrations in molar units were observed to be between 2 and 20 times larger than total NO3 concentrations.

92-16 Arp, P.A., and T. Oja. Acid sulfate/nitrate loading of forest soils: Forest biomass and nutrient cycling modelling. In: Grennfelt, P. and E. Thörnelöf (eds.), Proc. Workshop on Critical Loads for Nitrogen, Lökeberg, Sweden, April 6-10, 1992, 307-357 (incl. appendix).

Summary

Paper presents a model for assessing acid sulphate/nitrate loads on forest soils. Nitrogen processes include soil nitrification of NH to NO3. The model analyzes soil sensitivity to acidification and atmospheric deposition, and predicts long term trends for acidification of forest soils. The model is calibrated with TLW data.

92-17 Jeffries, D.S. A freshwater perspective on ecological monitoring in Canada: the example of the LRTAP Program. Proc. of the SOE Workshop on Ecological Monitoring, Occasional Paper Series #1, Toronto, ON, May 1992. 44-47, 1992.

Summary

Research activities at the 5 LRTAP sites, Kejimkujik, Lac LaFlamme, Dorset, TLW and ELA. The ecological monitoring hierarchy, leading to policy development is described, and the importance of maintaining the monitoring sites is stressed.

92-18 Jeffries, D.S. A freshwater perspective on ecological monitoring in Canada: the example of the LRTAP Program. Proc. of the SOE Workshop on Ecological Monitoring, Occasional Paper Series #1, Toronto, ON, May 1992. 44-47, 1992.

Summary

One hundred thirty-two headwater lakes in 6 regions of north-central Ontario (including the Algoma, TLW area), were sampled to determine factors affecting populations of zooplankton. Larger lakes tended to support more species. Lake location influenced species composition with Algoma lakes.

92-19 Blancher, P.J., D.K. McNicol, R.K. Ross, C.H.R. Wedeles, and P. Morrison. Towards a model of acidification effects on waterfowl in eastern Canada. Environ. Pollut. 78: 57-63, 1992.

Summary

Data from lakes in central Ontario, including a group near the TLW, were examined to determine relationships between the presence of nesting waterfowl and certain lake characteristics. It was shown that models of lake acidification along with knowledge of these relationships can be used to estimate the response of waterfowl to predicted changes in acidic deposition.

92-20 Cole, D.W., H. Van Miegroet, and N.W. Foster. Retention or loss of N in IFS sites and evaluation of realtive importance of processes In: Johnson, D.W., and S.E. Lindberg, (eds), Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling. Springer-Verlag, New York, 196-199, 1992.

Summary

At the 17 integrated forest study sites (which include the TLW), the majority of sites retain atmospheric N, but there is a wide variation in N leaching rates between sites. To account for these differences, many sources and sinks were evaluated, but it was found that atmospheric deposition and N mineralization together can explain two-thirds of the variation. The TLW is one of the five IFS sites exhibiting annual N export in excess of 10 kg.ha-1. Loss of N from an ecosystem has important implications for site fertility and water quality, and deposition inputs play an important role in N loss. See also 92-13.

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