Good Label and Package Practices Guide for Non-prescription Drugs and Natural Health Products

Table of Contents

• 1 Overview of the Guide
  • 1.1 Objective
  • 1.2 Introduction
  • 1.3 Scope
  • 1.4 Content contributing to guide development
• 2 Designing Labels and Packages for Safety
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Planning the design of labels and packages
  • 2.3 Design and layout
    • 2.3.1 Type style and size
    • 2.3.2 Proximity and compatibility of information on the principal display panel
    • 2.3.3 White space
    • 2.3.4 Colour and contrast
    • 2.3.5 Use of abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations
    • 2.3.6 Bilingual labelling
    • 2.3.7 Logo, branding, and trade dress
    • 2.3.8 Permanence
  • 2.4 Label information
    • 2.4.1 Key elements on the principal display panel
    • 2.4.2 Expression of strength
    • 2.4.3 Warnings
    • 2.4.4 Expiry date
    • 2.4.5 Lot or batch number
    • 2.4.6 Automated identification (e.g., bar coding)
  • 2.5 Packaging
    • 2.5.1 General packaging considerations
    • 2.5.2 Small containers and small-volume containers
    • 2.5.3 Pediatric products
    • 2.5.4 Blister packaging
    • 2.5.5 Transdermal patches
• 3 Drug Facts Table for Non-prescription Drugs and Product Facts Table for Natural Health Products
• Appendix 1 - Glossary
• Appendix 2 - Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging
• Appendix 3 - Product-Use Process Maps
• Appendix 4 - Acknowledgements
• References

1 Overview of the Guide

1.1 Objective

The objective of the Good Label and Package Practices Guide for Non-prescription Drugs and Natural Health Products is to provide direction to sponsors, manufacturers and license holders (to be referred to as ‘sponsors’ within this guide) in designing safe and clear labels and packages.

It is essential that all labelling and packaging regulatory requirements be met.

The recommendations provided in this guide will aid sponsors in the organization of (a) information required by the regulations, and (b) other complementary information important to the proper identification, selection, and use of the products. The information is presented to support the design and development of labels and packages that are clear, effective, and minimize the risk of errors causing harm.

1.2 Introduction

The label and package are the first points of interaction between a health product and a consumer or healthcare professional. The user may be a consumer selecting a bottle of pain medication or a blister pack of allergy medication, or a naturopathic doctor selecting a product from a dispensary. The label and package communicate key information about the safe and proper use of health products and are important aids in product identification, selection and use. For consumers, this is even more critical, as they help inform decisions when there is limited interaction with a healthcare professional. The ability to perform product identification, selection and administration safely is dependent on the user being able to read and understand the information on the label.

Through the Plain Language Labelling (PLL) Initiative, new Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Labelling, Packaging and Brand Names of Drugs for Human Use)^{Footnote 1} have been introduced with the intention of improving the safe use of drugs by making drug labels easier to read and understand. These amendments include a requirement for a standard table format for outer labels of non-prescription drugs, the addition of contact information on the label and the submission of label and package mock-ups. A proposal will be introduced in the fall of 2018 to require a similar table for some natural health products (NHPs). The content presented in this guide will provide information that supports the objectives of the Plain Language Labelling Initiative.

1.3 Scope

The purpose of this “good practices” guide is to provide evidence-based information and recommendations that support the design of safe and clear labels and packages. This guide focuses on the inner and outer labels and packages for non-prescription drugs and natural health products. Any of these may be referred to as a “product” or “health product” in the context of this guide.

This guide is not applicable to:

• prescription pharmaceuticals
• biologics and radiopharmaceuticals
• drugs that are permitted to be sold without a prescription but that are obtained or administered only under the direction of a healthcare professional (e.g., nitroglycerin, insulin, injectable epinephrine for anti-allergic purposes)
• disinfectants
• active pharmaceutical ingredients
• drug products used in clinical trials
• drug products for veterinary use, and
• cosmetics

The guide complies with the Food and Drugs Act, Food and Drug Regulations and the Natural Health Products Regulations^{Footnote 2Footnote 3}. It is essential that all regulatory requirements are met in the design of a label and package. The guide complements the following Health Canada Guidance Documents: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs^{Footnote 4}, Labelling of Pharmaceutical Drugs for Human Use^{Footnote 5}, and the Labelling Guidance Document for Natural Health Products^{Footnote 6}.

Aspects of product labelling that are not covered in this guide include the naming of health products, user-applied labels, product monographs, package inserts (e.g., prescribing information, consumer leaflets), and the format and content of a Facts Table, if required by regulations.

Note: If a Facts Table is required by regulations, the specifications outlined for the table must be followed. (Refer to Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs for more information. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.)

1.4 Content contributing to guide development

A large volume of information has been published providing direction to optimize the design and content of health product labels and packages to support safe use. This body of knowledge, along with additional research and consultation on the topic, has been reviewed and adapted to produce this guide and is inclusive of the following:

• Applicable Canadian regulations, standards, policies, and guidelines
• Health Canada risk communications applicable to inner and outer labels and packages
• Package and label changes and relevant learning from published reports of safety incidents with labels and packages identified as a contributing factor
• Aggregate analysis of error reports voluntarily submitted to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada (ISMP Canada) in which sponsors' labels or packages were explicitly identified as a concern or a contributing factor^{Footnote 7Footnote 8}
• Consideration of human factors issues and principles (refer to Appendix 2, “Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging”)
• Applicable international regulations, standards, policies, and guidelines
• Concepts applied to labelling and packaging of health products by safety organizations (e.g., the United Kingdom’s National Patient Safety Agency, now part of the National Health Service)
• Engagement of an international, multidisciplinary expert advisory panel and other relevant stakeholders and experts (refer to Appendix 4, “Acknowledgements”)

Note: Although some published information may be related to prescription drugs or contact lens disinfectants, lessons learned can provide important and valuable information and concepts that can be applicable to preventing confusion or errors involving all health products, e.g., look-alike labels and packaging.

2 Designing Labels and Packages for Safety

2.1 Introduction

Part 2 of this guide presents information on current good practices in the design and layout of a health product label, the information contained on the label, and the design or choice of package. The topics and principles cover various contributing factors in reported medication incidents and issues identified by environmental scans of sponsors and users.

Although the various topics are presented separately within Part 2, they must be considered together to achieve a balance between standardization and differentiation (e.g., within a sponsor's product line). Standardization of product labels and choice of packages can reduce errors by reinforcing the pattern recognition on which humans rely when processing information.^{Footnote 9}  However, the more label or package characteristics that products have in common (e.g., type style, size and colour of type, size and shape of container or package, layout of information), the more likely that products will look alike. The cumulative effect of individual label and package characteristics can result in look-alike issues that make it difficult for users to distinguish one product from another. The potential for look-alike issues should be considered during the design phase of a product's labelling and packaging. Similarly, changes to existing product labels and packages should strike a balance to prevent introduction of new look-alike issues. Achieving a balance between standardization and differentiation is particularly important to prevent (or resolve) look-alike issues for a sponsor's higher-risk products.

In addition to all the topics discussed in the guide, sponsors are strongly encouraged to consider human factors aspects of product selection, use and handling, as well as consumer use studies in accordance with a risk based approach (refer to Appendix 2, "Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging") in the design of labels and packages.

2.2 Planning the design of labels and packages

When designing product labels and packages, sponsors are strongly encouraged to undertake a number of steps. The following is an overview of the steps that sponsors can incorporate into existing product development:

• Consider the design of health product labelling and packaging as early as possible in the development process.
  • Development of the package should begin early. Factors influencing the choice of a package should go beyond maintenance of stability, ease of manufacturing, or marketing considerations. The package design will also affect the size of both inner and outer labels.
  • For products gaining approval in Canada, the sponsor may already have experience in other markets. Carefully review complaint and incident data to determine if changes are needed for the planned label or package of the health product for the Canadian market.
• Identify the users of the product and their environments of use.
  • Designing a label and package for safe use requires keeping the users and the environments of use at top of mind throughout product development.
  • At a minimum, review the questions in Appendix 2, "Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging", to identify the users and environments of use. These questions are intended to elicit a wide range of considerations, and their answers can provide opportunities to understand factors important to safe design.
  • Product-use process maps can be helpful when human factors-based user testing is planned, in that such maps will help in identifying the scope of use and the primary users. (Refer to Appendix 3, "Product-Use Process Maps" for an example.)
  • Consider other products that might be used simultaneously with the product of interest as products are rarely used in isolation.
• Consider consumer use studies. A variety of consumer use studies and other methods have been applied to the design and redesign of labels (refer to Appendix 2, "Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging").
• Prepare mock-ups of the label and package, including the outer packaging. Mock-ups can have multiple uses (e.g., consumer use studies, focus groups, submission for approval where required by regulations).
• Use a continuous improvement approach. Review complaint and incident data to identify challenges and unanticipated label or package problems early in the design process and following marketing. Manufacturers should monitor trends and implement risk-mitigation measures to improve labels and packages. Gathering information throughout the product life-cycle is a proactive approach and can assist with package and label design.

2.3 Design and layout

2.3.1 Type style and size

Background

Illegibility of printed information is a contributing factor in health product errors.^{Footnote 8 Footnote 10}  Interactions between or changes to typographic elements on a label (e.g., type style, size, spacing, use of bold or italic, colour, contrast) can affect both legibility and comprehension.^{Footnote 11}  Label information must be legible to users in the real-world environments or situations in which products will be used.

Recommendations

For type specifications applicable to the content required in the Facts Table, refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.

The following recommendations do not apply to trademarks, copyrighted text, and logos.

Type style (Typeface)

• When choosing a type style, consider that different styles of the same point size do not appear the same in size.^{Footnote 11} 

Type style - Long description

This image shows the name of the font in the size specified; the fonts are calibri 9 point, arial 9 point, arial black 9 point, univers 9 point, and verdana 9 point. 

• Use of a sans serif type style (e.g., Helvetica, Univers), that is not compressed, expanded, or decorative is preferred for key information.^{Footnote 12}  A sans serif type style has no decorative extensions, is crisper and cleaner, and typically appears larger than a serif style of the same point size.^{Footnote 13}  Compressed or condensed fonts may be more difficult to read, even with a larger point size.^{Footnote 11}
• Choose a type style with adequate spacing between letters (to enhance legibility) and between words (to enhance readability).^{Footnote 11}  Narrow letter and word spacing can cause apparent merging of words, whereas extremely wide spacing can be disruptive to the reader.^{Footnote 11}  Adequate spacing can also reduce possible illegibility if ink were to bleed.
• Avoid using all capital letters^{Footnote 11 Footnote 12 Footnote 14 Footnote 15}  (exceptions: brand names, headings, and warnings that are brief may be fully capitalized). (Refer to section 2.4.3, "Warnings".) The use of all capital letters reduces legibility and adversely affects readability to a greater extent than any other factor. Lowercase characters have more variation (e.g., letter shapes) in their features, which results in better legibility.^{Footnote 11}
• Avoid the use of italic type except to emphasize a particular portion of text.^{Footnote 11}

Type size

• Use a type size that can be read easily by a variety of users (e.g., elderly people, those with visual impairment) in environments where products will be used (e.g., in a room with low lighting). The following examples show one type style in various point sizes to illustrate that small changes in point size can affect readability: 

Type size - Long description

This image shows the phrase "this is verdana 4.5 point" using verdana font at an actual 4.5 point size; there are 5 other similar phrases showing type sizes of verdana font,  6 point, 8 point, 9 point, 10 point and 12 point. 

• The largest type size possible is recommended. However, a point size less than 6 should not be used for key information.^{Footnote 12 Footnote 16}  Key information includes the key elements (refer to section 2.4.1, "Key Elements on the Principal Display Panel") and label information required by regulations.
• To enhance legibility when using smaller type sizes (e.g., on small containers), consider using a background colour that is significantly different from the type colour.^{Footnote 11}   (Refer to section 2.3.4, "Colour and Contrast" for further information.)
  • Type of very small size may be made more easily readable in combination with other characteristics, e.g., font, colour, white space, bolding, etc.
• The Food and Drug Regulations require that the type of the proper or common name be, at a minimum, half the size used for the brand name.^{Footnote 17}

General formatting

• To enhance readability, use flush left, ragged right alignment of multiple lines of text (as in this document). This form of alignment provides visual points of reference that guide the reader's eye smoothly from line to line. Since each line is either shorter or longer than the next, the eye is cued from one to the next.^{Footnote 11} 
  • To enhance the readability of information, use bullet lists, with items in point form instead of complete sentences, if possible.^{Footnote 12} 
  • When providing stepwise directions, use numbered lists and keep all text for each individual step on one line, if possible. This makes it easier for users to follow the instructions and enables them to find their place again if interrupted.^{Footnote 12} 
  • Use contrasting characteristics (e.g., type size, weight, bolding, colour, and spacing) to help users distinguish one product from another, and to highlight important information to facilitate safe use of the product, and enable the user to quickly find the information needed.^{Footnote 12}  For example, if it is necessary to present information in paragraph form, use of bold type for key words or phrases or use of subheadings can make it easier and quicker for users to find the information they need.^{Footnote 12}  The following example shows how bold type or subheadings might be used on a product label:
    
    CAUTION: Keep out of reach of children. This package contains enough medication to seriously harm a child. Use the smallest effective dose. Do not take more than the recommended dose unless advised by your physician.

2.3.2 Proximity and compatibility of information on the principal display panel

Background

The Proximity Compatibility Principle specifies that all information relevant to a common task or mental operation should be displayed close together.^{Footnote 18 Footnote 19} For example, the name, strength and dosage form are distinct but closely related elements used to identify a health product and would be placed in close proximity on a product label. Conversely, the net quantity in the package is not related to this information or needed to identify the product and would therefore be placed in a separate location. Confusion errors have been reported when the product strength (a numeric value) and the unit or pack size (another numeric value) were placed in close proximity.

Proximity and compatibility can be affected by other label and type attributes, such as colour, type style, and type size and weight. Use of the same colour(s), type style, point size, and markings or graphics can inadvertently link pieces of information (e.g., numeric values) even when there is physical distance between them on the label.

Recommendations

• Place items that are relevant to a common task or mental operation (e.g., health product name, strength, dosage form, route of administration) close to one another on a product label.^{Footnote 19 Footnote 20} 
• Consider how the various elements of the label are presented as a whole. In addition to grouping closely related information together on the principal display panel, consider how the colour, type style, and type size and weight visually separate or connect different pieces of information. For example, if the number of tablets in a package (unit pack size) is presented in the same colour as the product strength, but has a more prominent appearance (e.g., in bold type or larger type size), the number of tablets may be misinterpreted as the strength or dose.
• List the net quantity in the package separately from, and less prominently than, the product strength. Displaying this information together (e.g., 10 mg / 7 tablets) has been a contributing factor in medication errors.^{Footnote 8} The number of units can remain on the principal display panel but should be separated either physically or through design features so to reduce the chance for it to be misread as the product strength.
• Avoid separating unrelated information with marks that could be misinterpreted. For example, if a point or a dash is positioned between the dose and the total volume in the container, the volume might be misinterpreted as part of the dose (e.g., "1000 units • 25 mL", where "25 mL" refers to the total volume in the container, not the strength per total volume, and might be interpreted as "1000 units per 25 mL").
• When possible, avoid placing unrelated information (including graphics) between the product name and its strength.^{Footnote 21 Footnote 22} 
• To ensure that key information is legible and not subject to misinterpretation, avoid superimposing text and images (or logos).^{Footnote 23} ·
• List the standard of manufacture, as applicable (e.g., United States Pharmacopeia [USP], British Pharmacopoeia [BP]), in close proximity to a product's proper name.^{Footnote 5}

   

2.3.3 White space

Background

White space is an important aspect of design and requires careful consideration during the design phase. It should be used as liberally as possible to enhance the readability of health product labels,^{Footnote 24}  so that consumers and healthcare professionals can quickly find the information they need to facilitate safe product use.^{Footnote 12} 

The term "white space" does not necessarily refer to space on a label that appears white. Depending on the background colour, it may be more accurate to use another term, such as "blank space". Such white space on a health product label or package refers to any space not covered by print, markings, coloured graphics, watermarks, or other elements of the label.

White space surrounding text can create a feeling of openness.^{Footnote 25}  It can also help readers to focus on what they are reading.^{Footnote 13}  Importantly, it may improve readers' willingness to read and their ability to find and process the information presented, because it helps to reduce the concentration and mental workload required.^{Footnote 25 Footnote 26} 

Recommendations

• Incorporate white space as part of the design and layout of information on health product labels as early as possible in the design process. White space should be used for the following purposes:
  • to frame a particular grouping of text (e.g., bulleted lists) and to separate unrelated information
  • to separate one sentence from another
  • to separate paragraphs (to help distinguish one idea from another)
  • around headings and key information (e.g., warnings) to emphasize their importance
• Maximize the use of white space to avoid crowding information on the label when smaller type size is used. Increasing the space between lines may be especially helpful for elderly users.^{Footnote 13} 

2.3.4 Colour and contrast

Background

Colour on the inner and outer labels of health products must be carefully applied to help, and not hinder, the selection of appropriate products by users. The application of colour is just one of many factors to be taken into account in the design of health product labels and should not be considered in isolation.

People with normal colour vision are able to detect differences between similar colours only when the colours are placed side by side. Without side-by-side comparison, similar colours cannot be easily distinguished, and errors can be made if colour is the only variable used on a health product label. For example, problems may arise if different strengths of the same product are differentiated by using variations of one specific colour.^{Footnote 11} 

In addition, under less-than-optimal conditions, the ability to discern colours can be further reduced, for example, when print appears on small containers or labels, when viewing time is short (e.g., urgent situations, distractions), when a lower level of lighting is used, and when colours of similar products are physically separated (i.e., not viewed together).^{Footnote 27} 

The effect of colour in label design can be affected by colour-blindness.^{Footnote 6 Footnote 28 Footnote 29 Footnote 30}  Certain types of colour-blindness are more common than others. Colour-blind users may have limitations in their perception of specific colours^{Footnote 23 Footnote 31} ;(e.g., red-green) or may have difficulty in reading text in particular colour combinations or on particular colour backgrounds.^{Footnote 27}

Contrast

Contrast is a fundamental design principle that is used to help the user detect differences in what is seen.^{Footnote 32}   It is an important factor for the readability of text, particularly on packages with a coloured background.^{Footnote 1 Footnote 9 Footnote 15 Footnote 20 Footnote 22 Footnote 23 Footnote 28 Footnote 29 Footnote 30 Footnote 33 Footnote 34 Footnote 35 Footnote 36}  For example, it has been recommended that text of a dark colour be used on pale backgrounds to ensure sufficient contrast for optimum visibility.^{Footnote 9 Footnote 14 Footnote 15 Footnote 22 Footnote 23 Footnote 35 Footnote 37}

Colour differentiation

While trade dress and logos can assist in the selection process, care must be taken to appropriately differentiate products within a product line to increase user understanding and decrease the potential for confusion. Colour differentiation is generally used to highlight particular features on a product label or to help distinguish one product from another.^{Footnote 9 Footnote 38}  However, repeated use of this particular technique can lead to look-alike product labels,^{Footnote 9 Footnote 23 Footnote 33 Footnote 37}  which can in turn predispose users to confirmation bias (i.e., users see what they expect to see). Colour differentiation can also reduce the prominence of key information if it is not used skilfully.^{Footnote 14 Footnote 33} 

By convention, some colours are typically recognized as conveying certain meanings (e.g., red may convey danger, orange may convey a warning, yellow may convey the need for caution).^{Footnote 27}  Such conventions are commonly used for signage in dangerous or hazard-prone environments, e.g., for traffic signs or for containers holding hazardous chemicals.^{Footnote 39}  Aside from these examples, subjective meanings for colour may also exist in specific populations of users.^{Footnote 40} 

Recommendations

For colour and contrast specifications applicable to the content required in the Facts Table, refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.

Use of colour

• The application of colour is just one of many factors to be taken into account in the design of health product labels and should not be considered in isolation.
• Colour choices should take into account the following general principles:
  • Hue: Colours opposite each other on the colour wheel (e.g., blue and orange, yellow and violet) are considered to have more contrast than colours closer together on the wheel (e.g., violet and blue, orange and red) and therefore provide greater differentiation in hue.^{Footnote 41 Footnote 42Footnote 43Footnote 44}
  • Saturation: Fully saturated (bright) colours combined with low-saturation (dull) colours provide greater contrast than combinations of colours of a similar saturation level.^{Footnote 41}
  • Value: Colours with a low value (dark colours) placed beside or against colours of a high value (light colours) have greater contrast than colours with similar values.^{Footnote 43}
• Use colour for the following purposes:
  • to draw attention to important label information,^{Footnote 9} such as the name of a health product and its strength^{Footnote 20}
  • to bring attention to or enhance the prominence of warning statements^{Footnote 9Footnote 22Footnote 44}
  • to differentiate one product from another^{Footnote 29}  or to differentiate between strengths within a product line^{Footnote 29Footnote 33Footnote 45Footnote 46}
• While trade dress and logos can assist in the selection process, care must be taken to appropriately differentiate products within a product line to decrease the potential for confusion.^{Footnote 8}
• To enhance differentiation among product strengths, use a colour with a different hue, rather than a different intensity or value of the same colour.^{Footnote 15} For example, avoid using different shades of blue for various strengths, and instead use distinctly different colours.
• Consider using more than just colour to distinguish between products.^{Footnote 22} Other techniques for differentiation include colour bands, frames or keylines (i.e., boxes around text).^{Footnote 20}
• When selecting colours for labelling and packaging, consider the potential implications of colour-blindness (e.g., avoid using both red and green together,^{Footnote 6} because they may not be easily distinguished by those with red-green colour-blindness). Computer simulation programs, such as Vischeck,^{Footnote 47} may be used to determine how colours will be perceived by individuals with different forms of colour-blindness.
• Match the styles of inner and outer package labels so that the visual appearance, including use of colour, is identical or related.^{Footnote 23Footnote 33} This approach can help to ensure that users (re)place an inner container into the correct outer package as needed. It can also help users to identify the corresponding outer (secondary) packaging when they need information that may be available only on that outer package (e.g., directions related to a health product in a small-volume container). Such matching between a container label and its outer package or box label reduces the amount of information that needs to be processed simultaneously by the user.^{Footnote 48}

Contrast

• Maximize the legibility of text by ensuring good contrast between text and background^{Footnote 9 Footnote 20 Footnote 22Footnote 28Footnote 33 Footnote 49}  (e.g., apply dark text on a pale background^{Footnote 15Footnote 29 Footnote 35 Footnote 36} ). Avoid the use of type and background colour combinations that are known to be very difficult to read (e.g., black or yellow type on a red background^{Footnote 35} ).
• Use opaque labels on clear or translucent containers to ensure that type is legible and does not show through the container.^{Footnote 23}  Ensure that sufficient clear area remains after application of the label to allow the user to view the contents of the container.^{Footnote 23} 
• If a paper label is not an option, use contrasting type ink on an opaque background on the translucent container to maintain readability.^{Footnote 23} 
• Engraving (i.e., embossing and debossing) of type onto a container may not provide sufficient contrast on its own; therefore, if such methods are used, consider highlighting the type with ink.^{Footnote 15} 
• Ensure that any symbols required by regulations have sufficient contrast against the background colour.^{Footnote 17} 

Containers

• Graduation scales on oral dosing devices (e.g., oral syringes) should be easily legible. For example, use black ink on a white field of view.^{Footnote 14} 
• For blister packs, use a non-reflective material for the backing, so that information is legible.^{Footnote 21 Footnote 22Footnote 33}
• For liquids in clear containers, affix labels with colourless glues to prevent misperception of container contents as being discoloured.^{Footnote 14}

2.3.5 Use of abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations

Background

The use of certain abbreviations (e.g., OD), symbols (e.g., μ), and dose designations (e.g., 1.0 mg) to convey health product-related information has been identified as an underlying cause of serious, even fatal errors.^{Footnote 50}  An abbreviation may have more than one meaning and may therefore be susceptible to misinterpretation,^{Footnote 22}  particularly if users are unfamiliar with the intended meaning. Practices and terminology may vary among different individuals or groups (e.g., consumers, physicians, pharmacists, naturopathic doctors and homeopaths).

Recommendations

General

• Minimize use of abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations in health product packaging and labelling.^{Footnote 22 Footnote 50} 
• Avoid the use of error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations.^{Footnote 22 Footnote 50}  Refer to ISMP Canada's "Do Not Use" list for further details.^{Footnote 50}  This list (adapted from a list prepared by ISMP US^{Footnote 51} ) takes into account medication errors voluntarily reported to ISMP Canada for which the reporter identified an abbreviation, symbol, or dose designation as a potential contributing factor in incidents causing harm or having the potential to cause harm.
• Ensure that any abbreviations used provide information that is useful and easily identifiable to the users (e.g., consumer, healthcare professionals).^{Footnote 52} 
• An abbreviation should not be ambiguous or otherwise have the potential to be misinterpreted by the user. In particular, avoid abbreviations that indicate dosing schedules.
• Use international or national standards for abbreviations (e.g., abbreviate "milliliters" as "mL"^{Footnote 50}).
  Note: The symbol "µg" (meaning "microgram") conforms to the International System of Units (SI) and is often used in scientific literature. However, for labelling purposes, the abbreviation "mcg" should be used instead.^{Footnote 5}  The Greek letter "µ" may be difficult to see in some print and size formats and may be misread as the letter "m" (i.e., "mg" for "milligrams", rather than the intended "µg" for "micrograms").
• The proper or common names of health products and any active or medicinal and inactive or non-medicinal ingredients in the product should not be abbreviated.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 14 Footnote 15 Footnote 50} 
• Define abbreviations used on any product dose delivery devices provided. Ensure that abbreviations used on such devices are consistent with abbreviations used on product labels and packaging, such as label directions, outside packaging (carton labelling), containers, and any accompanying written materials.
• Comprehension testing for any new abbreviation is highly recommended (refer to Appendix 2, "Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging").

Route of administration

• If the route of administration appears on the label, express it in full so that the consumer is provided with clear information for safe and appropriate use.

2.3.6 Bilingual labelling

For recommendations that may help to accommodate information in both languages within the Facts Table, refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.

Background

Bilingual labelling may pose challenges for the readability of inner and outer labels because of the possibility of crowding of information. Consumer and healthcare professional feedback gathered in the development of the guide highlighted the following concerns:

• ensuring adequate space for both English and French text, while preserving white space especially when space is restricted (e.g., small containers); French text tends to be slightly longer than the corresponding English
• ensuring accuracy and meaning of health product information is preserved in both languages
• ensuring standardization and consistency of formatting for bilingual text on health product labels (e.g., product name, salt forms of the active or medicinal ingredient, placement of certain pieces of information, prominence of specific information)
• recognizing subtle differences between English and French in how information is presented and interpreted (e.g., use of a period [English] or a comma [French] to denote the decimal)

Recommendations

General principles

• Consider bilingual labelling early in the label and package development process, to accurately determine the amount of label space needed to accommodate required product information.
• Note: Separate unilingual packaging is not acceptable for non-prescription drugs and natural health products. At a minimum, adequate directions for use in both English and French should be provided for non-prescription drugs.^{Footnote 1 Footnote 5 Footnote 6}  (With respect to natural health products, refer to section 87 of the Natural Health Products Regulations.^{Footnote 3} ) Some provincial regulations may have additional language requirements for labelling, e.g., Québec Charter of the French Language.^{Footnote 53}.
• If including English and French on the same panel where space is limited, consider how best to display key information in a consistent manner, within and across product lines. (Refer to Appendix 1, "Glossary" for the definition of "key information".)

Organization of information

• For product packages or containers with multiple panels or sides (e.g., an outer box), it is preferable to dedicate an entire label panel for information in English and another for information in French.
• Where packages have only one or two panels available or packages have limited space, consider using different types of labels or innovative labels (e.g., peel-back labels) to accommodate information in both languages. Novel label formats should comply with applicable regulations and guidance documents.^{Footnote 1 Footnote 5}  (Refer to section 2.5.2, "Small Containers and Small-Volume Containers".)
• Identify commonalities in English and French for the key information, and determine if the information can be combined to save space. When information (i.e., the drug name) is the same in English and French, consider combining this, instead of repeating all details in both languages.

Expression of strength or concentration

• For large numbers (greater than 9999), use a thin space, rather than a comma, to separate digits into groups of three (e.g., 10 000). (Refer to section 2.4.2, "Expression of Strength".)
  • Although in English a comma is frequently used to separate groups of digits in large numbers (e.g., 10,000), in French a comma may be used to denote the decimal point. The meaning of a comma may therefore be unclear for some users.^{Footnote 54}
  • According to the SI system of units, a decimal or decimal marker "shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line" and "for numbers with many digits, the digits may be divided into groups of three by a thin space, in order to facilitate reading. Neither dots nor commas are inserted in the spaces between groups of three."^{Footnote 54}
  • Ensure that the gap between numbers is large enough to indicate that the numbers are grouped in threes, but not too large, so that the groupings will still be interpreted as representing one number.
• Consider how to standardize the display of product concentration when the unit of measure differs in the two languages (e.g., "units" in English, "unités" in French). Considering the commonalities of key information may help for combining information.
• For product packages with no distinct panels or sides (e.g., eye drops), take into account the field of view available for the key information. (Refer to section 2.4.2, "Expressions of Strength", for information on displaying more than one expression of strength on a label.)

2.3.7 Logo, branding, and trade dress

Background

Whereas logos, trade dress and branding can assist in differentiating products from different manufacturers, incident reports have indicated that they have the potential to contribute to errors and impede the safe use of health products.^{Footnote 8}  The following issues, among others, have been identified:

• Trade dress may be a factor in look-alike labelling and packaging, particularly for
  • products from the same sponsor
  • items across a product line, where the trade dress and brand names are similar, despite the use of modifiers such as "Plus"^{Footnote 8 Footnote 55 Footnote 56}
• Graphic elements and "branding" text may interfere with the clear presentation of information that is important to the user.^{Footnote 57} In particular, these aspects of labelling may prevent differences in important information (e.g., strengths, ingredients, indications) from being clearly evident and noted at the time of selection or administration.

Issues can also arise after redesign of a well-known product label. Reasons for a redesign may include standardizing the look of products nationally or internationally,^{Footnote 58}  fulfilling marketing purposes, or revising certain aspects of the label to help ensure that errors do not recur. Label redesign requires a balance, such that any existing positive design aspects are maintained for the benefit of users. It has been noted that "while not always feasible, it is important to retest the label designs as they are modified for various purposes, to ensure the changes cause no disruption to the system and user performance."^{Footnote 59} 

Recommendations

• Logos and trade dress on product labels should not distract the user or impede the effective communication of key information to the user.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 8 Footnote 16 Footnote 29 FootnoteFootnoteFootnoteFootnote}
• Strive for balance between the use of corporate trade dress and the presentation of key information on labels. While prominence of trade dress and branding may assist in locating a specific product within the retail environment, it may make it difficult for users to distinguish between different products or different strengths of the same product.^{Footnote 8 Footnote}
• Consider the amount of space required for a logo and how much space will be available for product information on the remainder of the label.
• Ensure that key information within a product line is clearly differentiated among products to avoid look-alike confusion and the potential for selection error.
• Clearly distinguish different strengths of the same health product or the presentations of different health products by the same manufacturer. Consider the use of colour, together with other elements of the label and package, such as size, shape, or features of the container closure.^{Footnote 8 Footnote 60 FootnoteFootnote}
• When making changes to the label or package, consider consumer use studies before release on the market, to help reduce the potential for unintended consequences (e.g., when rebranding or adding to a product line).^{Footnote 20 Footnote}

2.3.8 Permanence

Background

The safe labelling of health products ensures that all information is readable for the duration of the shelf-life of the product.^{Footnote 6}  It has been noted that important information on product labels may be inadvertently removed with handling and use.^{Footnote 61 Footnote}

Recommendations

• Ensure that print on products will remain legible for the entire life of the product, taking into consideration transportation and storage conditions, as well as environments of use.^{Footnote 6 Footnote}
• Consider special technologies, such as smudge-resistant paper stock^{Footnote 62}  and inks containing adhesives, which will bond to a variety of surfaces, including plastics.
• Use inks that will be durable enough to withstand normal handling.^{Footnote 15 Footnote}

2.4 Label information

2.4.1 Key elements on the principal display panel

The principal display panel of a label is the first interface between the user and a health product. It is an important factor in product identification and selection. Health Canada regulations specify information that is required to appear on the principal display panel of a product (Food and Drug Regulations C.01.004;^{Footnote 17}  Natural Health Products Regulations 93(1)^{Footnote 3}).

Sponsors are expected to be familiar with the regulatory requirements for their particular product.

In addition to the information required by regulations, eight key elements were identified by the expert advisory panel of consumers, healthcare professionals, and regulators providing input during the development of this guide. These key elements assist the user to correctly select a product and use it appropriately. They align with national and international standards and safety literature, but do not incorporate all of the information required by regulation or guidance for each type of health product. For example, the drug identification number (DIN) or natural product number (NPN), as applicable, is required by regulation, yet is not listed among the eight key elements.

The eight key elements identified by the expert advisory panel are:

1. brand name of health product
2. non-proprietary name (proper or common name) of health product
3. strength
4. dosage form
5. route of administration (other than for oral solids, such as tablets)
6. warnings, as relevant
7. population, as relevant (e.g., pediatric)
8. storage instructions, as relevant

Note: It is vital to consider each specific product, its users, the environment(s) of use, and the regulatory requirements to determine which of the eight key elements may be needed on the principal display panel to ensure safe use. For example, oral liquid products may be used in environments such as hospitals or even homes where intravenous access may exist. Because it is possible for any liquid product to be injected, ^{Footnote 63} or a suppository to be ingested, it is important that the intended route of administration (oral for the liquid, rectal or vaginal for the suppository) appear on the label of such products.

Conversely, some products, such as cough and cold medications and many natural health products, have multiple ingredients. Listing the proper name of each ingredient and its strength can crowd the principal display panel, particularly for small containers. The use of a standardized Facts Table will assist consumers in being able to select and properly use products. (Refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs for more information. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.)

One of the key elements that is not addressed in a separate section of this guide is storage instructions. It may be relevant to include such instructions on the principal display panel if the typical storage requirement for the product is other than room temperature. For example, products that require refrigeration are less typical, and refrigeration instructions for products requiring low storage temperatures should therefore appear on the principal display panel as an alert to users.

2.4.2 Expression of strength

Background

Expression of strength (also referred to as the quantity of a medicinal ingredient for natural health products) is a key piece of information on a health product label. Unclear expression of strength, or a missing expression of strength, can impede correct selection and use of products. Individual products may be available in multiple strengths, and strength may be expressed in a variety of units; as a result, product strengths can be easily misinterpreted.^{Footnote 9 Footnote}

The following list presents examples of labelling practices that may introduce confusion because of the way in which the strength of a health product is expressed:

• using different units for volumes^{Footnote 64}  (e.g., "per mL", "per tsp")
• placing the drug strength (a numeric value) and the unit or pack size (another numeric value) in close proximity^{Footnote 22}   (refer to section 2.3.2, "Proximity and Compatibility of Information on the Principal Display Panel")
• using trailing zeros (e.g., "2.0", "2.50") or naked decimals (e.g., ".2") (if the decimal point is not correctly perceived, a 10-fold over- or under-dosing error could occur^{Footnote 8 Footnote 50} )^{FootnoteFootnote}
• using certain SI unit abbreviations that are prone to being misread (e.g., for "microgram", the use of "μg" rather than "mcg" may be difficult to discern in some print and size formats and could be misread as "mg"^{Footnote 5} )^Footnote
• inconsistency between the labelled product strength and the directions for use

Other important issues related to the expression of a product's strength may increase the possibility of confusion and error. With regard to health products in the form of a salt, potencies and content of the active component can differ significantly among various salt forms. Therefore, there may be inconsistency in how information is presented and how users refer to (or understand) the strength. Users may find it difficult to distinguish between the dose of an active ingredient's salt form and the dose of the active moiety itself.^{Footnote 65}   It is also important to differentiate between two or more formulations of the same active ingredient, especially when the doses differ significantly.

Dosage forms that release or deliver an amount of product different from the total amount in the container may need careful consideration. An example is a nicotine inhaler, which contains 10 mg per cartridge but delivers only 4 mg. Such a discrepancy may cause confusion for both the prescriber and the user, because of a mismatch between how the prescribed dose is communicated and how the strength is presented on the label. Furthermore, if the available drug is interpreted as 10 mg of nicotine per cartridge, this could also result in a higher dose and an unnecessary step-up of nicotine therapy when converting from the inhaler to a longer acting transdermal nicotine patch.

Recommendations

General principles

• Express the dose strength of a health product ("the quantity of a medicinal ingredient" in the case of a natural health product) in an appropriate metric system unit.^{FootnoteFootnote 14 Footnote 15} Exceptions are situations where other units of measure are accepted and required, such as units of potency (e.g., international units), percentage strength for topical preparations,^{Footnote 20}  expressions of dilution for homeopathic medicines, and colony-forming units (abbreviated as "CFU") for probiotics. Numbers without units of measure should not be used to express product strength.
• Use "mcg" rather than "μg" for "micrograms".^{Footnote 50 Footnote}
  • Health Canada recommends that the abbreviation "mcg" be used.^{Footnote 5}  The use of "µg" may be difficult to see in some print and size formats and the Greek letter "μ" might be misread as "m",^{Footnote 5}   which can be a contributing factor to dose errors. (Refer to section 2.3.5, "Use of Abbreviations, Symbols and Dose Designations".)
• For numbers with five digits or more, separate the digits into groups of three by a thin space to help prevent misreading (e.g., 1000 mg but 10 000 mg).^{Footnote 54} This format is compatible with both official languages (unlike use of the comma or period) and is the format recommended by the SI system^{Footnote 54} and by Public Works and Government Services Canada.^{Footnote 66} 
• Consider spacing between text characters to enhance clarity. For example, leave sufficient space around the slash character ("/") to optimize legibility, given that this character could be misinterpreted as the number "1" (one) or the letter "l" (L).
• Do not use the slash character ("/") to denote the word "or", and minimize its use for separating different pieces of information, if possible. Misinterpretation resulting in error has been reported with such uses of this character.^{Footnote 67} 
• Avoid the use of trailing zeros (e.g., "2.0", "2.50") and naked decimals (e.g., ".2").^{Footnote 50}
• To the extent possible, ensure consistency between the units expressing the product strength and the units used for dosing instructions.^{Footnote 22}  
• Avoid placing expressions of strength near other numeric information, such as the number of units in the package.^{Footnote 8}  (Refer to section 2.3.2, "Proximity and Compatibility of Information on the Principal Display Panel".)
• Take older expressions of strength into consideration when comparable products or products of the same class are prepared for market.
  • Changes to expressions of strength, particularly for critical and specialty products, may be problematic. Before changing the expression of strength of a product to different units or a different format, it is recommended to have the new label and package undergo user testing. (Refer to "Consumer Use Studies" in Appendix 2, "Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging".)

Expressing strength

• Avoid using both metric (SI) units and other units (e.g., milligrams combined with international units)^{Footnote 68}  to express the strength of a given ingredient on the principal display panel of the label. Equivalencies may be better expressed and presented on a side or back panel.
• For dosage forms such as transdermal patches, and inhalers or inhalators include the total quantity of the medicinal ingredients (per patch or inhaler) and the dose delivered per unit of time and the duration of use on both the inner and outer labels.^{Footnote 5} 
  • Label the dosage form or delivery unit itself (e.g., patch, cartridge) with the delivery rate of the drug (e.g., "x mg / day").^{Footnote 5} 
  • Where the total quantity in the delivery unit does not correspond to the delivered dose, the total amount of drug in the unit may be presented in a Facts Table, if present, or on a side or back panel of the package, rather than on the principal display panel. This is intended to reduce confusion about dosing and to make the information readily available in the event of misuse. (Refer to section 2.5.5, "Transdermal Patches".)
• For mineral supplements in the form of a salt, follow these recommendations:
  • Both the strength of the element and that of the compound, salt or source may be needed on the principal display panel to ensure correspondence with instructions from the healthcare professional to the consumer. The salt form may affect not only the elemental strength, but also absorption characteristics (e.g., for iron and calcium products).
    Examples of expressions of strength for mineral supplements:
    • Iron 35 mg
      (provided in each ferrous gluconate 300 mg tablet)
    • Calcium 500 mg
      (provided in each calcium carbonate 1250 mg tablet)

Expressing concentration

• For liquids intended for oral administration, declare the quantity of each medicinal ingredient per millilitre (e.g., 5 mg / mL)^{Footnote 5 Footnote 20}  or per usual volume to be taken^{Footnote 5 Footnote 69}  (e.g., 25 mg / 5 mL). Products that are intended for use by consumers of different ages may best be labelled with the quantity of medicinal ingredient per millilitre. This allows the user to calculate the needed dose across a range of ages, with specific instructions to be provided in the Facts Table, if present, or on the label (refer to Guidance Document: "Labeling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs") as well as in the product monograph if applicable. Oral dosing devices are important tools to assist in correct dosing. (Refer to "Dose Delivery Devices" in section 2.5.1, "General Packaging Considerations".)
• Use one or more of the techniques (e.g., display the information first, print the information in a larger type size, use bold type, display the information with greater contrast) described in sections 2.3.1, "Type Style and Size", and 2.3.5, "Colour and Contrast", of this guide.
• For containers with less than 1 mL total volume, express the strength as the quantity of active ingredient in the volume provided (e.g., 3 mg / 0.5 mL).^{Footnote 70} 
• The expression of strength should match the units of measure described in the prescribing information to avoid error.^{Footnote 22} 

Reconstitution and dilution

• For health products that require reconstitution or dilution before use, include a relevant warning statement on the principal display panel of both inner and outer labels. (Refer to section 2.4.3, "Warnings".)
• For products to be reconstituted or otherwise manipulated (e.g., powders requiring reconstitution for oral administration, powders or teas to be mixed or steeped before oral ingestion), show the total amount of powder or dry product in the primary container on the principal display panel of both the inner and outer labels. Ensure that this number is most prominent and that it is not placed close to the expression of final strength. (Refer to section 2.3.2, "Proximity and Compatibility of Information on the Principal Display Panel".)

Expressions of strength for pediatric products

• For products intended for either adult or pediatric use, present the expression of strength on the principal display panel in a format that simplifies calculation of pediatric doses. Bear in mind that expressions of concentration may need to be applicable to both populations. For example, a product that is normally administered to an adult as a 1 g dose may be administered to a child as a weight-based dose (e.g., milligrams per kilogram [mg / kg]). Thus, if a product contains 1000 mg in 10 mL (100 mg / mL), it may be better to state the primary strength expression as "1 g / 10 mL" to aid in adult dosing, with the secondary strength expression, 100 mg / mL, facilitating calculation of doses smaller than 1 g.
• For products that require different dilutions for adult and pediatric administration, a warning may be needed in the Facts Table, if present, or on a side panel to indicate the specific dilutions required to produce a ready-to-administer dose for the intended consumer population.

2.4.3 Warnings

Background

A warning is a statement that must be highlighted and conveyed to every user before product administration, to facilitate correct product use and to prevent an error that may result in harm. Warnings must attract the attention of users and must create a balance between being explicit yet concise.^{Footnote 39 Footnote 71}  Their goal is to ensure that users notice, read, understand, and comply with the warning message.^{Footnote 72} 

Recommendations

The following recommendations are not intended to be applied to the Warnings section (of a Facts Table) as a whole, but rather to individual components of a warning statement that may appear elsewhere on the inner or outer label. (For specifications related to warning statements in the Facts Table, refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.)

General principles

• Refer to pertinent Health Canada regulations, policies, monographs and labelling standards for warning statements and symbol requirements applicable to specific products.
• Ideally, a warning should have the following features:
  • It should appear on both the inner and outer labels of the health product,^{Footnote 21 Footnote 33}  and a reference should be made to a package insert or consumer leaflet distributed with the product, if available.
  • It should be located in an area where users will have to interact with it in the course of using the product. For multiple-use products, warnings should not be located in an area that would be discarded after an initial interaction.^{Footnote 72 Footnote 73}  The most noticeable and effective warnings are placed in such a way that the task is temporarily interrupted and the user must physically interact with the warning before continuing.^{Footnote 39 Footnote 44} 
  • It should be suitable for the intended users, taking into account the knowledge, lowest level of ability, training, and experience of those who may encounter the warning.^{Footnote 39 Footnote 44} 
• Warnings should not be
  • broken up by other information (e.g., logos, background text-graphics)^{Footnote 25} 
  • placed only on the inside panel of the outer package (e.g., printed on the inside of the box)

Warning statements

• Use statements that are as brief as possible, with words that are as explicit as possible.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 71 Footnote 73 Footnote 74 Footnote 75}  Warnings provided in this manner are effective in holding the attention of users, align with the principles of plain language, accommodate the requirements of bilingual labelling, and can assist in avoiding clutter on a label (For information on use of plain language in warning statements, refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.)
• Use of a signal word (e.g., "WARNING" or "ALERT") is one component of an effective warning that can help to draw attention to important information.^{Footnote 39 Footnote 44 Footnote 73 Footnote 75} 
• If space allows, consider the following additional components that can help to effectively communicate the warning:
  • a description of the hazard (e.g., "Contains hydrogen peroxide.")
  • the consequence of non-compliance (e.g., "May cause burning and stinging.")
  • the required or desired behaviour (e.g., "Not for direct use in the eye.")
• Use affirmative statements,^{Footnote 21 Footnote 72}  such as "For Topical Use Only" Affirmative statements are less prone to confusion than are non-affirmative statements (such as "Not for oral use"), in which the word "not" may be overlooked.

Prominence

• Avoid presenting entire sentences in capital letters or italic type, as these formats are difficult to read.^{Footnote 29 Footnote 33 Footnote 44 Footnote 76} 
• Use white space around a warning to help emphasize the information.^{Footnote 29 Footnote 44 Footnote 71 Footnote 73} 
• Use colour sparingly to bring attention to components of a warning statement and to differentiate these from other text.^{Footnote 22 Footnote 29}  Red is typically used to communicate the highest level of hazard, followed by orange and yellow.
  • Particular colour combinations for words and background are associated with each of the following three signal words: red background with white lettering for "DANGER", orange background with black lettering for "WARNING", and yellow background with black lettering for "CAUTION".^{Footnote 72 Footnote 77}
• Consider a combination of the following features to draw attention to components of a warning statement, as the combination may be more effective than any one attribute on its own:^{Footnote 39 Footnote 72} 
  • upper case letters to emphasize signal words^{Footnote 29 Footnote 33 Footnote 76} 
  • large, bold print^{Footnote 9 Footnote 22 Footnote 76 Footnote 78} 
  • high contrast
  • colour^{Footnote 9 Footnote 22 Footnote 76} 
  • borders^{Footnote 73} 
  • box frames or keylines^{Footnote 9 Footnote 74} 
  • pictorial symbols^{Footnote 79} 

Symbols

• Limit the use of symbols to warnings required by Health Canada and those that have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing user understanding and product use.^{Footnote 51 Footnote 75 Footnote 80}  Warning statements can be identified more quickly if they include symbols or pictures that are bold, have high contrast, are simple in form, and closely represent the intended message.^{Footnote 44 Footnote 81} 
• To ensure that these criteria are met, consider user testing of new or unfamiliar symbols, particularly if the product label and package are to be used across cultural groups.^{Footnote 39} 

2.4.4 Expiry date

Background

Numerous variations exist in how expiry dates are expressed, including differences in the date format, the order of various details, and the grouping of information. These variations may present challenges to users. Incident reviews have shown concerns in two key areas: comprehension and readability.

Issues with comprehension

• Representation of the year in a 2-digit format has resulted in confusion between the year and the month (e.g., "03-04" may be interpreted as either "March 2004"or "April 2003").^{Footnote 9 Footnote 21 Footnote 22} 
• Where only the year and month of the expiry date are shown (e.g., "2014-02" for "February 2014"), users, including consumers, may not be aware that expiry occurs on the last day of the month.
• Use of a 2-digit format for both the month and the day may lead to confusion between these two elements of the date when the day of the month is 12 or below (e.g., "2015-01-09" may be interpreted as either "January 9, 2015" or "September 1, 2015").
• Where no introductory word or descriptor (e.g., EXP) is included to distinguish the expiry date from the lot number, users may confuse one for the other, particularly if these two details are placed in close proximity or side by side on the product label.^{Footnote 9}

Issues with readability

• Users may be unable to identify the date because of poor contrast (e.g., black print on a dark background). Embossing, particularly when there is little or no colour contrast, is a related issue that may significantly affect the ability to find and read information on a label.^{Footnote 9 Footnote 21} 
• Problems may arise if the ink lacks permanence.
• Backgrounds that are shiny and reflect light may impede readability.^{Footnote 9}

Recommendations

Enhancing comprehension

• Include all three components of the date (year, month, day) when applicable and when space permits.5 Where the expiry date must include the day of the month, use the 4-digit format for the year and express the month using letters (as outlined below).
  • Use hyphens between the three elements (e.g., YYYY-MM-DD for year, month, and day) for added clarity.
  • For the month, use the following abbreviations (which are compatible with both English and French): JA, FE, MR, AL, MA, JN, JL, AU, SE, OC, NO, DE.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 6 Footnote 14 Footnote 15} 
    Note: It is possible that "JN" could be misinterpreted as "January" instead of "June"; however, this potential misinterpretation would result in a product being discarded prematurely, rather than being used beyond its expiry date, so carries no health risk. The same would apply if "MA" were interpreted as "March", instead of "May".
  • If the space available does not permit inclusion of all three components of the date, present the year in a 4-digit form and the month in a 2-letter form, as in the examples below.^{Footnote 5}
• Include a descriptor before the date to alert users to the meaning of the information: e.g., "EXP",^{Footnote 9}  "EXPIRATION", "EXPIRATION DATE", "DATE D'EXPIRATION",^{Footnote 5}  "EXP DATE", "EXPIRY", "EXPIRY DATE", or "EXPIRES".^{Footnote 69} 
  Examples:
  • When all components of the date are applicable:
    YYYY-MM-DD: 2024-OC-31
  • If there is space for only the year and the month:
    YYYY-MM: 2024-OC

Enhancing readability

• Separate expiry dates from lot numbers with enough space to prevent confusion and to prevent their being read in combination as a single piece of information. When possible present expiry dates and lot numbers on separate lines.
• Use inks that will not be easily smeared or rubbed off the product or package during normal use (e.g., resistant to alcohol used for disinfection).^{Footnote 14 Footnote 15  Footnote 23}  (Refer to section 2.3.9, "Permanence".)
• Avoid embossing or debossing of information that results in little or no contrast.^{Footnote 9 Footnote Footnote 23 Footnote 82}  Engraving (i.e., embossing and debossing) of text onto a container may not provide sufficient contrast on its own; therefore, if such methods are used, consider highlighting the text with ink.^{Footnote 15}

Location

• Place the expiry date on the inner and outer labels of all products,^{Footnote 17}  in an easy-to-locate area^{Footnote 23} . This can avoid the potential for information to be overlooked. For example, consider placing the expiry date on a side or back panel of the product package.^{Footnote 20} 
• Place the expiry date in an area that will not be removed or destroyed when the container is opened.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 23} 
• Refer also to section 2.5.4, "Blister Packaging" for placement of expiry dates on this type of package.

Other considerations

• When labelling a product that contains more than one item with differing expiry dates, use the shortest expiration date on the finished outer product label.

2.4.5 Lot or batch number

Background

The lot number may be any combination of letters, figures, or both by which a drug product can be traced to the manufacturer/sponsor and, if applicable, to the distributor or importer. Concerns have been described about confusion when a lot number has been misinterpreted as the expiry date or confusion caused by the lot number being combined with the expiry date.^{Footnote 9}  Users have also reported difficulty reading the lot number on some labels. Readability is hindered when the text is embossed, when there is a lack of contrast between the text and the background, and when the printed text lacks permanence.^{Footnote 9 Footnote 23}

Recommendations

Reducing ambiguity

• Use a term or an indicator word such as "Lot number", "Lot no.", or "Lot" before the lot information to alert the user to this information in the event of a recall.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 69} 
• Separate lot numbers from expiry dates with enough space to prevent confusion and to prevent their being read in combination as a single piece of information. When possible present lot numbers and expiry dates on separate lines.

Enhancing readability

• Use inks that will not be easily smeared or rubbed off the product or package (e.g., resistant to alcohol used for disinfection).^{Footnote 14 Footnote 15 Footnote 23}  (Refer to section 2.3.9, "Permanence".)
• Avoid embossing or debossing of information that results in little or no contrast.^{Footnote 9 Footnote 14 Footnote 15 Footnote 23}  Engraving (i.e., embossing and debossing) of text onto a container may not provide sufficient contrast on its own; therefore, if such methods are used, consider highlighting the text with ink.^{Footnote 15}

Location

• Place the lot number on the inner and outer labels of all products,^{Footnote 17}  in an easy-to-locate area^{Footnote 23} . This can avoid the potential for information to be overlooked. For example, consider placing the lot number on a side or back panel of the product package.^{Footnote 20} 
• Avoid placing lot numbers on the top (circle) surface of vial ferrules, if applicable, in accordance with USP standards.^{Footnote 83} 
• Place the lot number in an area that will not be removed or destroyed when the container is opened (e.g., not on rip-off tabs).^{Footnote 22 Footnote 23} 
• Refer also to section 2.5.4, "Blister Packaging" for placement of the lot number on this type of package.

Other considerations

• When labelling a product that contains more than one item, with each component having its own lot number, a new lot number may be used to represent the combination product.

2.4.6 Automated identification (e.g., bar coding)

Background

Automated identification "is the use of bar codes, radio frequency identification (RFID) and other machine-readable codes to identify, quickly and accurately, an item or process".^{Footnote 84}  Although not a mandatory requirement in Canada, automated identification systems offer opportunities to improve the safety and efficiency of health product use at various stages of the product-use process, including procurement, inventory management, storage, preparation, dispensing, and administration.^{Footnote 85}  Automated identification systems can also support product traceability (e.g., during recalls) and verification of the authenticity of health products as they move through the medication-use system. ^{Footnote 84} 

Recommendations

• Include within automated identifiers the key information necessary to ensure appropriate selection and safe use of the product.^{Footnote 15}  The information contained within the automated identifier should not be considered a substitute for providing all required information directly on inner and outer labels.
• Legibility and readability of key information on the label should not be impeded by the presence of automated identifiers.
• Information embedded within the automated identifier should not include anything other than approved product information. It should also be focused on the needs of users and be non-promotional in nature.^{Footnote 21}  This recommendation applies to any type of automated identifier that appears on the label or package of a health product, including embedded QR (quick response) codes or microchips that can be read with a portable device.
• Information contained within the automated identification must comply with regulatory requirements for health product labelling. Additionally, sponsors must ensure that quality assurance processes are in place, including verification of the accuracy (e.g., the right bar code appearing on the right label) and readability of automated identifiers on health product labels. For automated identification of pharmaceutical products in Canada, consider the information and standards adopted by the Canadian Pharmaceutical Bar Coding Project.^{Footnote 86} 

2.5 Packaging

2.5.1 General packaging considerations

Background

Health product packaging is an important factor in promoting the intended and proper use of a product. The type or format of a container often gives users a cue as to the intended route and method of administration.^{Footnote 8}  If a health product container, its format, or its appearance looks similar to that of other products intended to be handled differently, errors may occur, and serious harm may result. For example, some contact lens disinfectants containing hydrogen peroxide require a crucial step of neutralization. In these cases, the product may be inadvertently used in the same manner as similarly packaged 0.9% sodium chloride solutions, for which a neutralization step is not required.^{Footnote 87 Footnote 88 Footnote 89} 

Outer Packaging or Overwrap

The outer packaging or overwrap is a good medium for displaying important information about the product. It may also provide a reliable way of keeping product components together (e.g., health product, dose delivery device, and consumer leaflet).61 However, caution must be exercised in using this type of packaging, as overwraps, and outer packaging can also impede the proper identification and use of a product. For example, reflective material used for the outer label or the overwrap itself may reduce the visibility of key information on the label.^{Footnote 23} 

Multi-part Products

Health products consisting of multiple items to be used together can be packaged such that all components are provided in one package; alternatively, the items may be packaged separately. Errors can occur when the labelling or packaging does not support correct use of the separate components by the user, as in the following examples:

• poor labelling not clearly indicating that the product has multiple components and that all must be used together^{Footnote 90 Footnote 91} 
• poor visibility of one of the components (e.g., obscured or not clearly visible or accessible) in the combined package, leading the user to assume that only the visible component is required.
• lack of prominence of key information for product-specific diluents^{Footnote 90}

Although the above examples are related to prescription drugs, lessons learned can provide important and valuable information and concepts that can be applicable to all health products preventing any future confusion or errors.

Dose Delivery Devices

Many health products and medications, typically those intended for the pediatric population, are provided as oral liquid formulations for ease of administration.^{Footnote 92}  Many of these products are packaged with a measuring or dose delivery device intended to assist with the administration of a specific volume or dose by the consumer. This presentation of the oral dose delivery device is intended to give users a way to accurately prepare and administer the dose.^{Footnote 20} 

Recommendations

General

• A number of factors can be considered when choosing a package. These include maintenance of product stability, ease of manufacturing, choice of distribution system, product security, ease of use, and even user compliance.^{Footnote 93} 
• Provide health products in a container that facilitates correct selection and use, rather than relying only on labelling features such as warnings. Well-designed packaging can help to minimize the risk of medication errors.^{Footnote 93} 
• Consider how the product will be used at the point of administration. Design the package and label such that the information is oriented for optimal readability.
• When a completely new type of container is being considered for a health product with no market experience to draw upon, consider consumer use studies as part of product development.^{Footnote 60}  This is especially important when a new type of container is used for an existing product.
• If space permits, consider providing additional cues to assist the user in identifying, selecting, and using the product.

Outer Packaging or Overwrap

• To improve the visibility of key information, avoid using reflective materials for overwrap; use matte materials whenever possible.^{Footnote 23}

Multi-part Products

• Whenever possible, avoid separately packaging the different components of a multi-part product. Instead, provide and package together all components of the product that must be used to prepare and administer the dose.^{Footnote 90} 
• Create a package that, when opened, allows clear visualization of (1) all co-packaged products intended to be used concurrently, and (2) instructions for combining them. Ensure that the labels clearly identify the number of parts and how they must be combined and used.^{Footnote 5 Footnote 60} 
• Each component of co-packaged products that are intended to be used separately (e.g., day and night cough and cold products) should be packaged in separate immediate containers (e.g., blisters).

Dose Delivery Devices

• Include dose delivery devices with all liquid health products intended for oral ingestion, with dose information expressed in units of measure corresponding to the calibration of the dose delivery device.^{Footnote 94 Footnote 95 Footnote 96}  (Refer to section 2.5.3, "Pediatric Products".)
  • The dose delivery device should have a marking for the smallest recommended single dose to allow measurement of such a dose.^{Footnote 94 Footnote 95} 
  • The dose delivery devices should not be significantly larger than the largest single dose recommended on the product label.^{Footnote 95} 
  • A dosing device should be recalibrated when changes are made to the strength of the product with which it is intended to be used.
• Provide clear and specific instructions on how to measure and administer a precise dose. The addition of drawings showing time, method, and route of administration may be helpful for some users.^{Footnote 97}  Drawings should undergo user comprehension testing. Note: Drawings are not permitted in the Facts Table. Refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.)
• Use SI and metric units for measurements on oral dose delivery devices and other label information.^{Footnote 22 Footnote 50 Footnote 98} 
• Use sufficient colour contrast for graduations or markings on dose delivery devices, to prevent the markings being obscured when the liquid product is added to the device.^{Footnote 95}  For example, use black ink on a white field of view.^{Footnote 14} 
• Avoid the use of trailing zeros after decimal points ("2" not "2.0") to help avoid 10-fold dosing errors.^{Footnote 50 Footnote 99} 
• Use leading zeroes before decimal points ("0.2" not ".2") to help avoid 10-fold dosing errors.^{Footnote 50 Footnote 99} 
• To prevent inadvertent parenteral administration of liquids intended for oral use, an oral applicator (e.g., oral syringe) provided as a dose delivery device should not accommodate a needle.^{Footnote 100} 
• Ensure that container caps used as dose delivery devices for oral liquids are of adequate size and design to not pose a choking hazard to children.^{Footnote 100} 
• For oral liquid preparations that have a narrow therapeutic window or that require dosing volumes less than 5 mL, spoons or cups are not considered acceptable.^{Footnote 100} 

2.5.2 Small containers and small-volume containers

Background

The terms "small container" and "small-volume container" are reserved for containers with obvious restrictions on the amount of information that can appear on the product label or package.^{Footnote 34 Footnote 101}  This includes special containers that are too small to accommodate a full label.^{Footnote 5}

The use of small containers may give rise to errors because of difficulties in reading or understanding labels on the product.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are not applicable to products requiring a Facts Table. (Refer to Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs for more information. A guidance document applicable to labelling of Natural Health Products will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.)

• Consider container size and label design in the early stages of product development.
• Discuss with Health Canada the determination of what is acceptable as a small or small-volume container before submission of product application and as early as possible during the product development stages.
• To enhance readability of key information by users, consider the size and orientation of text on small containers.^{Footnote 23}  The orientation of text should be the same as the field of view so that it is not limited by physical aspects of the small container, such as curvature.
• Consider using a larger container, larger labels, or innovative package and label designs when space is limited (e.g., use larger containers than required to accommodate the total volume of eye drops or tablets or use tag, fold-out, or peel-back labels). Novel label formats should comply with applicable regulations and guidance documents.^{Footnote 1 Footnote 5}

2.5.3 Pediatric products

Background

The pediatric population is inherently at high risk of harm from medication errors.^{Footnote 94}  The number of preventable medication errors in this population is three times higher than among adults being treated in hospital.^{Footnote 102}  When an error does occur, infants and children are at greater risk of harm or death from an error than are adults.^{Footnote 103}  The following labelling and packaging factors can put the pediatric population at increased risk:

• requirement for individualized dose calculations based on age, weight (e.g., mg / kg), or body surface area^{Footnote 94} 
• misinterpretation of labels or of markings on dose delivery devices, leading to under- or over-dosing^{Footnote 96} 
• presence of graphics and text pertaining to children or infants on the front of products available for self-selection, which may adversely influence caregivers' perceptions of the appropriateness of medications for young children. The following three features of product packaging most commonly influenced caregivers' perception of age appropriateness:
  • the word "infant" on the package
  • infant-related graphics (e.g., depiction of infants, teddy bears, droppers)
  • particular text on the package (e.g., symptoms intended to be treated, the words "pediatrician recommended")^{Footnote 104} 

Recommendations

• If a pediatric formulation is significantly different from a similar adult product, consider making the labelling and packaging noticeably different for the two products.^{Footnote 97} 
• Design product packaging and container closures to prevent or limit children from accessing the contents.^{Footnote 93} 
• If appropriate, separate bilingual information to prevent any misinterpretation of details about pediatric products intended for children but not infants. For example, in French, the word "enfants" means "children", but this word differs by only one letter from the English word "infants".
• Use illustrations and graphics to assist the user in narrowing down the number of relevant products on the basis of visual cues, thereby avoiding the chance of unknowingly selecting an adult formulation and administering it to a child. For example, products intended for use in older children or adolescents should not contain illustrations depicting infants and vice versa.^{Footnote 104 Footnote 105} 
• Provide clear and specific instructions on how to measure and administer a precise dose. The addition of drawings showing time, method, and route of administration may be helpful for some users.^{Footnote 97} Drawings and graphics should undergo comprehension testing (refer to Appendix 2, "Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging").
• Supply a measuring or dosing device for liquid formulations intended for pediatric use.^{Footnote 106} 
• The instructions provided should be consistent with the measuring or dosing device supplied with all liquid formulations for products intended for pediatric use.^{Footnote 106} 

2.5.4 Blister packaging

Background

Blister packs can be manufactured in a number of configurations, including individual blister cells in a strip that is perforated to allow separation as unit doses or a sheet containing multiple doses to be used as needed or intended for a particular duration of therapy (e.g., 3 days, 2 weeks, 1 month).^{Footnote 22}  A blister pack can be removed from its outer package, cut into smaller units, or torn along perforations. Such actions can leave the product information unclear or unavailable, thus jeopardizing safe use of the product. The following concerns have been raised about the design of blister packs:

• illegibility of health product name or strength, for reasons such as use of reflective foil and lack of contrast between type and background^{Footnote 8 Footnote 21 Footnote 22 Footnote 29 Footnote 34} 
• inability to identify health product name or strength of remaining tablets, capsules or lozenges after some have been removed from the blister pack^{Footnote 8 Footnote 29} 
• printing of the product name and strength across two blister cells, making it unclear whether labelled strength is provided by the contents of two cells or just one^{Footnote 8 Footnote 57} 
• mismatch between display of information and perforations on a blister pack^{Footnote 8} 
• reduced ability to identify the product once the blister pack has been removed from the outer packaging or box (i.e., difficulty matching the blister pack with the outer box^{Footnote 29} ), a particular problem for consumers who have more than one health product packaged in this format
• difficulty removing the product from blister packs^{Footnote 107} 
• presentation and sequencing of doses in ways that do not match the product's approved usual dosage:^{Footnote 22 Footnote 108} 
  • labelling of doses with days of the week, when such labelling is not required^{Footnote 22} 
  • numbering of blister cells in sequence^{Footnote 22} 
  • provision of more doses than needed for a usual single course of treatment^{Footnote 22}

Recommendations

General

• Select a blister material that will not impair legibility of key information on the blister cell. For example, the reflective nature of foils may reduce the legibility of printed information.^{Footnote 21 Footnote 29} 
• Consider providing the following information on each blister cell:
  • proprietary (brand) name (or product name, if there is no brand name)
  • established (common, proper) name or, for a drug with more than one medicinal ingredient, the brand name of the drug or health product
  • strength of the health product, except where the name used is unique for a particular strength of the product (e.g., for a product with more than one medicinal ingredient)
  • route of administration (other than for oral solids, such as tablets)
  • lot number
  • expiry date
• If information cannot be placed on each blister without becoming illegible, present it in a way that prevents the drug or product name (brand name at a minimum) and strength from being detached or destroyed when any dosage unit is removed. For example, consider repetitive diagonal^{Footnote 21}  or random display^{Footnote 22} . It may be acceptable to place the lot number and expiry date on one end or both ends of the blister strip.^{Footnote 21} 
• Avoid perforations, if separation of blister cells along these perforations will inappropriately break up certain information (e.g., brand name and strength).
• Design the blister pack to be consistent with product information and instructions for use:^{Footnote 22} 
  • Avoid placing product information directly across two blister cells, to prevent the user from thinking that two tablets or capsules are equivalent to the dose actually provided in one tablet or capsule.^{Footnote 8 Footnote 108} 
  • Include only one dosage unit (e.g., one tablet, one capsule, one lozenge) in each blister cell.^{Footnote 22}  If multiple dose units are indicated to be taken as a single dose, this should be specified in the dosing instructions.
  • If perforations are used between blister cells, they should allow for separation of each individual blister from the original pack.^{Footnote 8}  Perforations which include more than one blister cell may indicate dosing different to that intended (e.g., two cells within a perforated unit, rather than one, could be interpreted as the contents of two cells are to be taken per dose).
  • Consider use of new technologies where the inner label adheres to the blister pack, so that key information remains for the duration of product use.
• In circumstances where the label could become detached during use, print key information on each blister cell.

Health products intended for sequential use

• Avoid perforations on this type of blister format, as the medicine or product is intended to be taken in a specific order, and individual blisters may contain different products and product doses.
• Ensure that the legibility of the required information on the blister pack is not affected as doses are removed.^{Footnote 5}  For example, required information may be placed in a single location that is not removed or destroyed for the duration of product use.
• Expiry Date and Lot Number:
  • Ideally, print the expiry date and lot number over each blister, so that they are still legible when only the last dose remains, especially if individual blisters are detachable.
  • Place the expiry date and lot number in a single location on "race-track" blister packs (e.g., oral contraceptives), such that they will not be torn during use (e.g., on the heat-sealed end of the package).
  • Place the expiry date and lot number so that they are aligned between perforations, if present (i.e., printed on areas between perforations, so that the information will not be lost when individual blisters are torn away).

2.5.5 Transdermal patches

Background

The use of transdermal medications and the properties unique to this delivery system have led to errors resulting in harm.^{Footnote 109}  The following general issues have been reported with the use of transdermal patches:

• Transdermal patches manufactured from a clear translucent or skin-coloured material (to make them less conspicuous when in use^{Footnote 109} ) can make it difficult to see a patch on the skin. There is a possibility of overdose if consumers or their caregivers cannot visually identify an existing patch and a second patch is applied without removing the first one. Poor patch visibility can also lead to unintended drug exposure if a caregiver, child, or pet comes into contact with a patch that has fallen off or has been improperly discarded.^{Footnote 60} 
• Key information, such as the drug name and strength, should be clearly presented on the patch itself. This provision is especially important for consumers who are unable to communicate their medication use and for caregivers and healthcare professionals who are unfamiliar with or have not had previous contact with the consumer (e.g., emergency department staff at a hospital, emergency medical services staff). Healthcare professionals must be able to identify the contents of a patch so they can take appropriate measures with regard to that therapy (e.g., pain management, blood pressure control, smoking cessation) or potentially contraindicated therapy.^{Footnote 110} 

Recommendations

The recommendations presented here are important for any transdermal format.

• Ensure that the information required on transdermal patches is visible and legible and that the ink is long-lasting.^{Footnote 111} 
• For any text on a transdermal patch, use a colour that will ensure visibility of the patch when applied to the skin.^{Footnote 111 Footnote 112} 
• Consider using a colour for transdermal patches that will further increase their visibility when applied^{Footnote 112}  regardless of the consumer's skin tone. "Clear or translucent patches may also be difficult to find if they detach prematurely from a consumer; thereby increasing the potential for secondary or accidental exposure" to the drug.^{Footnote 60} 
• Based on findings from incident reports, the following information should appear on a transdermal patch:
  • brand name
  • proper or common name
  • delivery rate of the drug (e.g., "X mg / hour")

3 Drug Facts Table for Non-prescription Drugs and Product Facts Table for Natural Health Products

The safe use of non-prescription drugs and natural health products (NHPs) depends on consumers being able to identify the desired product and to understand and act upon the information presented. Prior to the implementation of the Plain Language Labelling (PLL) initiative, the general practice in Canada was to present key information within blocks of text on the product label. This sometimes made it difficult for the consumer to easily identify information necessary for appropriate selection and proper use of the product. In some cases, the information appeared in small type, with poor contrast between the label text and the background. Furthermore, there was no standard location for the various pieces of information presented on labels for these health products.

All of these factors can prevent the consumer from finding the information needed to make informed decisions in a timely manner, particularly at the time of selecting the product. Important product information should be placed in a consistent location on the label and be easy to read and understand. The aging of the population and the significant increase in the number of non-prescription drugs on the market add to the importance of addressing these issues.

As part of Health Canada's PLL initiative, the outer label of non-prescription drugs is required by regulations to display a table containing specific information.^{Footnote 1} A proposal will be introduced in the fall of 2018 to require a similar table for some NHPs. The purpose of both the Drug Facts Table for non-prescription drugs and the Product Facts Table for NHPs is to display the information required by the regulations in a standardized, easy-to-read format in order to enhance the safe and effective use of these products. The concept is similar to that of the Nutrition Facts table for foods in Canada^{Footnote 113} and the Drug Facts box required by the Food and Drugs Administration for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the United States.^{Footnote 24 Footnote 114 Footnote 115}

A consistent order and format must be used for the Facts Table. The information should be written at a grade 6 to grade 8 reading level, avoiding technical language and using short sentences or bullet form wherever possible. This will enable consumers to:

• compare different products, specifically where there may be similarities in the name, packaging, or ingredients, to help in selection of the product most suitable for their needs or symptoms
• identify the same medicinal ingredient in multiple products, to avoid the potential for unintentional overdose
• quickly locate the directions for safe use and associated warnings
• quickly locate the list of product ingredients, to avoid the potential for allergic reactions

For complete information on the design specifications and required sections of the Canadian Drug Facts Table, please refer to the Guidance Document: Labelling Requirements for Non-prescription Drugs. The guidance document also provides sponsors, market authorization holders and license holders with direction on the development of plain language content for non-prescription Drug Facts Tables.

A guidance document applicable to labelling of NHPs will be developed once proposed changes to the Natural Health Products Regulations have been finalized.

Appendix 1 - Glossary

Active ingredient: "means a drug that, when used as a raw material in the fabrication of a drug in dosage form, provides its intended effect." (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01A.00117)

Aggregate analysis: see "Multi-incident analysis"

Brand name (Drug): "means, with reference to a drug, the name, whether or not including the name of any manufacturer, corporation, partnership or individual, in English or French,

(a) that is assigned to the drug by its manufacturer,
(b) under which the drug is sold or advertised, and
(c) that is used to distinguish the drug" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Brand name (NHP): "means a name in English or French, whether or not it includes the name of a manufacturer, corporation, partnership or individual

(a) that is used to distinguish the natural health product; and
(b) under which a natural health product is sold or advertised." (Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Close proximity: "means, with reference to common name, immediately adjacent to the common name without any intervening printed, written or graphic matter" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section B.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Common name: "means, with reference to a drug, the name in English or French by which the drug is

(a) commonly known, and
(b) designated in scientific or technical journals, other than the publications referred to in Schedule B to the Act" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Confirmation bias: a phenomenon that "leads an individual to 'see' information that confirms their expectations, rather than to see information that contradicts expectations." (Human factors and substitution errors. ISMP Can Saf Bull. 2003;3(5):1-2.^{Footnote 117})

Critical incident: "an incident resulting in serious harm (loss of life, limb, or vital organ) to the patient, or the significant risk thereof. Incidents are considered critical when there is an evident need for immediate investigation and response. The investigation is designed to identify contributing factors and the response includes actions to reduce the likelihood of recurrence." (Davies J, et al. Canadian Patient Safety Dictionary. 2003^{Footnote 118})

Dosage form (NHP): "The final physical form of the NHP [natural health product] which may be used by the consumer without requiring any further manufacturing." (Licensed Natural Health Products Database (LNHPD) - Terminology Guide^{Footnote 119})

Drug: "includes any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold or represented for use in

(a) the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of a disease, disorder or abnormal physical state, or its symptoms, in human beings or animals,
(b) restoring, correcting or modifying organic functions in human beings or animals, or
(c) disinfection in premises in which food is manufactured, prepared or kept;" (Food and Drugs Act, Section 2^{Footnote 2})

Drug in dosage form: "means a drug in a form in which it is ready for use by the consumer without requiring any further manufacturing." (Food and Drug Regulations, Subsection C.01.005(3)^{Footnote 17})

Expiration date or Expiry date: "means the earlier of
(a) the date, expressed at minimum as a year and month, up to and including which a drug maintains its labelled potency, purity and physical characteristics, and
(b) the date, expressed at a minimum as a year and month, after which the manufacturer recommends that the drug not be used." (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001;^{Footnote 17} Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Font: "A complete set of characters in one design, size, and style. In traditional metal type, a font meant a particular size and style; in digital typography a font can output multiple sizes and even altered styles of a typeface design." (Carter R, et al. Typographic design: Form and communication, fifth edition. 2012^{Footnote 11})

Healthcare Practitioner: "means a person lawfully entitled under the law of a province to provide health services in the place in which the services are provided by that person". (Canada Health Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-6^{Footnote 120})

Human factors engineering: "the discipline concerned with understanding how humans interact with the world around them. It draws upon applied research in many areas, such as biomechanics, kinesiology, physiology, and cognitive science, to define the parameters and restraints that influence human performance. This knowledge can be used to design systems so that they are compatible with human characteristics. Conversely, if systems are not compatible with human characteristics, performance can be adversely affected." (Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA): A framework for proactively identifying risk in healthcare. Version 1. 2006^{Footnote 121})

Immediate container: "means the receptacle that is in direct contact with a drug" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Inner label (Drug): "means the label on or affixed to an immediate container of a food or drug" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section A.01.010^{Footnote 17})

Inner label (NHP): "means the label on or affixed to an immediate container of a natural health product." (Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Key Elements: For the purposes of this guide, eight elements were identified by the expert advisory panel as being the key pieces of information for inclusion on the principal display panel of a health product label. These elements assist the user to correctly select a product and use it appropriately. They are intended to complement international regulatory recommendations and align with national and international standards and safety literature. They do not incorporate all of the elements required by regulation or guidance for various types of health products. For example, the drug identification number (DIN) or natural product number (NPN), as applicable, is required by regulation, but neither is listed among the eight key elements.

Key Information: For the purposes of this guide, key information includes the key elements (refer to section 2.4.1, "Key Elements on the Principal Display Panel" for further information) and label information required by regulations.

Label: "includes any legend, word or mark attached to, included in, belonging to or accompanying any food, drug, cosmetic, device or package" (Food and Drugs Act, Section 2^{Footnote 2})

Legibility: Ease of identifying each letter or character; affects the readability of words and sentences.

Lot number (Drug): "means any combination of letters, figures, or both, by which any food or drug can be traced in manufacture and identified in distribution" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section A.01.010^{Footnote 17})

Lot number (NHP): "means any combination of letters, figures, or both, by which a natural health product can be traced in manufacture and identified in distribution." (Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Main panel: see "Principal display panel"

Manufacturer or distributor: "means a person, including an association or partnership, who under their own name, or under a trade-, design or word mark, trade name or other name, word or mark controlled by them, sells a food or drug" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section A.01.010^{Footnote 17})

Medication error: see "Medication incident"

Medication incident: "Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer. Medication incidents may be related to professional practice, drug products, procedures, and systems, and include prescribing, order communication, product labelling/packaging/nomenclature, compounding, dispensing, distribution, administration, education, monitoring, and use." (Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. Definitions of terms.^{Footnote 122})

Medicinal Ingredient (NHP): "is a substance which is set out in Schedule 1 of the NHPR, is biologically active and is included in an NHP for the purposes of: diagnosing, treating, mitigating, or preventing a disease, disorder, or abnormal physical state or its symptoms in humans; restoring or correcting organic functions in humans; or modifying organic functions in humans, such as modifying those functions in a manner that maintains or promotes health. A medicinal ingredient is characterized by its physical form, its chemical attributes, its source, its preparation, as well as its dose and pharmacological action." (Pathway for Licensing Natural Health Products Making Modern Health Claims, Section 1.5, Definitions^{Footnote 123})

Microgram: one-millionth of a gram, 1 x 10^-6 gram.

Mock-up: In the context of medication labelling and packaging, a full-colour, actual-size copy of the labels and a colour representation (e.g., photograph) of the packages intended to be used for the sale of the drug, including all presentation and design elements, proposed graphics, fonts, colours, and text (with a place holder for expiry date, DIN, and lot number).

Multi-incident analysis: "a method for reviewing several incidents at once instead of one by one, by grouping them in themes (in terms of composition or origin) … This method of analysis can generate valuable organizational and/or system-wide learning that cannot be obtained through the other methods." (Canadian Incident Analysis Framework. 2012^{Footnote 124})

Natural health product (NHP): "means a substance set out in Schedule 1 or a combination of substances in which all the medicinal ingredients are substances set out in Schedule 1, a homeopathic medicine or a traditional medicine, that is manufactured, sold or represented for use in
(a) the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of a disease, disorder or abnormal physical state or its symptoms in humans;
(b) restoring or correcting organic functions in humans; or
(c) modifying organic functions in humans, such as modifying those functions in a manner that maintains or promotes health.
However, a natural health product does not include a substance set out in Schedule 2, any combination of substances that includes a substance set out in Schedule 2 or a homeopathic medicine or a traditional medicine that is or includes a substance set out in Schedule 2." (Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Non-medicinal / inactive ingredient (Drug): "means a substance—other than the pharmacologically active drug—that is added during the manufacturing process and that is present in the finished drug product" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Non-medicinal / inactive ingredient (NHP): "Any substance added to a NHP formulation to confer suitable consistency or form to the medicinal ingredients. In a manner consistent with existing regulations for conventional pharmaceuticals, non-medicinal ingredients should not exhibit any pharmacological effects of their own, should not exceed the minimum concentration required for the formulation, and should be safe in the amounts used. The presence of a non-medicinal ingredient must not adversely affect the bioavailability, pharmacological activity or safety of the medicinal ingredients. As well, non-medicinal ingredients must not interfere with assays and tests for the medicinal ingredients and, when present, antimicrobial preservative effectiveness. Non-medicinal ingredients should be the least toxic available that are appropriate to the formulation.

Non-medicinal ingredients can include, but are not limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, colouring agents, fragrances and flavours that are necessary for the formulation of the dosage form. Non-medicinal ingredient purposes such as surfactants, which are only applicable to topical products, are also indicated. Antimicrobial preservatives and antioxidants will be considered as non-medicinal ingredients but should not be used as alternatives to Good Manufacturing Practices." (Licensed Natural Health Products Database (LNHPD) - Terminology Guide^{Footnote 119})

Non-prescription drug: a drug not listed on Health Canada's Prescription Drug List and available without a prescription.^{Footnote 5}

Non-proprietary name: describes the drug substance. International Non-proprietary Names are unique, universally applicable, and globally accepted names. A non-proprietary name is the proper name of an ingredient (or the common name if the ingredient has no proper name). (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Outer label (Drug): "means the label on or affixed to the outside of a package of a food or drug" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section A.01.010^{Footnote 17})

Outer label (NHP): "means the label on or affixed to the outside of a package of a natural health product. (Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Package: "includes anything in which any food, drug, cosmetic or device is wholly or partly contained, placed or packed" (Food and Drugs Act, Section 2^{Footnote 2})

Parenteral use: "means administration of a drug by means of a hypodermic syringe, needle or other instrument through or into the skin or mucous membrane" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Plain Language: "is a clear writing style designed to be easy to read and understood by the intended audience. It includes how information is organized and displayed within a space, such as the use of white space, fonts, 'active' instead of 'passive' voice of instructions, design elements and color. (Guidance Document: Questions and Answers: Plain Language Labelling Regulations^{Footnote 125})

Point: "A measure of size used principally in typesetting … It is most often used to indicate the size of type or amount of leading added between lines." (Carter R, et al. Typographic design: Form and communication, fifth edition. 2012^{Footnote 11})

Point size: "the approximate distance from the top of an uppercase letter to the bottom of a lowercase letter with a descender (for example, the bottom of a 'j')." (Singer JP, et al. Manufacturer's guide to developing consumer product instructions. 2003^{Footnote 126})

Potency: "The amount per dosage unit of the standardized component(s) which further characterizes the quantity of the ingredient. It is required only when a claim on the potency is to be on the label, or it is required for a specific product (i.e. when literature supports the product with that standardized component). In the Supplementary Good Manufacturing Practices for Homeopathic Medicines, potency refers to the degree of dilution of a homeopathic medicine." (Licensed Natural Health Products Database (LNHPD) - Terminology Guide^{Footnote 119})

Principal display panel (also referred to as "main panel"): "means
(a) in the case of a container that is mounted on a display card, that part of the label applied to all or part of the principal display surface of the container or to all or part of the side of the display card that is displayed or visible under normal or customary conditions of sale or use or to both such parts of the container and the display card,
(b) in the case of an ornamental container, that part of the label applied to all or part of the bottom of the container or to all or part of the principal display surface or to all or part of a tag that is attached to the container, and
(c) in the case of all other containers, that part of the label applied to all or part of the principal display surface." (Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations, Section 2^{Footnote 127})

Proper name (Drug): "means, with reference to a drug, the name in English or French
(a) assigned to the drug in section C.01.002,
(b) that appears in bold-face type for the drug in these Regulations and, where the drug is dispensed in a form other than that described in this Part, the name of the dispensing form,
(c) specified in the Canadian licence in the case of drugs included in Schedule C or Schedule D to the Act, or
(d) assigned in any of the publications mentioned in Schedule B to the Act in the case of drugs not included in paragraph (a), (b) or (c)" (Food and Drug Regulations, Section C.01.001^{Footnote 17})

Proper name (NHP): "means, in respect of an ingredient of a natural health product, one of the following:
(a) if the ingredient is a vitamin, the name for that vitamin set out in item 3 of Schedule 1;
(b) if the ingredient is a plant or a plant material, an alga, a bacterium, a fungus, a non-human animal material or a probiotic, the Latin nomenclature of its genus and, if any, its specific epithet; and
(c) if the ingredient is other than one described in paragraphs (a) or (b), the chemical name of the ingredient." (Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Readability: "Readability refers to how easy a piece of writing is to read and understand." (Plain Language Commission. Readability Reports ^{Footnote 128})

Recommended use or purpose, health claim: "A statement that indicates the intended beneficial effect of an NHP [natural health product] when used in accordance with the recommended conditions of use. The term 'recommended use or purpose' is often used interchangeably with 'health claim' or 'indications for use'". (Licensed Natural Health Products Database (LNHPD) - Terminology Guide^{Footnote 119})

Root cause analysis: "an analytic tool that can be used to perform a comprehensive, system-based review of critical incidents. It includes the identification of the root and contributory factors, determination of risk reduction strategies, and development of action plans along with measurement strategies to evaluate the effectiveness of the plans." (Canadian Patient Safety Institute. Canadian Root Cause Analysis Framework. 2006^{Footnote 129})

Security package: "means a package having a security feature that provides reasonable assurance to consumers that the package has not been opened prior to purchase." (Food and Drug Regulations, section A.01.010; Natural Health Products Regulations, Section 1^{Footnote 3})

Substitution error: an error where the wrong product is selected instead of the intended product.

Le Système international d'unités (The International system of units, also known as the "SI"): "consists of a set of base units, prefixes and derived units…:

• The SI base units are a choice of seven well-defined units which by convention are regarded as dimensionally independent: the metre, the kilogram, the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the mole, and the candela.
• Derived units are formed by combining the base units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities. The names and symbols of some of the units thus formed can be replaced by special names and symbols which can themselves be used to form expressions and symbols of other derived units.

The SI is not static but evolves to match the world's increasingly demanding requirements for measurement." (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition. 2006^{Footnote 54})

Trade dress: "any material quality of a product's packaging or physical appearance that serves a branding function."^{Footnote 130} This includes "the manner in which a company packages, wraps, labels, a drug or biologic product including the use of colour schemes, sizes, designs, shapes, and placements of words or graphics on a container label and/or carton labeling."^{Footnote 22} In Canada, for the purpose of this guide, trade dress is also applicable to natural health products.

Type size: is commonly measured in points. See "Point" and "Point size".

User: group or individual who will use a health product in the sponsor's original container with its original label. Users can be identified through product use mapping and can include a sponsor's internal staff as well as users across the supply chain, including the point of administration of a health product.

Warning: A warning is a statement that must be highlighted and conveyed to every user before product administration, to facilitate correct product use and prevent harm.

• "Point of selection" warning: information in the 'Warnings' section of the Drug Facts table that is needed by the consumer when selecting a product for purchase
• "Point of use" warning: information in the 'Warnings' section of the Drug Facts table which is important to the consumer when taking the product, but which is not necessarily needed at the point of selection

White Space: "the 'negative' area surrounding a letterform" (Carter R, et al. Typographic design: Form and communication, fifth edition. 2012^{Footnote 11}) Such white space on a product label or package refers to any space not covered by print, markings, coloured graphics, watermarks, or other elements of the label.

Appendix 2 - Human Factors Principles and Assessment Methods Relevant to Labelling and Packaging

Human Factors: An Overview

Human factors engineering is a discipline concerned with understanding human characteristics and how humans interact with the world around them.^{Footnote 122} These characteristics and interactions can be referred to as "human factors". The discipline draws upon applied research in many areas (e.g., cognitive science, physiology, kinesiology, biomechanics) to define the things that influence human performance. This knowledge can then be used to design processes, systems, or objects that humans use or interact with so that performance is enhanced and errors are minimized.

It is important that product labels and packages be designed with the user in mind and with consideration of the environment and processes in which the product will be used (stocked, selected, and administered). Users are not designers, and designers are not users.^{Footnote 131} Although it is the designers who are primarily responsible for the design process, consideration should be given to involving users in all aspects of product design from the outset. In particular, designers must go beyond simply asking users what they may need or want.

Label and package designs may also benefit from ongoing review, also known as iterative design.^{Footnote 132} Making stepwise changes to a label or package design and tracking the rationale for each design change can help to optimize the design process. Part of the process can include asking the following questions. Is the information on the label grouped in a manner that will be understood by the user? What information is most prominent? What does the container tell the user about how the product is to be used? Does the product's appearance and how the information is presented infer the appropriate meaning to the user?

The following subsections present sample questions that can be used to define users and environments of use.

Users

Most products will have multiple types of users with different visual acuity, underlying diseases or conditions, and the number of health products already being used. Each category of user will have different requirements. To optimize safety, label and package design features may need to accommodate these differing requirements. Ideally, testing should involve novice users (people with little to no experience or knowledge of the product), occasional users (people with limited previous experience, who may not recall details of previous use), transfer users (people whose previous experience involves only similar health products, not the product in question), and expert users (people with extensive experience and knowledge of the product under consideration).^{Footnote 133}

• Will the product be used by consumers with or without help from healthcare professionals?
• What age groups of consumers are expected to interact with the health product?
• Should problems with vision (e.g., partial sightedness, deficiencies in colour perception) be considered in product design? Visual capacity may be particularly relevant for products intended to treat eye problems or support eye care, as well as for products for conditions in which vision may be compromised (e.g., diabetes mellitus). Computer software can be used to process digital images of health product labels and packages to simulate the effects of common colour deficiencies.
• How knowledgeable is the typical user?
• What characteristics might the users have that could affect their ability to use the product correctly (e.g., physical strength, dexterity, coordination, vision, hearing, memory, disease state, mental clarity, ability to swallow, tolerance of medications that are unpalatable or are difficult to swallow or ingest)?
• How simple or complex is it to use the product, i.e., are multiple steps or excessive manipulation needed to use the product?
• What critical tasks are users expected to perform simultaneously?

Health Literacy

Health literacy is a potential risk factor for medication incidents.^{Footnote 134Footnote 135} Several instruments for assessing literacy are available, including the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) test,^{Footnote 136} the REALM-Teen test for determining adolescents' literacy levels,^{Footnote 137} the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA),^{Footnote 138Footnote 139} the Flesch-Kincaid Test,^{Footnote 140} and the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument.^{Footnote 141}

• What is the health literacy range of users of the product? See below information on health literacy.
• What are the users' native languages?

Environments of Use

Health products may be used in retail pharmacies, retail outlets for natural health products, hospitals, long-term care facilities, healthcare professionals' offices, dispensaries, or specialty pharmacies, emergency transport settings, and the consumer's home. Although all interactions with health product labels and packages will ideally occur in optimal environments, health products are often used and stored in poorly lit rooms with multiple high stress variables contributing to the complexity of choosing and using a product.

• What are all the possible environments where users may interact with the health product?
• Are similar products already being used within these environments? If so, is their mode of use similar to that of the proposed product?
• Have there been errors with similar products in the environment?
• Could the choice of colours and contrast negatively impact the ability to select and use a product in low-light environments?
• What other types of products may be stored in close proximity?

Any form of assessment, whether internal or external, requires a good understanding of who the users are, how the product will be used, the environments in which it will be used, and how users will interact with various aspects of the product, such as the container, the inner and outer labels, the packaging itself, and dosing devices.

Consumer Use Studies

What are Consumer Use Studies?

The term "consumer use studies" refers to a set of methods for assessing usability, identifying problems experienced by consumers, and developing solutions to eliminate or reduce the consequences of these problems. Consumer use studies simulate or mimic the circumstances of product use to provide a realistic view of how the label and package function within the intended environments. Consumer use studies are not quality assurance testing, nor are they market research. They are performed under controlled conditions to determine whether consumers can accomplish specific goals with the product or system of interest.

How Can Consumer Use Studies Help?

Consumer use studies help to determine whether consumers can safely and effectively perform the critical tasks involved in selecting and using the health product or whether they will make errors, have difficulty, or be unable to use the product at all. This is beneficial for non-prescription drugs or natural health products, as the consumer must be able to understand the labelling to use the product safely and effectively in the absence of health professional support. It may also be necessary to consider whether incorrect use might lead to a delay in seeking medical treatment, and if so, whether the consumer would suffer serious health consequences as a result. Consumers should also be able to recognize contraindications and understand essential precautions and warnings. They should be able to distinguish adverse reactions that can be experienced with the use of the product as well as when they should stop taking the product and seek medical advice.

Consumer use studies can be used to discover more specific information about users' experiences with a product and can help to identify problems beyond the general principles outlined in this guide.

When Should Consumer Use Studies Be Considered?

Although not mandatory, sponsors are encouraged to consider consumer use studies in label and package design in the following situations:

• new label or package design (e.g., design that is novel or not normally associated with the product)
• additions to a product line (e.g., addition of an extended-release formulation)
• changes to a currently marketed product (e.g., new packaging configuration, new indication of use, new delivery system, new target population)
• significant changes to layout or colour of a label (e.g., changes that may affect readability or reorganization of key information)
• change in drug status (e.g., from prescription to non-prescription. In certain situations, consumer use studies may be required^{Footnote 142})
• post market safety issues with the product label or package

Consumer use studies carry certain costs, however these up-front investments are often much lower than the economic costs of correcting poorly designed packages and labels that increase the risk of serious harm after the products have been released on the market. Well-designed packages and labels improve user satisfaction and can ultimately cost less for a wide variety of reasons.

Consumer Use Study Methods

Information and links are provided below to a number of methodologies that may be used to assess labels and packages. With higher levels of risk, additional and more rigorous testing methods are typically recommended. Development of product-use process maps are an integral component of these methodologies.

Comprehension Testing^{Footnote 61 Footnote 143 Footnote 144 Footnote 145 Footnote 146 Footnote 147}

Comprehension testing assesses user understanding of the communication elements of a label based on language, layout and graphics.^{Footnote 142} It should ideally be applied to all key messages on product labels.^{Footnote 61} Comprehension testing involves having an interviewer show the health product or a mock-up to participants and asking them to state the meaning of the label's content (e.g., abbreviation). The interviewer then asks additional questions to assess any discrepancies between intended and interpreted meanings and to identify potential solutions to these discrepancies.

Self-Selection Studies^{Footnote 142}

Self-selection studies test whether consumers can apply the label information to their personal medical situations and make correct decisions to use or not use the product (self-selection decision). The key questions to be addressed are: Can consumers identify the purpose for the product and, based on their health conditions, can they demonstrate good judgment about whether the product is right for them? Self-selection studies therefore evaluate the ability of consumers to determine whether a potential non-prescription or natural health product is appropriate for their use based on the recommended use(s) of the product, the precautions/warnings specified on the proposed product label and their personal health history.

Cognitive Walkthrough^{Footnote 121Footnote 148Footnote 149Footnote 150}

Cognitive walkthrough involves guiding a small number of users through a process or task, often early in the design process, to examine mental activities and challenges experienced.^{Footnote 148Footnote 149} It can be used as part of an FMEA and can be applied in any setting.^{Footnote 121} Cognitive walkthrough can be used to assess health products that are contraindicated in specific populations.

Users walk through the assigned tasks, "thinking out loud" as they do so, to allow the investigator to gain a detailed understanding of users' expectations and challenges. Potential design solutions identified through the cognitive walkthrough should then be applied to improve the design of health product labels and packages.

An accurate understanding of the situation, achieved by involving users in their own environments (either real life or "high-fidelity simulations"), will enhance the value and benefit of findings of the cognitive walkthrough.

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis^{Footnote 60Footnote 121}

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a type of proactive risk assessment that can be used to systematically evaluate product-related hazards and points of risk within the broader system where a product will be used (users, environments). It represents a way to identify and prioritize these risks, identify strategies to mitigate or address problems or potential errors (e.g., to reduce the probability of occurrence of the error, to reduce the severity of consequences of an error, or to increase the likelihood that the error will be noticed), and evaluate the mitigation strategies.

Actual Use Studies^{Footnote 142}

An actual use study incorporates elements of both a self-selection study and a label comprehension study, but also provides information about consumer compliance with the recommended dosing and dosing regimen, and provides insight on potential misuse of the product. An actual use study determines the safety and effectiveness of the product under the proposed non-prescription and natural health product conditions of use, based on consumer compliance with respect to warning(s), dosage instructions, and other advice that constitutes non-prescription and natural health product labelling. These studies are intended to demonstrate the way consumers will use the product in everyday life.

Appendix 3 - Product-Use Process Maps

Product-use process maps outline where and how a product will be used, according to its indications and who will potentially come into contact with it. They are intended to provide a complete and accurate understanding of how the product will be used, the environments of use, and how users will interact with it (e.g., with the container closure, container label, packaging and package labels, dose delivery devices) to identify and make decisions about using the product.

Product-use process maps can be helpful when human factors-based user testing is planned, as such maps will help in identifying the scope of use and the primary users.

An example of a product-use process map is presented below. Selection and administration are the key points in the process where users interact with product (specifically with the label and the package). In the example below, these points of interaction are presented in red italic text.

Sample Product-Use Process Map for Natural Health Product (NHP) Recommendation Made by a Naturopathic Doctor

Sample Product-Use Process Map for Natural Health Product (NHP) Recommendation Made by a Naturopathic Doctor - Long description

The figure is a Sample product-use process map for a natural health product NHP recommendation made by a naturopathic doctor.

The map has 2 columns. The left column lists the steps of prescribing, transcription and documentation, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. The right column shows the flow of events of the product use process.

Prescribing

Naturopathic doctor in clinic makes NHP recommendation to patient following assessment and diagnosis

Transcription/Documentation

Naturopathic doctor enters the recommendation into patient's chart or electronic chart, and provides patient with a written prescription or recommendation

Dispensing

There are two scenarios where the patient may acquire a NHP.

Scenario 1 In the naturopathic clinic dispensary

The naturopathic doctor or assistant selects product from dispensary. This step is written in red italics on the map.

Scenario 2 In the pharmacy or health food store

The patient self-selects product from the shelf. This step is written in red italics on the map.

Both scenarios lead to administration.

Administration

Patient takes NHP at home. This step is written in red italics on the map.

Monitoring

Naturopathic doctor assesses patient's response to NHP

Note: Naturopathic doctors are required by regulation to advise patients, by the posting of a notice, that they may purchase a recommended NHP from the naturopathic doctor or from a pharmacy or health food store of their choice. Information presented in red italic text highlights the processes involved in selection and administration - key points in the process where users interact with products.

Appendix 4 - Acknowledgements

Expert advisory panel members:

A special thank-you is extended by ISMP Canada and Health Canada to other members of the expert advisory panel for their direction, input, and support for the guide:

• Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society
• Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors
• Canadian Nurses Association
• Canadian Pharmacists Association
• Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists
• Canadian Standards Association Group
• European Medicines Agency, London, UK
• Healthcare Human Factors, Centre for Global eHealth Innovation, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices (US)
• Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, United Kingdom
• Medicines Evaluation Board, The Netherlands
• Patients for Patient Safety Canada
• Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration

References

Where possible and applicable, references have been sourced from publicly available Internet sites.