Dietary reference intakes for vitamins

Abbreviations

Reference values for Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K
Age	Vitamin A^{Table 1 footnote 1}^{Table 1 footnote 2}						Vitamin D^{Table 1 footnote **}^{Table 1 footnote 4}						Vitamin E^{Table 1 footnote 5}			Vitamin K
Age	EAR μg/day (RAE)	RDA/AI μg/day (RAE)	UL^{Table 1 footnote 3} μg/day (RAE)	EAR IU/day (RAE)	RDA/AI IU/day (RAE)	UL^{Table 1 footnote 3} IU/day (RAE)	EAR μg/day	RDA/AI μg/day	UL μg/day	EAR IU/day	RDA/AI IU/day	UL IU/day	EAR mg/day	RDA/AI mg/day	UL^{Table 1 footnote 6} mg/day	AI μg/day	UL^{Table 1 footnote 7} μg/day
Infants
0–6 mo	ND	400^{Table 1 footnote *}	600	ND	1,333^{Table 1 footnote *}	2,000	ND	10^{Table 1 footnote *}^{Table 1 footnote a}	25^{Table 1 footnote a}	ND	400^{Table 1 footnote *}^{Table 1 footnote a}	1,000^{Table 1 footnote a}	ND	4^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	2.0^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
7–12 mo	ND	500^{Table 1 footnote *}	600	ND	1,667^{Table 1 footnote *}	2,000	ND	10^{Table 1 footnote *}^{Table 1 footnote a}	38^{Table 1 footnote a}	ND	400^{Table 1 footnote *}^{Table 1 footnote a}	1,500^{Table 1 footnote a}	ND	5^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND	2.5^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Children
1–3 y	210	300	600	700	1,000	2,000	10	15	63	400	600	2,500	5	6	200	30^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
4–8 y	275	400	900	917	1,333	3,000	10	15	75	400	600	3,000	6	7	300	55^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Males
9–13 y	445	600	1,700	1,483	2,000	5,667	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	9	11	600	60^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
14–18 y	630	900	2,800	2,100	3,000	9,333	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	800	75^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
19–30 y	625	900	3,000	2,083	3,000	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	120^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
31–50 y	625	900	3,000	2,083	3,000	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	120^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
51–70 y	625	900	3,000	2,083	3,000	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	120^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
>70 y	625	900	3,000	2,083	3,000	10,000	10	20	100	400	800	4,000	12	15	1,000	120^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Females
9–13 y	420	600	1,700	1,400	2,000	5,667	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	9	11	600	60^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
14–18 y	485	700	2,800	1,617	2,333	9,333	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	800	75^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
19–30 y	500	700	3,000	1,667	2,333	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
31–50 y	500	700	3,000	1,667	2,333	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
51–70 y	500	700	3,000	1,667	2,333	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
>70 y	500	700	3,000	1,667	2,333	10,000	10	20	100	400	800	4,000	12	15	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y	530	750	2,800	1,767	2,500	9,333	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	800	75^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
19–30 y	550	770	3,000	1,833	2,567	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
31–50 y	550	770	3,000	1,833	2,567	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	12	15	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Lactation
≤ 18 y	885	1,200	2,800	2,950	4,000	9,333	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	16	19	800	75^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
19–30 y	900	1,300	3,000	3,000	4,333	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	16	19	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
31–50 y	900	1,300	3,000	3,000	4,333	10,000	10	15	100	400	600	4,000	16	19	1,000	90^{Table 1 footnote *}	ND
Table 1 footnotes Table 1 footnote * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Return to table 1 footnote referrer Table 1 footnote The DRI values for vitamin D published in 2011 supersede the previous values published in 1997. Return to table 1 footnote referrer Table 1 footnote 1 As Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE). See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 1 footnote 1 referrer Table 1 footnote 2 No DRIs are established for beta-carotene or other carotenoids. However, existing recommendations for consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables are supported. Return to table 1 footnote 2 referrer Table 1 footnote 3 UL as preformed vitamin A only. Beta-carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. Return to table 1 footnote 3 referrer Table 1 footnote 4 These reference values assume minimal sun exposure. Return to table 1 footnote 4 referrer Table 1 footnote 5 EAR and RDA/AI as alpha-tocopherol (2R-stereoisomeric forms) only. See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 1 footnote 5 referrer Table 1 footnote 6 The UL for vitamin E applies only to synthetic vitamin E (all isomeric forms) obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Return to table 1 footnote 6 referrer Table 1 footnote 7 Due to lack of suitable data, a UL could not be established for vitamin K. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 1 footnote 7 referrer Table 1 footnote a Life-stage groups for infants were 0-5.9 and 6-11.9 months. Return to table 1 footnote a referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Reference values for Vitamin C, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, and Vitamin B6
Age	Vitamin C^{Table 2 footnote 8} mg/day			Thiamin mg/day			Riboflavin mg/day			Niacin^{Table 2 footnote 10} mg/day (NE)			Vitamin B6 mg/day
Age	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 9}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 9}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 11}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL
Infants
0–6 mo	ND	40^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND^{Table 2 footnote b}	ND	0.2^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	0.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	2^{Table 2 footnote *Table 2 footnote c}	ND	ND	0.1^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND
7–12 mo	ND	50^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	0.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	0.4^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	4^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND	ND	0.3^{Table 2 footnote *}	ND
Children
1–3 y	13	15	400	0.4	0.5	ND	0.4	0.5	ND	5	6	10	0.4	0.5	30
4–8 y	22	25	650	0.5	0.6	ND	0.5	0.6	ND	6	8	15	0.5	0.6	40
Males
9–13 y	39	45	1,200	0.7	0.9	ND	0.8	0.9	ND	9	12	20	0.8	1.0	60
14–18 y	63	75	1,800	1.0	1.2	ND	1.1	1.3	ND	12	16	30	1.1	1.3	80
19–30 y	75	90	2,000	1.0	1.2	ND	1.1	1.3	ND	12	16	35	1.1	1.3	100
31–50 y	75	90	2,000	1.0	1.2	ND	1.1	1.3	ND	12	16	35	1.1	1.3	100
51–70 y	75	90	2,000	1.0	1.2	ND	1.1	1.3	ND	12	16	35	1.4	1.7	100
>70 y	75	90	2,000	1.0	1.2	ND	1.1	1.3	ND	12	16	35	1.4	1.7	100
Females
9–13 y	39	45	1,200	0.7	0.9	ND	0.8	0.9	ND	9	12	20	0.8	1.0	60
14–18 y	56	65	1,800	0.9	1.0	ND	0.9	1.0	ND	11	14	30	1.0	1.2	80
19–30 y	60	75	2,000	0.9	1.1	ND	0.9	1.1	ND	11	14	35	1.1	1.3	100
31–50 y	60	75	2,000	0.9	1.1	ND	0.9	1.1	ND	11	14	35	1.1	1.3	100
51–70 y	60	75	2,000	0.9	1.1	ND	0.9	1.1	ND	11	14	35	1.3	1.5	100
>70 y	60	75	2,000	0.9	1.1	ND	0.9	1.1	ND	11	14	35	1.3	1.5	100
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y	66	80	1,800	1.2	1.4	ND	1.2	1.4	ND	14	18	30	1.6	1.9	80
19–30 y	70	85	2,000	1.2	1.4	ND	1.2	1.4	ND	14	18	35	1.6	1.9	100
31–50 y	70	85	2,000	1.2	1.4	ND	1.2	1.4	ND	14	18	35	1.6	1.9	100
Lactation
≤ 18 y	96	115	1,800	1.2	1.4	ND	1.3	1.6	ND	13	17	30	1.7	2.0	80
19–30 y	100	120	2,000	1.2	1.4	ND	1.3	1.6	ND	13	17	35	1.7	2.0	100
31–50 y	100	120	2,000	1.2	1.4	ND	1.3	1.6	ND	13	17	35	1.7	2.0	100
Table 2 footnotes Table 2 footnote * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Return to table 2 footnote referrer Table 2 footnote 8 Because smoking increases oxidative stress and metabolic turnover of vitamin C, the requirement for smokers is increased by 35 mg/day. Return to table 2 footnote 8 referrer Table 2 footnote 9 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for thiamin and riboflavin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 2 footnote 9 referrer Table 2 footnote 10 As Niacin Equivalents (NE). See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 2 footnote 10 referrer Table 2 footnote 11 In mg/day. The UL for niacin applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Return to table 2 footnote 11 referrer Table 2 footnote b Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. Return to table 2 footnote b referrer Table 2 footnote c As preformed niacin, not NE, for this age group. Return to table 2 footnote c referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Reference values for Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, and Choline
Age	Folate^{Table 3 footnote 12} μg/day (DFE)			Vitamin B12 μg/day			Pantothenic Acid mg/day		Biotin μg/day		Choline^{Table 3 footnote 15} mg/day
Age	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 13}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 14}	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 14}	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 14}	AI	UL
Infants
0–6 mo	ND	65^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	0.4^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	1.7^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	125^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND
7–12 mo	ND	80^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	ND	0.5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	1.8^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	6^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	150^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND
Children
1–3 y	120	150	300	0.7	0.9	ND	2^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	8^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	200^{Table 3 footnote *}	1,000
4–8 y	160	200	400	1.0	1.2	ND	3^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	12^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	250^{Table 3 footnote *}	1,000
Males
9–13 y	250	300	600	1.5	1.8	ND	4^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	20^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	375^{Table 3 footnote *}	2,000
14–18 y	330	400	800	2.0	2.4	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	25^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,000
19–30 y	320	400	1,000	2.0	2.4	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
31–50 y	320	400	1,000	2.0	2.4	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
51–70 y	320	400	1,000	2.0	2.4^{Table 3 footnote f}	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
>70 y	320	400	1,000	2.0	2.4^{Table 3 footnote f}	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
Females
9–13 y	250	300	600	1.5	1.8	ND	4^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	20^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	375^{Table 3 footnote *}	2,000
14–18 y	330	400^{Table 3 footnote d}	800	2.0	2.4	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	25^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	400^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,000
19–30 y	320	400^{Table 3 footnote d}	1,000	2.0	2.4	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	425^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
31–50 y	320	400^{Table 3 footnote d}	1,000	2.0	2.4	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	425^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
51–70 y	320	400	1,000	2.0	2.4^{Table 3 footnote f}	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	425^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
>70 y	320	400	1,000	2.0	2.4^{Table 3 footnote f}	ND	5^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	425^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y	520	600^{Table 3 footnote e}	800	2.2	2.6	ND	6^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	450^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,000
19–30 y	520	600^{Table 3 footnote e}	1,000	2.2	2.6	ND	6^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	450^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
31–50 y	520	600^{Table 3 footnote e}	1,000	2.2	2.6	ND	6^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	30^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	450^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
Lactation
≤ 18 y	450	500	800	2.4	2.8	ND	7^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	35^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,000
19–30 y	450	500	1,000	2.4	2.8	ND	7^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	35^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
31–50 y	450	500	1,000	2.4	2.8	ND	7^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	35^{Table 3 footnote *}	ND	550^{Table 3 footnote *}	3,500
Table 3 footnotes Table 3 footnote * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Return to table 3 footnote referrer Table 3 footnote 12 As Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE). See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 3 footnote 12 referrer Table 3 footnote 13 The UL for folate applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. The UL values are expressed as micrograms of folic acid, not micrograms of DFEs. Return to table 3 footnote 13 referrer Table 3 footnote 14 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin B12, pantothenic acid or biotin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 3 footnote 14 referrer Table 3 footnote 15 Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. Return to table 3 footnote 15 referrer Table 3 footnote d In view of evidence linking the use of supplements containing folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy with reduced risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg of folic acid every day, in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. Return to table 3 footnote d referrer Table 3 footnote e It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg folic acid from supplements until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care. The critical time for formation of the neural tube is within four weeks after conception. Return to table 3 footnote e referrer Table 3 footnote f Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound vitamin B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet the RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with vitamin B12 or a supplement containing vitamin B12. Return to table 3 footnote f referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

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Date modified:: 2023-09-19

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Dietary reference intakes for vitamins

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