Dietary Reference Intakes

Table 1 - Reference Values for Vitamins
	Vitamin A^{Table 1 footnote 1,Table 1 footnote 2}						Vitamin D **						Vitamin E^{Table 1 footnote 5}			Vitamin K
Unit	μg/day (RAE)			IU/day (RAE)			μg/day^{Table 1 footnote 4}			IU/day^{Table 1 footnote 4}			mg/day			μg/day
	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 1 footnote 3}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 1 footnote 3}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 1 footnote 6}	AI	UL^{Table 1 footnote 7}
Infants
0-6 mo	ND	400*	600	ND	1333*	2000	ND	10*	25	ND	400*	1000	ND	4*	ND	2.0*	ND
7-12 mo	ND	500*	600	ND	1667*	2000	ND	10*	38	ND	400*	1500	ND	5*	ND	2.5*	ND
Children
1-3 y	210	300	600	700	1000	2000	10	15	63	400	600	2500	5	6	200	30*	ND
4-8 y	275	400	900	917	1333	3000	10	15	75	400	600	3000	6	7	300	55*	ND
Males
9-13 y	445	600	1700	1483	2000	5667	10	15	100	400	600	4000	9	11	600	60*	ND
14-18 y	630	900	2800	2100	3000	9333	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	800	75*	ND
19-30 y	625	900	3000	2083	3000	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	120*	ND
31-50 y	625	900	3000	2083	3000	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	120*	ND
51-70 y	625	900	3000	2083	3000	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	120*	ND
>70 y	625	900	3000	2083	3000	10000	10	20	100	400	800	4000	12	15	1000	120*	ND
Females
9-13 y	420	600	1700	1400	2000	5667	10	15	100	400	600	4000	9	11	600	60*	ND
14-18 y	485	700	2800	1617	2333	9333	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	800	75*	ND
19-30 y	500	700	3000	1667	2333	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	90*	ND
31-50 y	500	700	3000	1667	2333	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	90*	ND
51-70 y	500	700	3000	1667	2333	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	90*	ND
>70 y	500	700	3000	1667	2333	10000	10	20	100	400	800	4000	12	15	1000	90*	ND
Pregnancy
< 18 y	530	750	2800	1767	2500	9333	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	800	75*	ND
19-30 y	550	770	3000	1833	2567	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	90*	ND
31-50 y	550	770	3000	1833	2567	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	12	15	1000	90*	ND
Lactation
< 18 y	885	1200	2800	2950	4000	9333	10	15	100	400	600	4000	16	19	800	75*	ND
19-30 y	900	1300	3000	3000	4333	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	16	19	1000	90*	ND
31-50 y	900	1300	3000	3000	4333	10000	10	15	100	400	600	4000	16	19	1000	90*	ND
This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. * New 2010 values have replaced previous 1997 values. Table 1 footnotes Table 1 footnote 1 As Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE). See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 1 footnote 1 referrer Table 1 footnote 2 No DRIs are established for beta-carotene or other carotenoids. However, existing recommendations for consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables are supported. Return to table 1 footnote 2 referrer Table 1 footnote 3 UL as preformed vitamin A only. Beta-carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. Return to table 1 footnote 3 referrer Table 1 footnote 4 These reference values assume minimal sun exposure. Return to table 1 footnote 4 referrer Table 1 footnote 5 EAR and RDA/AI as alpha-tocopherol (2R-stereoisomeric forms) only. See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 1 footnote 5 referrer Table 1 footnote 6 The UL for vitamin E applies only to synthetic vitamin E (all isomeric forms) obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Return to table 1 footnote 6 referrer Table 1 footnote 7 Due to lack of suitable data, a UL could not be established for vitamin K. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 1 footnote 7 referrer Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values.

Table 2 - Reference Values for Vitamins
	Vitamin C^{Table 2 footnote 8}			Thiamin			Riboflavin			Niacin ^{Table 2 footnote 10}			Vitamin B6
Unit	mg/day			mg/day			mg/day			mg/day (NE)			mg/day
	EAR	RDA/AI	UL	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 9}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 9}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 2 footnote 11}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL
Infants
0-6 mo 7-12 mo	ND ND	40* 50*	ND ND	ND ND	0.2* 0.3*	ND ND	ND ND	0.3* 0.4*	ND ND	ND ND	2**^{Table 2 footnote a}* 4*	ND ND	ND ND	0.1* 0.3*	ND ND
Children
1-3 y 4-8 y	13 22	15 25	400 650	0.4 0.5	0.5 0.6	ND ND	0.4 0.5	0.5 0.6	ND ND	5 6	6 8	10 15	0.4 0.5	0.5 0.6	30 40
Males
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	39 63 75 75 75 75	45 75 90 90 90 90	1200 1800 2000 2000 2000 2000	0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0	0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2	ND ND ND ND ND ND	0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1	0.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3	ND ND ND ND ND ND	9 12 12 12 12 12	12 16 16 16 16 16	20 30 35 35 35 35	0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4	1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7	60 80 100 100 100 100
Females
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	39 56 60 60 60 60	45 65 75 75 75 75	1200 1800 2000 2000 2000 2000	0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9	0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1	ND ND ND ND ND ND	0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9	0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1	ND ND ND ND ND ND	9 11 11 11 11 11	12 14 14 14 14 14	20 30 35 35 35 35	0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3	1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5	60 80 100 100 100 100
Pregnancy
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	66 70 70	80 85 85	1800 2000 2000	1.2 1.2 1.2	1.4 1.4 1.4	ND ND ND	1.2 1.2 1.2	1.4 1.4 1.4	ND ND ND	14 14 14	18 18 18	30 35 35	1.6 1.6 1.6	1.9 1.9 1.9	80 100 100
Lactation
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	96 100 100	115 120 120	1800 2000 2000	1.2 1.2 1.2	1.4 1.4 1.4	ND ND ND	1.3 1.3 1.3	1.6 1.6 1.6	ND ND ND	13 13 13	17 17 17	30 35 35	1.7 1.7 1.7	2.0 2.0 2.0	80 100 100
This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Table 1 footnotes Table 2 footnote 8 Because smoking increases oxidative stress and metabolic turnover of vitamin C, the requirement for smokers is increased by 35 mg/day. Return to table 2 footnote 8 referrer Table 2 footnote 9 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for thiamin and riboflavin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 2 footnote 9 referrer Table 2 footnote 10 As Niacin Equivalents (NE). See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 2 footnote 10 referrer Table 2 footnote 11 The UL for niacin applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Return to table 2 footnote 11 referrer Table 2 footnote a As preformed niacin, not NE, for this age group. Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values. Return to table 2 footnote a referrer

Table 3 - Reference Values for Vitamins
	Folate^{Table 3 footnote 12}			Vitamin B12			Pantothenic Acid		Biotin		Choline^{Table 3 footnote 15}
Unit	μg/day (DFE)			μg/day			mg/day		μg/day		mg/day
	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 13}	EAR	RDA/AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 14}	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 14}	AI	UL^{Table 3 footnote 14}	AI	UL
Infants
0-6 mo 7-12 mo	ND ND	65* 80*	ND ND	ND ND	0.4* 0.5*	ND ND	1.7* 1.8*	ND ND	5* 6*	ND ND	125* 150*	ND ND
Children
1-3 y 4-8 y	120 160	150 200	300 400	0.7 1.0	0.9 1.2	ND ND	2* 3*	ND ND	8* 12*	ND ND	200* 250*	1000 1000
Males
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	250 330 320 320 320 320	300 400 400 400 400 400	600 800 1000 1000 1000 1000	1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0	1.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 ^{Table 3 footnote d} 2.4 ^{Table 3 footnote d}	ND ND ND ND ND ND	4* 5* 5* 5* 5* 5*	ND ND ND ND ND ND	20* 25* 30* 30* 30* 30*	ND ND ND ND ND ND	375* 550* 550* 550* 550* 550*	2000 3000 3500 3500 3500 3500
Females
9-13 y 14-18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y 51-70 y >70 y	250 330 320 320 320 320	300 400^{Table 3 footnote b} 400^{Table 3 footnote b} 400^{Table 3 footnote b} 400 400	600 800 1000 1000 1000 1000	1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0	1.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4^{Table 3 footnote d} 2.4 ^{Table 3 footnote d}	ND ND ND ND ND ND	4* 5* 5* 5* 5* 5*	ND ND ND ND ND ND	20* 25* 30* 30* 30* 30*	ND ND ND ND ND ND	375* 400* 425* 425* 425* 425*	2000 3000 3500 3500 3500 3500
Pregnancy
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	520 520 520	600^{Table 3 footnote c} 600^{Table 3 footnote c} 600^{Table 3 footnote c}	800 1000 1000	2.2 2.2 2.2	2.6 2.6 2.6	ND ND ND	6* 6* 6*	ND ND ND	30* 30* 30*	ND ND ND	450* 450* 450*	3000 3500 3500
Lactation
< 18 y 19-30 y 31-50 y	450 450 450	500 500 500	800 1000 1000	2.4 2.4 2.4	2.8 2.8 2.8	ND ND ND	7* 7* 7*	ND ND ND	35* 35* 35*	ND ND ND	550* 550* 550*	3000 3500 3500
This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Table 3 footnotes Table 3 footnote 12 As Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE). See conversion factors for more details. Return to table 3 footnote 12 referrer Table 3 footnote 13 The UL for folate applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Return to table 3 footnote 13 referrer Table 3 footnote 14 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin B12, pantothenic acid or biotin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Return to table 3 footnote 14 referrer Table 3 footnote 15 Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. Return to table 3 footnote 15 referrer Table 3 footnote b In view of evidence linking the use of supplements containing folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy with reduced risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant take a supplement containing 400μg of folic acid every day, in addition to the amount of folate found in a healthy diet. Return to table 3 footnote b referrer Table 3 footnote c It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg folic acid from supplements until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care. The critical time for formation of the neural tube is shortly after conception. Return to table 3 footnote c referrer Table 3 footnote d Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound vitamin B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet the RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with vitamin B12 or a supplement containing vitamin B12. Note: These are reference values for normal, apparently healthy individuals eating a typical mixed North American diet. An individual may have physiological, health, or lifestyle characteristics that may require tailoring of specific nutrient values. Return to table 3 footnote d referrer

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Date modified:: 2010-11-29

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Dietary Reference Intakes

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