Medical assistance in dying: Independent reviews

Find out about Parliamentary and expert reviews commissioned on medical assistance in dying, and access reports.

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• About
• Parliamentary reviews
• Expert reviews

About

There have been several reviews on topics related to medical assistance in dying. Some of these were required by MAID legislation. These reviews have been conducted by special parliamentary committees and by independent expert groups commissioned by the Government of Canada.

Parliamentary reviews

Special joint parliamentary committees have been appointed to conduct specific reviews focused on issues of public importance related to medical assistance in dying.

Special Joint Committee on Medical Assistance in Dying

In April 2021, Parliament established a Special Joint Committee on Medical Assistance in Dying (also known as AMAD) made up of Members of Parliament and the Senate. The Committee reviewed the law's provisions and application, as well as important related topics, such as:

• mental illness
• palliative care
• advance requests
• eligibility of mature minors
• the protection of people with disabilities

On June 22, 2022, the Committee released an interim report on medical assistance in dying and mental disorders. The Government of Canada issued a response in October 2022.

The Committee's second report was tabled in Parliament on February 15, 2023. The Government of Canada issued a response to this second report in June 2023.

In October 2023, the Committee was given the task of undertaking a study on Canada's readiness prior to the law expanding in March 2024 to allow MAID requests for mental disorders. On January 29, 2024, the Committee released a third report laying out its recommendations about the degree of preparedness in Canada for the safe application of MAID for these requests. The Government of Canada tabled its response to this third report in Parliament on May 28, 2024.

Learn more about:

• Special Joint Committee on Medical Assistance in Dying
• Report 1 - Medical Assistance in Dying and Mental Disorder as the Sole Underlying Condition: An Interim Report (June 2022)
• Government Response to the First Report of the Special Joint Committee on MAID (October 2022)
• Report 2 - Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada: Choices for Canadians (Final report) (February 2023)
• Government Response to the final report of the Special Joint Committee on MAID (June 2023)
• Report 3 - Special Joint Committee on Medical Assistance in Dying: Report on MAID and Mental Disorders: The Road Ahead (January 2024)
• Government Response to the Third Report of the Special Joint Committee on MAID (May 2024)

Special Joint Committee on Physician-Assisted Dying

After the February 2015 Supreme Court of Canada decision in Carter v. Canada (Attorney General), a special joint committee was established to:

• consult with the public, experts and stakeholders
• make recommendations on the framework of a federal response on physician-assisted dying that respects:
  • the Constitution
  • the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  • the priorities of people living in Canada
• review the report of the External Panel on Options for a Legislative Response to Carter v. Canada and other recent relevant consultation activities and studies

The Committee produced a report with 21 recommendations.

Medical Assistance in Dying: A patient-centred approach – final report (February 25, 2016)

Expert reviews

Expert reviews provide independent advice and recommendations on important topics.

Expert Panel on MAID and Mental Illness

As part of the changes made to the legal framework for medical assistance in dying in 2021, the Government of Canada was required to establish the Expert Panel on MAID and Mental Illness.

The panel was asked to make recommendations on protocols, guidance and safeguards to apply to requests for medical assistance in dying by persons who have a mental illness in preparation for such time that eligibility is expanded to this group. This work will help ensure that practitioners can:

• assess these requests safely and compassionately
• base assessments on consistent clinical standards and legal safeguards

The panel's final report was tabled in Parliament on May 13, 2022. Their recommendations will help to develop guidance and resources for safely providing access to MAID for persons with a mental illness.

Currently, mental illness as the sole underlying medical condition is not an eligible condition for MAID. Eligibility for MAID for persons suffering solely from a mental illness has been delayed until March 17, 2027.

Learn more about:

• Expert Panel on MAID and Mental Illness
  • Final report of the Expert Panel on MAID and Mental Illness
• News release: Government of Canada tables the final report of the expert panel on medical assistance in dying and mental illness (May 13, 2022)
• Government of Canada outlines progress towards recommendations made by the Expert Panel on MAID and Mental Illness in their final report (July 26, 2022)
• Medical assistance in dying: Updates to legislation

Council of Canadian Academies reviews

On December 13, 2016, the Government of Canada asked the Council of Canadian Academies to review specific types of requests for medical assistance in dying. These issues were brought up for debate when legislation on medical assistance in dying was being considered by Parliament.

The issues included:

• advance requests
• requests by mature minors
• requests where a mental disorder is the sole underlying medical condition

The Council reviewed evidence including:

• conversations with Indigenous Elders
• Canadian and international academic and policy research
• written submissions from organizations affected by, or involved in, assisted dying

On December 12, 2018, the Council released 3 final reports. These reports do not include recommendations, but continue to help foster an informed, evidence-based dialogue between the public and decision-makers.

Learn more about:

• Reports: Medical Assistance in Dying (Council of Canadian Academies)