Archived Endnotes: Questions and Answers: Gender Identity in Schools

Endnotes

Footnote 1

Money, J. (1955). Hermaphroditism, gender, and precocity in hyper-adrenocorticism: psychologic findings. Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 97, 253-264.

Return to footnote1 referrer

Footnote 2

Health Canada. (2000). Gender based Analysis P olicy. Ottawa: Health Canada. Available from: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/women-femmes/gender-sexe/policy-politique-eng.php. Accessed on January 28, 2010.

Return to footnote2 referrer

Footnote 3

As cited in Ruble, D.N.; Martin, C.L.; & Berenbaum, S.A. (2006). Gender development. In W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 858-932). New York: Wiley. p. 860.

Return to footnote3 referrer

Footnote 4

As cited in Beemyn (2003). Serving the needs of transgender college students. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 1(1), 33-50. p. 36; Bilodeau, B. (2005). Beyond the gender binary: New perspectives on transgender student identity development. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 29-44; Stoller, R. (1968). Sex and Gender, Vol 1. New York: Science House.

Return to footnote4 referrer

Footnote 5

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2008). Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education (3rd Ed.). Ottawa, ON

Return to footnote5 referrer

Footnote 6

As cited in Beemyn p. 36; Bilodeau; Stoller

Return to footnote6 referrer

Footnote 7

Gagné, P.; Tewksbury, R.; & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming out and crossing over: Identity formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender and Society, 11(4), 478- 508; Sausa, L.A. (2005). Translating Research into Practice: Trans Youth Recommendations for Improving School Systems. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 15-28.

Return to footnote7 referrer

Footnote 8

Public Health Agency of Canada. (in press). Question s and Answers: A companion document to the Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education: Sexual orientation in schools. Ottawa

Return to footnote8 referrer

Footnote 9

Roscoe, W. (1998). Changing Ones: Third and fourth genders in Native North America. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Return to footnote9 referrer

Footnote 10

As cited in Lev, A.I. (2004). Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic guidelines for working with gender-variant people and their families. New York: The Haworth Clinical Practice Press, p. 58.

Return to footnote10 referrer

Footnote 11

Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Return to footnote11 referrer

Footnote 12

Ibid.

Return to footnote12 referrer

Footnote 13

As cited in Lev p. 58.

Return to footnote13 referrer

Footnote 14

Ibid.

Return to footnote14 referrer

Footnote 15

Chen-Hayes, S.F. (2001). Counseling and advocacy with transgendered and gender-variant persons in schools and families. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 40(1), 34-48.

Return to footnote15 referrer

Footnote 16

As cited in Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.; Delemarre-van de Waal, H.A.; & Gooren, L.J. (2008). The treatment of adolescent transsexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1892-1897.

Return to footnote16 referrer

Footnote 17

As cited in Ruble, Martin, & Berenbaum p. 863.

Return to footnote17 referrer

Footnote 18

As cited in Cohen-Kettenis, Delemarre-van de Waal, & Gooren p. 1895.

Return to footnote18 referrer

Footnote 19

As cited in Sanlo, R.L. (Ed.) (2005). Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation: Research, policy, and personal perspectives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p. 32.

Return to footnote19 referrer

Footnote 20

As cited in Bilodeau p. 34.

Return to footnote20 referrer

Footnote 21

Bilodeau; Egan, S.K. & Perry, D.G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial development. Development Psychology, 37, 451-463. p. 451.

Return to footnote21 referrer

Footnote 22

Egan & Perry; Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey; as cited in Grossman, A.H, & D’augelli, A.R. (2006). Transgender Youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 111-128. p. 114; Grossman, A.H.; D’augelli, A.R.; & Salter, N.P. (2006). Male-to-female transgender youth: Gender expression milestones, gender atypicality, victimization and parents’ responses. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2(1), 71-92.

Return to footnote22 referrer

Footnote 23

Grossman & D’Augelli; Sausa.

Return to footnote23 referrer

Footnote 24

Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey; Grossman & D’augelli.

Return to footnote24 referrer

Footnote 25

Grossman, D’augelli, & Salter; Sausa.

Return to footnote25 referrer

Footnote 26

Chen-Hayes p. 7.

Return to footnote26 referrer

Footnote 27

Beemyn; as cited in McKinney, J. (2005). On the margins: A study of the experiences of transgender college students. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 63-76. p. 64; Rienzo, B. A.; Button, J. W.; Sheu, J. J.; & Li, Y. (2006). The politics of sexual orientation issues in american schools. The Journal of School Health, 76(3), 93-97. doi:10.1111/j. 1746-1561.2006.00075.x.

Return to footnote27 referrer

Footnote 28

Burdge, B.J. (2007). Bending gender, ending gender: Theoretical foundations for social work practice with the transgender community. Social Work, 52(3), 243-250; Carroll, L.; Gilroy, P.J.; & Ryan, J. (2002). Counseling transgendered, transsexual, and gender-variant clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 131-139; as cited in Ruble, Martin, Berenbaum 863.

Return to footnote28 referrer

Footnote 29

Carroll, Gilroy, & Ryan p. 132.

Return to footnote29 referrer

Footnote 30

Sausa p. 27.

Return to footnote30 referrer

Footnote 31

Clements-Nolle, K.; Marx, R.; & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 53-69. p. 63; Grossman & D’augelli.

Return to footnote31 referrer

Footnote 32

Carroll, Gilroy & Ryan; Chen-Hayes; Grossman, D’Auguelli & Salter; Lombardi, E. L.; Wilchins, R. A.; Priesing, D.; & Malouf, D. (2001). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 89-101.

Return to footnote32 referrer

Footnote 33

Carroll, Gilroy & Ryan; Chen-Hayes; Grossman, D’Auguelli & Salter; Lombardi, et al.; Wyss, S. E. (2004). "This was my hell": The violence experienced by gender non-conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17(5), 709-730.

Return to footnote33 referrer

Footnote 34

Chen-Hayes; Grossman, D’Auguelli & Salter; Lombardi et al.; Wyss.

Return to footnote34 referrer

Footnote 35

Sausa.

Return to footnote35 referrer

Footnote 36

Lombardi et al. ; Sausa.

Return to footnote36 referrer

Footnote 37

Ibid.

Return to footnote37 referrer

Footnote 38

Bilodeau; Drescher, J. (In press). Queer diagnoses: Parallels and contrasts in the history of homosexuality, gender variance, and the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual. Archives of Sexual Behavior. DOI 10.1007/s10508-009- 9531-5.

Return to footnote38 referrer

Footnote 39

Burdge; Drescher.

Return to footnote39 referrer

Footnote 40

Carroll; Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey; Carroll, Gilroy & Ryan; Grossman & D’Augelli; Grossman, D’Augelli & Salter.

Return to footnote40 referrer

Footnote 41

Garofalo, R.; Deleon, J.; Osmer, E.; Doll, M.; & Harper, G. W. (2006). Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: Exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 38(3), 230-236.

Return to footnote41 referrer

Footnote 42

Burdge; Dean et al.

Return to footnote42 referrer

Footnote 43

Burdge; Dean et al.; Meyer, I. H., & Northridge, M. E. (Eds.). (2007). The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. New York: Springer.

Return to footnote43 referrer

Footnote 44

Ibid.

Return to footnote44 referrer

Footnote 45

Cohen-Kettenis, P. T.; Owen, A.; Kaijser, V. G.; Bradley, S. J.; & Zucker, K. J. (2003). Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 41-53.; Zucker, K. J. (2005). Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 467-492.

Return to footnote45 referrer

Footnote 46

Chen-Hayes.

Return to footnote46 referrer

Footnote 47

Grossman & D’Augelli; McDermott, E.; Roen, K.; & Scourfield, J. (2008). Avoiding shame: Young LGBT people, homophobia and self-destructive behaviours. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(8), 815-829.

Return to footnote47 referrer

Footnote 48

Maguen, S.; Shipherd, J.C.; Harris, H.N.; & Welch, L.P. (2007). Prevalence and Predictors of Disclosure of Transgender Identity. International Journal of Sexual Health, 19 (1), 3-13.

Return to footnote48 referrer

Footnote 49

Ibid.

Return to footnote49 referrer

Footnote 50

Dean, L.; Meyer, I.H.; Robinson, K.; Sell, R.L.; Sember, R.; Silenzio, V.M.B.; Bowen, D.J.; Bradford, J.; Rothblum, E.; White, J.; Dunn, P.; Lawrence, A.; Wolfe, D.; & Xavier, J. (2000). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health : Findings and concerns. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 4(3), 102-151.; McDermott, Roen & Scourfield; Scourfield, J.; Roen, K.; & McDermott, L. (2008). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people's experiences of distress: Resilience, ambivalence and self-destructive behaviour. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(3), 329-336; Wyss.

Return to footnote50 referrer

Footnote 51

Chen-Hayes; Clements-Nolle, Marx, & Katz. Fitzpatrick, K.K.; Euton, S.J.; Jones, J.N.; & Schmidt, N.B. (2005). Gender role, sexual orientation and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 35-42.

Return to footnote51 referrer

Footnote 52

Clements-Nolle, K.; Marx, R.; Guzman, R.; & Katz, M. (2001). HIV Prevalence, Risk Behaviors, Health Care Use, and Mental Health Status of Transgender Persons: Implications for Public Health Intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 915–921.; Clements-Nolle, Marx & Katz; Dean et al.

Return to footnote52 referrer

Footnote 53

Clements-Nolle, Marx & Katz; Grossman & D’Augelli.

Return to footnote53 referrer

Footnote 54

Delemarre-van de Waal , H.A. & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2006). Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155(S1): S131–S137.

Return to footnote54 referrer

Footnote 55

Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2001). Gender identity disorder in the DSM? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4):391; Drummond, K.D., Bradley, S.J., Peterson-Badali, M., & Sucker, K.J. (2008). A follow-up study of girls with gender identity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 44(1):34-45.

Return to footnote55 referrer

Footnote 56

Cohen-Kettenis, Delemarre-van de Waal & Gooren.

Return to footnote56 referrer

Footnote 57

Grossman & D’Augelli.

Return to footnote57 referrer

Footnote 58

Dean et al.

Return to footnote58 referrer

Footnote 59

Burdge; Dean et al.

Return to footnote59 referrer

Footnote 60

Grossman & D’Augelli; Lombardi et al.

Return to footnote60 referrer

Footnote 61

Chen-Hayes; Coates, S.W. (2008). Intervention with preschool boys with gender identity issues. Neuropsychiatrie de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, 56, 392-397.

Return to footnote61 referrer

Footnote 62

Dean et al.

Return to footnote62 referrer

Footnote 63

Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey.

Return to footnote63 referrer

Footnote 64

Egan & Perry; Gagné, Tewksbury & McGaughey; Grossman & D’augelli; Grossman, D’augelli, & Salter.

Return to footnote64 referrer

Footnote 65

Maguen et al.

Return to footnote65 referrer

Footnote 66

Chen-Hayes; Coates.

Return to footnote66 referrer

Footnote 67

Beemyn.

Return to footnote67 referrer

Footnote 68

Schneider, M.S. & Dimito, A. (2008). Educators' Beliefs about Raising Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in the Schools: The Experience in Ontario, Canada. Journal of LGBT Youth, 5(4), 49 – 71.

Return to footnote68 referrer

Footnote 69

Chen-Hayes.

Return to footnote69 referrer

Footnote 70

Goodman, J.M. (2005). Homophobia Prevention and Intervention in Elementary Schools: A Principal’s Responsibility. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 111-116.

Return to footnote70 referrer

Footnote 71

Ibid.

Return to footnote71 referrer

Footnote 72

Sausa.

Return to footnote72 referrer

Footnote 73

Burdge.

Return to footnote73 referrer

Footnote 74

Grossman & D’Augelli; Sausa. Policy-makers should consult the legal department of their local school board for appropriate mechanisms for allowing such changes on official school records.

Return to footnote74 referrer

Footnote 75

Chen-Hayes.

Return to footnote75 referrer

Footnote 76

McKinney; Sausa.

Return to footnote76 referrer

Footnote 77

Rienzo.

Return to footnote77 referrer

Footnote 78

Public Health Agency of Canada, 2008.

Return to footnote78 referrer

Footnote 79

Grossman & D’Augelli.

Return to footnote79 referrer

Footnote 80

Ibid.

Return to footnote80 referrer

Footnote 81

Burdge.

Return to footnote81 referrer

Footnote 82

As cited in Chen-Hayes p. 10.

Return to footnote82 referrer

Footnote 83

Beemyn.

Return to footnote83 referrer

Footnote 84

Sausa.

Return to footnote84 referrer

Footnote 85

Ibid.

Return to footnote85 referrer

Footnote 86

McKinney; Sausa.

Return to footnote86 referrer

Footnote 87

Mallon, G. P.; & DeCrescenzo, T. (2006). Transgender children and youth: A child welfare practice perspective. Child Welfare, 85(2), 215-241.

Return to footnote87 referrer

Footnote 88

See the resource section at the end of this document for websites and print material that may be helpful for parents/caregivers. This document itself will provide parents/caregivers with evidence based answers to many of the questions they are likely to have.

Return to footnote88 referrer

Footnote 89

Perrin, E.C. (2002). Sexual orientation in child and adolescent health care. New York: Springer.

Return to footnote89 referrer

Footnote 90

Archambault, I.; Janosz, M.; Fallu, J-S.; & Pagani, L.S. (2009). Student engagement and its relationship with early high school dropout. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 651-670.

Return to footnote90 referrer

Footnote 91

As cited in Chen-Hayes p. 10.

Return to footnote91 referrer

Footnote 92

Swartz, P.C. (2003). It’s Elementary in Appalachia. J ournal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 1 (1), 51-71.

Return to footnote92 referrer

Footnote 93

Ibid.

Return to footnote93 referrer

Footnote 94

Ungar, M.; Brown, M.; Liebenberg, L.; Cheung, M.; & Levine, K. (2008). Distinguishing differences in pathways to resilience among Canadian youth. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 27(1), 1-13.

Return to footnote94 referrer

Footnote 95

Amazon. “Transgender Child: A Handbook for Families and Professionals.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Transgender-Child-Handbook-Families-Professionals/dp/157344 3182/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1265226510&sr=1-1#noop. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote95 referrer

Footnote 96

Central Toronto Youth Service. “Families in TRANSition.” Accessed from: http://www.ctys.org/about_CTYS/FamiliesInTransition.htm. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote96 referrer

Footnote 97

Central Toronto Youth Service. “Trans Youth at School Guide.” Accessed from: http://www.ctys.org/documents/YGAP_School.pdf. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote97 referrer

Footnote 98

Amazon. “Unleashing the Unpopular: Talking About Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in Education.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Unleashing-Unpopular-Orientation-Diversity-Education/dp/0871731711. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote98 referrer

Footnote 99

Rainbow Resource Centre. “Shout Out: Against Homophobia, Biphobia, Transphobia and Heterosexism.” Accessed from: http://www.rainbowresourcecentre.org/documents/ShoutOutweb.pdf. Accessed on: February 5, 2010.

Return to footnote99 referrer

Footnote 100

Lambda Legal. “Bending the Mould: An Action Kit for Transgender Students.” Accessed from: http://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/bending-the-mold/order-bending-the-mold.html. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote100 referrer

Footnote 101

Amazon. “Queering Elementary Education: Advancing the Dialogue about Sexualities and Schooling.” Accessed from: http://www. amazon.com/Queering-Elementary-Education-Sexualities-Curriculum/dp/0847693694/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1265227500&sr=1-1. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote101 referrer

Footnote 102

Amazon. “Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working With Gender-Variant People and Their Families.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Transgender-Emergence-Therapeutic-Guidelines-Gender- Variant/dp/078902117X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1265249399&sr=1-1. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote102 referrer

Footnote 103

Amazon. “Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Health.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Fenway-Lesbian-Bisexual-Transgender-Health/dp/193051395X. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote103 referrer

Footnote 104

Vancouver Coastal Health. “Let’s talk trans. A resource for trans and questioning youth. “Accessed . from: http://transhealth.vch.ca/resources/library/tcpdocs/consumer/youth.pdf. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote104 referrer

Footnote 105

Canadian Teachers’ Federation. “Gay-Straight Student Alliance Handbook.” Accessed from: http://www.ctf-fce.ca/documents/info/GS Flyer.pdf. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote105 referrer

Footnote 106

Amazon. “10,000 Dresses.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/10-000-Dresses-Marcus-Ewert/dp/1583228500/ref=sr_1_1?ie= UTF8&s=books&qid=1265252269&sr=1-1. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote106 referrer

Footnote 107

New Day Films. “No Dumb Questions.” Accessed from: http://www.newday.com/films_title.html?letter=N. Accessed on: February 4, 2010.

Return to footnote107 referrer

Footnote 108

Amazon. “Southern Comfort.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Southern-Comfort-Robert-Eads/dp/B000089725/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1265250344&sr=8-2. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote108 referrer

Footnote 109

Sylvia Rivera Law Project. “Toilet Training.” Accessed from: http://srlp.org/films/toilettraining. Accessed on: February 4, 2010.

Return to footnote109 referrer

Footnote 110

Amazon. “Transamerica.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Transamerica-Widescreen-Felicity-Huffman/dp/B000ETRCMQ/ref=pd_sim_d_4. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote110 referrer

Footnote 111

Amazon. “TransGeneration.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/TransGeneration-Katherine-Baker/dp/B000CRR3I8/ref=pd_ bxgy_d_img_b. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

Return to footnote111 referrer

Page details

2025-07-14

We have archived this page and will not be updating it.

Language selection

Search

Archived Endnotes: Questions and Answers: Gender Identity in Schools

Endnotes

Page details