Endnotes: Questions and Answers: Gender Identity in Schools

Endnotes

Footnote 1

Money, J. (1955). Hermaphroditism, gender, and precocity in hyper-adrenocorticism: psychologic findings. Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 97, 253-264.

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Footnote 2

Health Canada. (2000). Gender based Analysis P olicy. Ottawa: Health Canada. Available from: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/women-femmes/gender-sexe/policy-politique-eng.php. Accessed on January 28, 2010.

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Footnote 3

As cited in Ruble, D.N.; Martin, C.L.; & Berenbaum, S.A. (2006). Gender development. In W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 858-932). New York: Wiley. p. 860.

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Footnote 4

As cited in Beemyn (2003). Serving the needs of transgender college students. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 1(1), 33-50. p. 36; Bilodeau, B. (2005). Beyond the gender binary: New perspectives on transgender student identity development. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 29-44; Stoller, R. (1968). Sex and Gender, Vol 1. New York: Science House.

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Footnote 5

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2008). Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education (3rd Ed.). Ottawa, ON

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Footnote 6

As cited in Beemyn p. 36; Bilodeau; Stoller

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Footnote 7

Gagné, P.; Tewksbury, R.; & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming out and crossing over: Identity formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender and Society, 11(4), 478- 508; Sausa, L.A. (2005). Translating Research into Practice: Trans Youth Recommendations for Improving School Systems. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 15-28.

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Footnote 8

Public Health Agency of Canada. (in press). Question s and Answers: A companion document to the Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education: Sexual orientation in schools. Ottawa

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Footnote 9

Roscoe, W. (1998). Changing Ones: Third and fourth genders in Native North America. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

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Footnote 10

As cited in Lev, A.I. (2004). Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic guidelines for working with gender-variant people and their families. New York: The Haworth Clinical Practice Press, p. 58.

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Footnote 11

Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

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Footnote 12

Ibid.

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Footnote 13

As cited in Lev p. 58.

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Footnote 14

Ibid.

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Footnote 15

Chen-Hayes, S.F. (2001). Counseling and advocacy with transgendered and gender-variant persons in schools and families. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 40(1), 34-48.

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Footnote 16

As cited in Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.; Delemarre-van de Waal, H.A.; & Gooren, L.J. (2008). The treatment of adolescent transsexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1892-1897.

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Footnote 17

As cited in Ruble, Martin, & Berenbaum p. 863.

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Footnote 18

As cited in Cohen-Kettenis, Delemarre-van de Waal, & Gooren p. 1895.

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Footnote 19

As cited in Sanlo, R.L. (Ed.) (2005). Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation: Research, policy, and personal perspectives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p. 32.

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Footnote 20

As cited in Bilodeau p. 34.

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Footnote 21

Bilodeau; Egan, S.K. & Perry, D.G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial development. Development Psychology, 37, 451-463. p. 451.

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Footnote 22

Egan & Perry; Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey; as cited in Grossman, A.H, & D’augelli, A.R. (2006). Transgender Youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 111-128. p. 114; Grossman, A.H.; D’augelli, A.R.; & Salter, N.P. (2006). Male-to-female transgender youth: Gender expression milestones, gender atypicality, victimization and parents’ responses. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2(1), 71-92.

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Footnote 23

Grossman & D’Augelli; Sausa.

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Footnote 24

Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey; Grossman & D’augelli.

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Footnote 25

Grossman, D’augelli, & Salter; Sausa.

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Footnote 26

Chen-Hayes p. 7.

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Footnote 27

Beemyn; as cited in McKinney, J. (2005). On the margins: A study of the experiences of transgender college students. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 63-76. p. 64; Rienzo, B. A.; Button, J. W.; Sheu, J. J.; & Li, Y. (2006). The politics of sexual orientation issues in american schools. The Journal of School Health, 76(3), 93-97. doi:10.1111/j. 1746-1561.2006.00075.x.

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Footnote 28

Burdge, B.J. (2007). Bending gender, ending gender: Theoretical foundations for social work practice with the transgender community. Social Work, 52(3), 243-250; Carroll, L.; Gilroy, P.J.; & Ryan, J. (2002). Counseling transgendered, transsexual, and gender-variant clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 131-139; as cited in Ruble, Martin, Berenbaum 863.

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Footnote 29

Carroll, Gilroy, & Ryan p. 132.

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Footnote 30

Sausa p. 27.

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Footnote 31

Clements-Nolle, K.; Marx, R.; & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 53-69. p. 63; Grossman & D’augelli.

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Footnote 32

Carroll, Gilroy & Ryan; Chen-Hayes; Grossman, D’Auguelli & Salter; Lombardi, E. L.; Wilchins, R. A.; Priesing, D.; & Malouf, D. (2001). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 89-101.

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Footnote 33

Carroll, Gilroy & Ryan; Chen-Hayes; Grossman, D’Auguelli & Salter; Lombardi, et al.; Wyss, S. E. (2004). "This was my hell": The violence experienced by gender non-conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17(5), 709-730.

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Footnote 34

Chen-Hayes; Grossman, D’Auguelli & Salter; Lombardi et al.; Wyss.

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Footnote 35

Sausa.

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Footnote 36

Lombardi et al. ; Sausa.

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Footnote 37

Ibid.

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Footnote 38

Bilodeau; Drescher, J. (In press). Queer diagnoses: Parallels and contrasts in the history of homosexuality, gender variance, and the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual. Archives of Sexual Behavior. DOI 10.1007/s10508-009- 9531-5.

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Footnote 39

Burdge; Drescher.

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Footnote 40

Carroll; Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey; Carroll, Gilroy & Ryan; Grossman & D’Augelli; Grossman, D’Augelli & Salter.

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Footnote 41

Garofalo, R.; Deleon, J.; Osmer, E.; Doll, M.; & Harper, G. W. (2006). Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: Exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 38(3), 230-236.

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Footnote 42

Burdge; Dean et al.

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Footnote 43

Burdge; Dean et al.; Meyer, I. H., & Northridge, M. E. (Eds.). (2007). The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. New York: Springer.

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Footnote 44

Ibid.

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Footnote 45

Cohen-Kettenis, P. T.; Owen, A.; Kaijser, V. G.; Bradley, S. J.; & Zucker, K. J. (2003). Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 41-53.; Zucker, K. J. (2005). Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 467-492.

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Footnote 46

Chen-Hayes.

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Footnote 47

Grossman & D’Augelli; McDermott, E.; Roen, K.; & Scourfield, J. (2008). Avoiding shame: Young LGBT people, homophobia and self-destructive behaviours. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(8), 815-829.

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Footnote 48

Maguen, S.; Shipherd, J.C.; Harris, H.N.; & Welch, L.P. (2007). Prevalence and Predictors of Disclosure of Transgender Identity. International Journal of Sexual Health, 19 (1), 3-13.

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Footnote 49

Ibid.

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Footnote 50

Dean, L.; Meyer, I.H.; Robinson, K.; Sell, R.L.; Sember, R.; Silenzio, V.M.B.; Bowen, D.J.; Bradford, J.; Rothblum, E.; White, J.; Dunn, P.; Lawrence, A.; Wolfe, D.; & Xavier, J. (2000). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health : Findings and concerns. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 4(3), 102-151.; McDermott, Roen & Scourfield; Scourfield, J.; Roen, K.; & McDermott, L. (2008). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people's experiences of distress: Resilience, ambivalence and self-destructive behaviour. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(3), 329-336; Wyss.

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Footnote 51

Chen-Hayes; Clements-Nolle, Marx, & Katz. Fitzpatrick, K.K.; Euton, S.J.; Jones, J.N.; & Schmidt, N.B. (2005). Gender role, sexual orientation and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 35-42.

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Footnote 52

Clements-Nolle, K.; Marx, R.; Guzman, R.; & Katz, M. (2001). HIV Prevalence, Risk Behaviors, Health Care Use, and Mental Health Status of Transgender Persons: Implications for Public Health Intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 915–921.; Clements-Nolle, Marx & Katz; Dean et al.

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Footnote 53

Clements-Nolle, Marx & Katz; Grossman & D’Augelli.

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Footnote 54

Delemarre-van de Waal , H.A. & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2006). Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155(S1): S131–S137.

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Footnote 55

Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2001). Gender identity disorder in the DSM? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4):391; Drummond, K.D., Bradley, S.J., Peterson-Badali, M., & Sucker, K.J. (2008). A follow-up study of girls with gender identity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 44(1):34-45.

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Footnote 56

Cohen-Kettenis, Delemarre-van de Waal & Gooren.

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Footnote 57

Grossman & D’Augelli.

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Footnote 58

Dean et al.

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Footnote 59

Burdge; Dean et al.

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Footnote 60

Grossman & D’Augelli; Lombardi et al.

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Footnote 61

Chen-Hayes; Coates, S.W. (2008). Intervention with preschool boys with gender identity issues. Neuropsychiatrie de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, 56, 392-397.

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Footnote 62

Dean et al.

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Footnote 63

Gagné, Tewksbury, & McGaughey.

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Footnote 64

Egan & Perry; Gagné, Tewksbury & McGaughey; Grossman & D’augelli; Grossman, D’augelli, & Salter.

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Footnote 65

Maguen et al.

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Footnote 66

Chen-Hayes; Coates.

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Footnote 67

Beemyn.

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Footnote 68

Schneider, M.S. & Dimito, A. (2008). Educators' Beliefs about Raising Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in the Schools: The Experience in Ontario, Canada. Journal of LGBT Youth, 5(4), 49 – 71.

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Footnote 69

Chen-Hayes.

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Footnote 70

Goodman, J.M. (2005). Homophobia Prevention and Intervention in Elementary Schools: A Principal’s Responsibility. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1), 111-116.

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Footnote 71

Ibid.

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Footnote 72

Sausa.

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Footnote 73

Burdge.

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Footnote 74

Grossman & D’Augelli; Sausa. Policy-makers should consult the legal department of their local school board for appropriate mechanisms for allowing such changes on official school records.

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Footnote 75

Chen-Hayes.

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Footnote 76

McKinney; Sausa.

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Footnote 77

Rienzo.

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Footnote 78

Public Health Agency of Canada, 2008.

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Footnote 79

Grossman & D’Augelli.

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Footnote 80

Ibid.

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Footnote 81

Burdge.

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Footnote 82

As cited in Chen-Hayes p. 10.

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Footnote 83

Beemyn.

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Footnote 84

Sausa.

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Footnote 85

Ibid.

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Footnote 86

McKinney; Sausa.

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Footnote 87

Mallon, G. P.; & DeCrescenzo, T. (2006). Transgender children and youth: A child welfare practice perspective. Child Welfare, 85(2), 215-241.

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Footnote 88

See the resource section at the end of this document for websites and print material that may be helpful for parents/caregivers. This document itself will provide parents/caregivers with evidence based answers to many of the questions they are likely to have.

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Footnote 89

Perrin, E.C. (2002). Sexual orientation in child and adolescent health care. New York: Springer.

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Footnote 90

Archambault, I.; Janosz, M.; Fallu, J-S.; & Pagani, L.S. (2009). Student engagement and its relationship with early high school dropout. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 651-670.

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Footnote 91

As cited in Chen-Hayes p. 10.

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Footnote 92

Swartz, P.C. (2003). It’s Elementary in Appalachia. J ournal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 1 (1), 51-71.

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Footnote 93

Ibid.

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Footnote 94

Ungar, M.; Brown, M.; Liebenberg, L.; Cheung, M.; & Levine, K. (2008). Distinguishing differences in pathways to resilience among Canadian youth. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 27(1), 1-13.

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Footnote 95

Amazon. “Transgender Child: A Handbook for Families and Professionals.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Transgender-Child-Handbook-Families-Professionals/dp/157344 3182/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1265226510&sr=1-1#noop. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 96

Central Toronto Youth Service. “Families in TRANSition.” Accessed from: http://www.ctys.org/about_CTYS/FamiliesInTransition.htm. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 97

Central Toronto Youth Service. “Trans Youth at School Guide.” Accessed from: http://www.ctys.org/documents/YGAP_School.pdf. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 98

Amazon. “Unleashing the Unpopular: Talking About Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in Education.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Unleashing-Unpopular-Orientation-Diversity-Education/dp/0871731711. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 99

Rainbow Resource Centre. “Shout Out: Against Homophobia, Biphobia, Transphobia and Heterosexism.” Accessed from: http://www.rainbowresourcecentre.org/documents/ShoutOutweb.pdf. Accessed on: February 5, 2010.

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Footnote 100

Lambda Legal. “Bending the Mould: An Action Kit for Transgender Students.” Accessed from: http://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/bending-the-mold/order-bending-the-mold.html. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 101

Amazon. “Queering Elementary Education: Advancing the Dialogue about Sexualities and Schooling.” Accessed from: http://www. amazon.com/Queering-Elementary-Education-Sexualities-Curriculum/dp/0847693694/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1265227500&sr=1-1. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 102

Amazon. “Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working With Gender-Variant People and Their Families.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Transgender-Emergence-Therapeutic-Guidelines-Gender- Variant/dp/078902117X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1265249399&sr=1-1. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 103

Amazon. “Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Health.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Fenway-Lesbian-Bisexual-Transgender-Health/dp/193051395X. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 104

Vancouver Coastal Health. “Let’s talk trans. A resource for trans and questioning youth. “Accessed . from: http://transhealth.vch.ca/resources/library/tcpdocs/consumer/youth.pdf. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 105

Canadian Teachers’ Federation. “Gay-Straight Student Alliance Handbook.” Accessed from: http://www.ctf-fce.ca/documents/info/GS Flyer.pdf. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 106

Amazon. “10,000 Dresses.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/10-000-Dresses-Marcus-Ewert/dp/1583228500/ref=sr_1_1?ie= UTF8&s=books&qid=1265252269&sr=1-1. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 107

New Day Films. “No Dumb Questions.” Accessed from: http://www.newday.com/films_title.html?letter=N. Accessed on: February 4, 2010.

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Footnote 108

Amazon. “Southern Comfort.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Southern-Comfort-Robert-Eads/dp/B000089725/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1265250344&sr=8-2. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 109

Sylvia Rivera Law Project. “Toilet Training.” Accessed from: http://srlp.org/films/toilettraining. Accessed on: February 4, 2010.

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Footnote 110

Amazon. “Transamerica.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/Transamerica-Widescreen-Felicity-Huffman/dp/B000ETRCMQ/ref=pd_sim_d_4. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Footnote 111

Amazon. “TransGeneration.” Accessed from: http://www.amazon.com/TransGeneration-Katherine-Baker/dp/B000CRR3I8/ref=pd_ bxgy_d_img_b. Accessed on: February 3, 2010.

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Endnotes: Questions and Answers: Gender Identity in Schools

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