FluWatch report: November 11, 2018 to November 17, 2018 (Week 46)

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Organization: Public Health Agency of Canada

Date published: 2018-11-23

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Overall Summary

  • Influenza activity continued to increase in week 46. The influenza season has started earlier  than in recent years.The  number of regions in Canada reporting localized influenza activity in week 46 increased slightly compared to the previous week.
  • Influenza A is the most common influenza virus circulating in Canada, and the majority of these viruses are A(H1N1)pdm09.
  • The number of influenza-associated hospitalizations continued to increase in week 46. In particular, the number of pediatric hospitalizations is significantly higher than in recent years.
  • The number of influenza outbreaks remains within expected levels. However, the settings in which outbreaks have been reported this season suggests that younger age-groups are being affected more than in previous seasons.

Influenza/Influenza-like Illness Activity (geographic spread)

During week 46, the following influenza activity levels increased slightly compared to the previous week (Figure 1):

  • Five regions reported localized activity in Alta. (2) and Ont. (2), and Que. (1).
  • Sporadic activity was reported by 25 regions, in B.C.(5), Alta.(3), Sask.(3), Man.(2), Ont.(2), Que.(5), N.B.(1), P.E.I.(1), N.L.(1), N.W.T(1) and Nvt.(1).
  • No activity was reported by 23 regions.

Figure 1 – Map of overall influenza/ILI activity by province and territory, Canada, week 2018-46

Figure 1
Figure 1 - Text description
Province Influenza Surveillance Region Activity Level
N.L. Eastern No Activity
N.L. Labrador-Grenfell No Activity
N.L. Central No Activity
N.L. Western Sporadic
P.E.I. Prince Edward Island Sporadic
N.S. Zone 1 - Western No Activity
N.S. Zone 2 - Northern No Activity
N.S. Zone 3 - Eastern No Activity
N.S. Zone 4 - Central No Activity
N.B. Region 1 No Activity
N.B. Region 2 No Activity
N.B. Region 3 Sporadic
N.B. Region 4 No Activity
N.B. Region 5 No Activity
N.B. Region 6 No Activity
N.B. Region 7 No Activity
Que. Nord-est Sporadic
Que. Québec et Chaudieres-Appalaches Sporadic
Que. Centre-du-Québec Sporadic
Que. Montréal et Laval Sporadic
Que. Ouest-du-Québec Localized
Que. Montérégie Sporadic
Ont. Central East Sporadic
Ont. Central West Localized
Ont. Eastern No Activity
Ont. North East No Activity
Ont. North West No Activity
Ont. South West Sporadic
Ont. Toronto Localized
Man. Northern Regional No Activity
Man. Prairie Mountain Sporadic
Man. Interlake-Eastern No Activity
Man. Winnipeg Sporadic
Man. Southern Health No Activity
Sask. North Sporadic
Sask. Central Sporadic
Sask. South Sporadic
Alta. North Zone Sporadic
Alta. Edmonton Localized
Alta. Central Zone Sporadic
Alta. Calgary Localized
Alta. South Zone Sporadic
B.C. Interior Sporadic
B.C. Fraser Sporadic
B.C. Vancouver Coastal Sporadic
B.C. Vancouver Island Sporadic
B.C. Northern Sporadic
Y.T. Yukon No Activity
N.W.T. North No Activity
N.W.T. South Sporadic
Nvt. Qikiqtaaluk No Activity
Nvt. Kivalliq No Activity
Nvt. Kitimeot Sporadic

Laboratory Confirmed Influenza Detections

In week 46, the following results were reported from sentinel laboratories across Canada (Figure 2):

To date this season 2,063 laboratory-confirmed influenza detections have been reported (Figure 3):

To date this season, detailed information on age and type/subtype has been received for 2,069 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases (Table 1):

For more detailed weekly and cumulative influenza data, see the text descriptions for Figures 2 and 3 or the Respiratory Virus Detections in Canada Report.

Figure 2 – Number of positive influenza tests and percentage of tests positive, by type, subtype and report week, Canada, 2018-35 to 2018-46

Figure 2

The shaded area indicates weeks where the positivity rate was at least 5% and a minimum of 15 positive tests were observed, signalling the start and end of seasonal influenza activity.

Figure 2 - Text description
Surveillance Week A(Unsubtyped) A(H3) A(H1)pdm09 Influenza B
35 3 2 7 0
36 4 7 4 0
37 3 2 3 1
38 6 3 2 3
39 11 5 1 3
40 16 7 29 3
41 27 6 21 3
42 40 19 55 2
43 83 23 128 4
44 170 13 213 6
45 201 17 276 15
46 249 10 375 8

Figure 3 – Cumulative numbers of positive influenza specimens by type/subtype and province/territory, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46

Figure 3
Figure 3 - Text description
Reporting
provincesTable Figure 3 - Footnote 1
Week (November 11, 2018 to November 17, 2018) Cumulative (August 26, 2018 to November 17, 2018)
Influenza A B Influenza A B A & B
Total
A
Total
A
(H1N1)pdm09
A
(H3N2)
A(UnS)Table Figure 3 - Footnote 3 B
Total
A
Total
A
(H1N1)pdm09
A
(H3N2)
A(UnS)Table Figure 3 - Footnote 3 B
Total
BC 19 13 0 6 1 111 47 36 28 3 114
AB 451 293 3 155 1 1354 846 31 477 12 1366
SK 0 0 0 0 0 140 78 3 59 0 140
MB 18 9 0 9 0 75 62 3 10 0 75
ON 23 13 7 3 3 121 45 39 37 22 143
QC 70 0 0 70 3 190 0 0 190 10 200
NB 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 0 3 0 5
NS 1 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 6
PEI 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3
NL 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 4
YT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N.W.T 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 4
NU 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3
Canada 590 335 10 245 8 2015 1091 112 812 48 2063
PercentageTable Figure 3 - Footnote 2 99% 57% 2% 42% 1% 98% 54% 6% 40% 2% 100%
Table Figure 3 - Footnote 1

Specimens from NWT, YT, and Nvt are sent to reference laboratories in other provinces.

Return to Table Figure 3 - Footnote 1

Table Figure 3 - Footnote 2

Percentage of tests positive for sub-types of influenza A are a percentage of all influenza A detections.

Return to Table Figure 3 - Footnote 2

Table Figure 3 - Footnote UnS

Unsubtyped: The specimen was typed as influenza A, but no result for subtyping was available.

Return to first Table Figure 3 - Footnote 3

Discrepancies in values in Figures 2 and 3 may be attributable to differing data sources.

Cumulative data includes updates to previous weeks.

Table 1 - Cumulative numbers of positive influenza specimens by type, subtype and age-group reported through case-based laboratory reporting, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46
Age groups (years) Cumulative (August 26, 2018 to November 17, 2018)
Influenza A B Influenza A and B
A Total A(H1) pdm09 A(H3) A (UnS)Footnote 1 Total # %
0-4 387 246 3 138 5 392 19%
5-19 411 213 4 194 7 418 20%
20-44 519 272 12 235 8 527 25%
45-64 371 195 28 148 7 378 18%
65+ 342 140 124 78 12 354 17%
Total 2034 1066 171 793 39 2069 100%
Table 1 - Note 1

UnS: unsubtyped: The specimen was typed as influenza A, but no result for subtyping was available;

Return to Table 1 - Note 1

Syndromic/Influenza-like Illness Surveillance

Healthcare Professionals Sentinel Syndromic Surveillance

In week 46, 1.7% of visits to healthcare professionals were due to influenza-like illness (ILI) (Figure 4). The percentage of visits for ILI is within expected levels.

Figure 4 - Percentage of visits for ILI reported by sentinels by report week, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46

Number of Sentinels Reporting in Week 46: 84

Figure 4

The shaded area represents the maximum and minimum percentage of visits for ILI reported by week from seasons 2013-14 to 2017-18

Figure 4 - Text description
Report week 2018-19 Average Min Max
35 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.9%
36 0.7% 0.8% 0.5% 1.0%
37 0.6% 0.9% 0.7% 1.1%
38 0.5% 1.0% 0.7% 1.4%
39 1.8% 1.1% 0.8% 1.5%
40 0.6% 1.6% 0.9% 3.4%
41 1.1% 1.6% 1.1% 2.1%
42 1.2% 1.4% 0.8% 1.8%
43 1,0% 1,4% 0,7% 1,8%
44 0,9% 1,4% 1,1% 1,6%
45 1,8% 1,5% 1,2% 1,8%
46 1,7% 1,7% 1,1% 2,2%

Participatory Syndromic Surveillance

In week 46, 2,183 participants reported to FluWatchers, of which 43 (2.0%) reported symptoms of cough and fever (Figure 5).

Among the 43 participants who reported fever and cough:

Figure 5 – Percentage of participants reporting cough and fever, Canada, weeks 2018-40 to 2018-46

Number of Participants Reporting in Week 46: 2,183

Figure 5
Figure 5 - Text description
Surveillance week % cough and fever
40 2.6%
41 2.5%
42 1.7%
43 1.5%
44 1.3%
45 1.7%
46 2.0%

Influenza Outbreak Surveillance

In week 46, five new laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks were reported in long-term care (3) and acute care (2) facilities.

To date this season, 26 influenza outbreaks have been reported (Figure 6): 

No new ILI outbreaks were reported in week 46.

To date this season, 23 ILI outbreaks have been reported; 21 occurred in LTCF, one in a school, and one in an acute care facility.

Figure 6 – Number of new outbreaks of laboratory-confirmed influenza by report week, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46

Figure 6
Figure 6 - Text description
Surveillance Week Acute Care Facilities  Long Term Care Facilities Other Schools and Daycares Remote and/or Isolated Communities
35 0 0 0 0 0
36 0 0 0 0 0
37 0 0 0 0 0
38 0 1 0 0 0
39 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 2 0 1 0
41 0 0 0 0 0
42 0 1 1 0 0
43 0 2 1 0 0
44 0 0 1 1 0
45 0 3 1 3 0
46 2 3 0 0 0

Severe Outcomes Influenza Surveillance

Provincial/Territorial Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

In week 46, 62 influenza-associated hospitalizations were reported, which is a slight increase compared to the previous week.

To date this season, mothe than 300 influenza-assocaited hospitalizations have been reported by participating provinces and territoriesFootnote 1.

Hospitalizations (Table 2):

Intensive Care Unit (ICU) cases and deaths:

Table 2 – Cumulative number of hospitalizations by age-group reported by participating provinces and territoriesFootnote 1, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46
Age Groups Cumulative (August 26, 2018 to November 17, 2018)
Influenza A Influenza B Rate per 100,000 population
0-4 61 10 7.77
5-19 39 0 2.31
20-44 47 0 1.20
45-64 79 0 2.39
65+ 84 <5 5.18
Total 310 <5
% 99% 1%

Pediatric Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

TIn week 46, 39 pediatric (≤16 years of age) hospitalizations with influenza have been reported by the Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT) network. Pediatric hospitalizations reported by IMPACT are at levels not normally seen until late December (4-6 weeks earlier than in recent seasons)(Figure 7).

To date this season, 108 pediatric hospitalizations have been reported (Figure 8):

To date this season, 10 ICU admissions, and no deaths have been reported.

Figure 7 – Number of pediatric (≤16 years of age) hospitalizations reported by the IMPACT network, by week, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46

Figure 7
Figure 7 - Text description
Surveillance week 2018-19 Average  Min Max
35 0 0 0 1
36 0 0 0 1
37 0 0 0 2
38 0 1 0 2
39 0 1 0 3
40 1 0 0 2
41 1 1 0 3
42 6 1 0 4
43 11 1 0 3
44 19 3 1 6
45 32 3 2 4
46 39 5 1 13

Figure 8 - Cumulative numbers of pediatric hospitalizations (≤16 years of age) with influenza by age-group reported by the IMPACT network, Canada, weeks 2018-35 to 2018-46

Figure 7
Figure 8 - Text description
Age Group Total
0-5 mo 11
6-23 mo 30
2-4 yr 29
5-9 yr 32
10-16 yr 6

Adult Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

Surveillance of laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated adult (≥16 years of age) hospitalizations by the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) network began on November 1st for the 2018-19 season.

To date this season, seven hospitalizations have been reported, of which six were associated with influenza A and one with influenza B.

Influenza Strain Characterizations

Since September 1, 2018, the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) has characterized 60 influenza viruses (11 A(H3N2), 48 A(H1N1) and one B) that were received from Canadian laboratories.

Genetic Characterization of Influenza A (H3N2):

Ten influenza A(H3N2) viruses did not grow to sufficient hemagglutination titer for antigenic characterization by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Therefore, NML has performed genetic characterization to determine the genetic group identity of these viruses.

Sequence analysis of the HA gene of the viruses showed that:

A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016-like virus belongs to genetic group 3C.2a1 and is the influenza A(H3N2)  component of the 2018-19 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine

Antigenic Characterization:

Influenza A(H3N2):

Influenza A(H1N1):

Influenza B:

Influenza B viruses can be divided into two antigenically distinct lineages represented by B/Yamagata/16/88 and B/Victoria/2/87 viruses. The recommended influenza B components  for the 2018-19 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine are  B/Colorado/06/2017 (Victoria lineage) and B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage).

Antiviral Resistance

Antiviral Resistance – Amantadine:

59 influenza A (11 A(H3N2) and 48 A(H1N1)) viruses were tested for resistance to amantadine and it was found that:

Antiviral Resistance – Oseltamivir:

59 influenza viruses (10 A(H3N2), 48 A(H1N1) and 1 B) were tested for resistance to oseltamivir and it was found that:

Antiviral Resistance – Zanamivir:

59 influenza viruses (10 A(H3N2), 48 H1N1 and 1 B) were tested for resistance to zanamivir and it was found that:

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