FluWatch report: August 27 to September 30, 2023 (weeks 35-39)

On this page

• Influenza/Influenza-like Illness Activity - Geographic Spread
• Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Detections
• Syndromic / Influenza-like Illness Surveillance
• Influenza Outbreak Surveillance
• Influenza Severe Outcomes Surveillance
• Influenza Strain Characterization
• Antiviral Resistance
• Influenza Vaccine Monitoring
• Provincial and International Surveillance Links

Influenza/Influenza-like Illness Activity - Geographic Spread

In week 39, 23 regions across Canada reported either sporadic or localized influenza activity (Figure 1). The number of regions reporting influenza activity and the intensity of reported activity remains stable. A total of 22 regions in Canada reported no activity this week.

Number of Regions Reporting in week 39: 45 out of 53

Figure 1 - Text description

Province	Influenza Surveillance Region	Activity Level
N.L.	Eastern	No Activity
	Labrador-Grenfell	No Activity
	Central	No Activity
	Western	No Activity
P.E.I.	Prince Edward Island	No Data
N.S.	Zone 1 - Western	No Activity
	Zone 2 - Northern	No Activity
	Zone 3 - Eastern	Sporadic
	Zone 4 - Central	No Activity
N.B.	Region 1	No Activity
	Region 2	No Activity
	Region 3	No Activity
	Region 4	No Activity
	Region 5	Sporadic
	Region 6	No Activity
	Region 7	No Activity
Que.	Nord-est	Sporadic
	Québec et Chaudieres-Appalaches	Sporadic
	Centre-du-Québec	Sporadic
	Montréal et Laval	Sporadic
	Ouest-du-Québec	Sporadic
	Montérégie	Sporadic
Ont.	Central East	Localized
	Central West	Sporadic
	Eastern	Sporadic
	North East	No Activity
	North West	Sporadic
	South West	Sporadic
	Toronto	Sporadic
Man.	Northern Regional	No Data
	Prairie Mountain	No Data
	Interlake-Eastern	No Data
	Winnipeg	No Data
	Southern Health	No Data
Sask.	North	No Activity
	Central	No Activity
	South	Sporadic
Alta.	North Zone	Sporadic
	Edmonton	Sporadic
	Central Zone	No Activity
	Calgary	Sporadic
	South Zone	No Activity
B.C.	Interior	Sporadic
	Fraser	Sporadic
	Vancouver Coastal	Sporadic
	Vancouver Island	Sporadic
	Northern	Sporadic
Y.T.	Yukon	No Activity
N.W.	North	No Data
	South	No Data
Nvt.	Qikiqtaaluk	No Activity
	Kivalliq	No Activity
	Kitimeot	No Activity

Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Detections

The weekly percentage of tests positive for influenza (0.6% in week 39) remains stable and is at interseasonal levels.

The following results were reported from sentinel laboratories across Canada in week 39 (Figures 2 and 3):

• A total of 118 laboratory detections (99 influenza A and 19 influenza B) were reported.
• Among subtyped influenza A detections (54), 87% (47) were influenza A(H1N1).
• Among detections for which age information was reported (72), 34 (47%) of detections were in individuals over the age of 65 years.

To date this season (August 27, 2023 to September 30, 2023):

• 497 influenza detections were reported, of which 91% (450) were influenza A and among subtyped influenza A detections (319), influenza A(H1N1) accounted for 78% of detections.
• 334 laboratory-confirmed influenza detections with age information were reported, of which 140 (42%) were in individuals aged 65+ years old (Figure 4).

For more detailed weekly and cumulative influenza data, see the text descriptions for Figures 2 and 3 or the Respiratory Virus Detections in Canada Report.

Number of Laboratories Reporting in week 39: 33 out of 34

Figure 2 - Text description

Surveillance Week	A(Unsubtyped)	A(H3N2)	A(H1N1)	Influenza B	Percent Positive A	Percent Positive B
35	20	25	51	9	0.7	0.06
36	11	10	50	9	0.42	0.06
37	26	13	45	6	0.46	0.03
38	29	14	57	4	0.51	0.02
39	18	7	47	19	0.47	0.09
40	0	0	0	0	0	0
41	0	0	0	0	0	0
42	0	0	0	0	0	0
43	0	0	0	0	0	0
44	0	0	0	0	0	0
45	0	0	0	0	0	0
46	0	0	0	0	0	0
47	0	0	0	0	0	0
48	0	0	0	0	0	0
49	0	0	0	0	0	0
50	0	0	0	0	0	0
51	0	0	0	0	0	0
52	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	0	0	0	0	0	0
2	0	0	0	0	0	0
3	0	0	0	0	0	0
4	0	0	0	0	0	0
5	0	0	0	0	0	0
6	0	0	0	0	0	0
7	0	0	0	0	0	0
8	0	0	0	0	0	0
9	0	0	0	0	0	0
10	0	0	0	0	0	0
11	0	0	0	0	0	0
12	0	0	0	0	0	0
13	0	0	0	0	0	0
14	0	0	0	0	0	0
15	0	0	0	0	0	0
16	0	0	0	0	0	0
17	0	0	0	0	0	0
18	0	0	0	0	0	0
19	0	0	0	0	0	0
20	0	0	0	0	0	0
21	0	0	0	0	0	0
22	0	0	0	0	0	0
23	0	0	0	0	0	0
24	0	0	0	0	0	0
25	0	0	0	0	0	0
26	0	0	0	0	0	0
27	0	0	0	0	0	0
28	0	0	0	0	0	0
29	0	0	0	0	0	0
30	0	0	0	0	0	0
31	0	0	0	0	0	0
32	0	0	0	0	0	0
33	0	0	0	0	0	0
34	0	0	0	0	0	0

The shaded area represents the maximum and minimum number of influenza tests or percentage of tests positive reported by week from seasons 2014-2015 to 2019-2020. Data from week 11 of the 2019-2020 season onwards are excluded from the historical comparison due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The epidemic threshold is 5% tests positive for influenza. When it is exceeded, and a minimum of 15 weekly influenza detections are reported, a seasonal influenza epidemic is declared.

Figure 3 - Text description

Surveillance Week	Percentage of tests positive, 2023-2024	Percentage of tests positive, 2022-2023	Percentage of tests positive, 2021-2022	Maximum Percentage of Tests Positive	Minimum Percentage of Tests Positive	Average Percentage of Tests Positive
35	0.8	0.2	0.0	1.9	0.1	0.8
36	0.5	0.2	0.0	2.3	0.3	1.1
37	0.5	0.3	0.0	1.8	0.4	1.0
38	0.5	0.5	0.0	2.4	0.6	1.3
39	0.6	0.7	0.0	3.0	0.6	1.7
40	-	1.0	0.0	2.3	1.1	1.7
41	-	1.4	0.1	3.0	1.3	1.7
42	-	2.4	0.1	3.4	0.9	2.2
43	-	5.5	0.1	5.3	0.8	2.8
44	-	10.8	0.2	8.4	1.2	3.7
45	-	16.2	0.1	10.1	1.4	4.6
46	-	20.3	0.2	14.1	1.5	6.0
47	-	24.3	0.2	15.4	1.4	7.7
48	-	24.1	0.3	18.2	0.8	10.6
49	-	21.2	0.3	19.3	1.6	12.9
50	-	17.4	0.3	27.0	2.4	16.4
51	-	12.5	0.2	29.1	3.3	20.0
52	-	8.0	0.1	34.5	4.3	24.4
1	-	4.6	0.1	31.7	5.9	23.5
2	-	2.3	0.1	29.1	7.1	23.0
3	-	1.5	0.1	30.1	12.2	23.7
4	-	1.1	0.1	29.5	15.9	24.0
5	-	1.0	0.0	30.6	19.6	24.9
6	-	1.0	0.0	32.4	17.9	25.0
7	-	0.9	0.0	32.5	16.3	25.1
8	-	1.1	0.1	32.9	17.6	25.2
9	-	1.3	0.1	34.3	16.8	24.4
10	-	1.4	0.2	36.0	16.1	23.3
11	-	1.7	0.3	31.4	16.2	21.4
12	-	1.9	0.9	30.0	15.0	20.1
13	-	2.4	1.5	28.3	14.5	19.6
14	-	2.2	2.5	26.2	12.7	19.1
15	-	2.5	3.9	20.7	12.0	16.3
16	-	2.4	7.0	18.5	11.6	14.5
17	-	2.4	9.7	17.3	9.8	12.8
18	-	2.3	11.3	13.0	7.9	10.3
19	-	2.1	12.6	12.0	5.0	9.0
20	-	2.1	10.4	9.1	3.2	7.2
21	-	1.6	9.8	7.5	3.0	5.6
22	-	1.6	8.4	4.9	2.2	3.9
23	-	1.3	7.0	4.4	0.9	2.9
24	-	1.1	5.0	4.4	0.8	2.3
25	-	1.0	3.0	4.0	0.6	1.9
26	-	0.7	2.3	3.0	0.7	1.8
27	-	0.6	1.2	2.8	0.4	1.4
28	-	0.8	0.8	1.8	0.4	0.9
29	-	0.5	0.7	1.5	0.5	1.1
30	-	0.5	0.4	1.5	0.5	0.9
31	-	0.5	0.3	1.9	0.6	1.1
32	-	0.7	0.2	1.2	0.5	0.9
33	-	0.7	0.2	1.7	0.4	0.9
34	-	0.6	0.2	1.6	0.4	0.9

Laboratory data notes:

Testing for influenza and other respiratory viruses has been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in laboratory testing practices may affect the comparability of data to previous seasons.

Due to different testing protocols of laboratories across Canada, some influenza A subtype detection counts may not be included in total influenza A detection counts and percent positivity calculations.

Figure 4 - Text description

a) Proportion of influenza A and B by age-group

Age Group	Proportion of Influenza A	Proportion of Influenza B	Total Number Influenza Detections
0 to 4	92.9%	7.1%	28
5 to 19	90.5%	9.5%	42
20 to 44	80.6%	19.4%	67
45 to 64	94.7%	5.3%	57
65+	96.4%	3.6%	140

b) Proportion of subtyped influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) by age-group

Age Group	Proportion of A(H1N1)	Proportion of A(H3N2)	Total Number of Subtyped Influenza Detections
0 to 4	88.9%	11.1%	18
5 to 19	77.8%	22.2%	27
20 to 44	90.6%	9.4%	32
45 to 64	92.9%	7.1%	28
65+	80.6%	19.4%	62

Syndromic / Influenza-like Illness Surveillance

Healthcare Practitioners Sentinel Surveillance

In week 39, 1.1% of visits to healthcare professionals were due to influenza-like illness (ILI) (Figure 5). The percentage of visits for ILI is within expected levels for this time of year.

ILI symptoms are not specific to any one respiratory pathogen and can be due to influenza, or other respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This makes the percentage of visits for ILI an important indicator of overall respiratory illness morbidity in the community in the presence of co-circulating viruses.

This indicator should be interpreted with caution as there have been a smaller number of sentinels reporting compared to previous seasons.

Number of Sentinels Reporting in week 39: 35

The shaded area represents the maximum and minimum percentage of visits for ILI reported by week from seasons 2014-2015 to 2019-2020. Data from week 11 of the 2019-2020 season onwards are excluded from the historical comparison due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Figure 5 - Text description

Surveillance Week	2023-2024	2022-2023	2021-2022	Average	Min	Max
35	0.5%	0.6%	0.1%	0.6%	0.4%	0.9%
36	0.4%	1.2%	0.2%	0.6%	0.4%	0.9%
37	0.8%	0.6%	0.4%	0.7%	0.5%	1.0%
38	0.8%	0.9%	0.3%	0.7%	0.6%	1.0%
39	1.1%	1.0%	0.4%	0.9%	0.5%	1.2%
40	-	0.5%	0.2%	1.2%	0.8%	1.7%
41	-	1.1%	0.4%	1.7%	0.8%	2.8%
42	-	1.2%	0.5%	1.6%	1.2%	2.1%
43	-	0.9%	0.3%	1.2%	0.8%	1.7%
44	-	0.6%	0.3%	1.2%	0.7%	1.7%
45	-	1.0%	0.4%	1.2%	0.9%	1.5%
46	-	0.9%	0.8%	1.4%	1.2%	1.8%
47	-	0.7%	0.3%	1.6%	1.1%	2.2%
48	-	1.1%	0.5%	1.5%	1.1%	2.2%
49	-	0.9%	0.5%	1.7%	1.0%	2.8%
50	-	1.1%	0.4%	1.5%	1.1%	1.7%
51	-	1.7%	0.5%	1.9%	1.4%	2.7%
52	-	1.5%	0.5%	2.0%	1.0%	3.1%
1	-	2.1%	0.7%	3.4%	1.9%	5.4%
2	-	1.6%	0.4%	3.4%	1.8%	5.7%
3	-	1.4%	0.2%	2.3%	1.3%	3.7%
4	-	0.9%	0.3%	2.0%	1.1%	2.9%
5	-	1.0%	0.2%	2.1%	1.4%	3.1%
6	-	0.7%	0.5%	2.4%	1.4%	4.0%
7	-	0.7%	0.3%	2.4%	0.9%	3.5%
8	-	0.8%	0.2%	2.3%	0.8%	3.4%
9	-	0.7%	0.2%	2.3%	0.9%	3.1%
10	-	0.9%	0.2%	2.0%	1.0%	2.8%
11	-	0.6%	0.2%	1.9%	1.1%	2.8%
12	-	0.8%	0.3%	1.6%	0.6%	2.6%
13	-	1.2%	0.4%	1.6%	1.1%	2.6%
14	-	1.1%	0.2%	1.7%	1.1%	3.0%
15	-	1.2%	0.3%	1.3%	0.9%	1.9%
16	-	1.5%	0.3%	1.2%	0.8%	1.7%
17	-	1.3%	0.4%	1.2%	0.7%	1.7%
18	-	1.8%	0.5%	1.3%	0.5%	2.0%
19	-	1.7%	0.3%	0.9%	0.6%	1.3%
20	-	1.5%	0.5%	1.1%	0.6%	1.5%
21	-	1.4%	0.3%	0.9%	0.5%	1.3%
22	-	1.0%	0.3%	0.7%	0.3%	1.0%
23	-	1.1%	0.2%	0.8%	0.6%	1.0%
24	-	1.3%	0.2%	0.7%	0.6%	1.0%
25	-	1.0%	0.2%	0.6%	0.4%	0.8%
26	-	0.8%	0.2%	0.8%	0.5%	1.4%
27	-	1.7%	0.3%	0.6%	0.5%	0.7%
28	-	1.0%	0.1%	0.7%	0.5%	1.3%
29	-	0.9%	0.3%	0.9%	0.6%	1.7%
30	-	1.3%	0.2%	0.6%	0.2%	0.9%
31	-	0.9%	0.2%	0.4%	0.2%	0.6%
32	-	0.9%	0.2%	0.8%	0.3%	1.2%
33	-	0.8%	0.3%	0.7%	0.4%	1.3%
34	-	1.0%	0.5%	0.7%	0.4%	1.5%

FluWatchers

In week 39, 9,067 participants reported to FluWatchers, of which 2.2% reported symptoms of cough and fever (Figure 6). The percentage of FluWatchers who have reported cough and fever has been increasing in recent weeks, and is likely capturing the community circulation of non-influenza viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

The reports of cough and fever are not specific to any one respiratory pathogen and can be due to influenza, or other respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This makes the proportion of individuals reporting cough and fever an important indicator of overall respiratory illness activity in the community in the presence of co-circulating viruses.

FluWatchers reporting is not impacted by changes in health services or health seeking behaviours.

Among the 203 participants who reported cough and fever:

• 18% consulted a healthcare professional, and 73% performed a rapid antigen test.

The Northwest Territories had the highest participation rate this week (53 participants per 100,000 population) and the neighbourhood with postal code, K0A had the highest number of participants (116). See what is happening in your neighbourhood! Downloadable datasets are also available on Open Maps.

If you are interested in becoming a FluWatcher, sign up today.

Number of Participants Reporting in week 39: 9,067

The shaded area represents the maximum and minimum percentage of percentage of participants reporting cough and fever by week, from seasons 2014-2015 to 2019-2020. Data from week 11 of the 2019-2020 season onwards are excluded from the historical comparison due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Figure 6 - Text description

Surveillance Week	2023-2024	2022-2023	2021-2022	Average	Min	Max
35	1.1%	1.3%	0.2%	-	-	-
36	1.2%	1.2%	0.3%	-	-	-
37	1.5%	1.6%	0.5%	-	-	-
38	2.0%	1.8%	0.5%	-	-	-
39	2.2%	2.3%	0.5%	-	-	-
40	-	2.4%	0.6%	2.5%	2.2%	2.7%
41	-	2.0%	0.5%	2.2%	1.8%	2.6%
42	-	2.0%	0.4%	1.8%	1.6%	2.0%
43	-	2.3%	0.5%	1.9%	1.5%	2.2%
44	-	2.6%	0.5%	1.6%	1.4%	1.8%
45	-	3.0%	0.5%	1.8%	1.4%	2.3%
46	-	2.9%	0.4%	1.8%	1.2%	2.2%
47	-	3.1%	0.6%	1.9%	1.4%	2.4%
48	-	3.1%	0.5%	2.4%	1.7%	3.4%
49	-	2.7%	0.4%	2.6%	2.0%	3.2%
50	-	2.1%	0.6%	2.9%	2.1%	3.8%
51	-	2.4%	1.0%	3.2%	2.5%	3.9%
52	-	2.1%	1.5%	4.0%	2.8%	5.4%
1	-	1.7%	1.1%	3.8%	2.9%	4.8%
2	-	1.3%	1.0%	2.9%	1.9%	3.9%
3	-	1.3%	0.8%	3.3%	2.3%	4.8%
4	-	1.2%	0.6%	3.1%	2.1%	4.2%
5	-	1.1%	0.6%	3.2%	2.6%	3.6%
6	-	1.4%	0.5%	3.5%	2.8%	4.3%
7	-	1.3%	0.4%	3.2%	2.6%	3.8%
8	-	1.3%	0.5%	3.1%	2.5%	3.6%
9	-	1.4%	0.5%	2.8%	2.4%	3.5%
10	-	1.5%	0.6%	2.6%	2.1%	3.1%
11	-	1.5%	0.9%	2.3%	1.9%	2.6%
12	-	1.3%	1.2%	2.6%	2.5%	2.8%
13	-	1.5%	1.8%	2.5%	2.0%	3.1%
14	-	1.3%	2.3%	2.1%	1.3%	2.6%
15	-	1.4%	1.9%	1.8%	1.6%	1.9%
16	-	1.2%	1.9%	2.0%	1.5%	2.4%
17	-	1.2%	1.6%	1.7%	1.4%	2.3%
18	-	1.1%	1.4%	1.5%	1.2%	2.1%
19	-	0.9%	1.3%	-	-	-
20	-	1.0%	1.2%	-	-	-
21	-	0.9%	1.2%	-	-	-
22	-	0.7%	1.2%	-	-	-
23	-	0.9%	1.2%	-	-	-
24	-	0.9%	1.3%	-	-	-
25	-	0.7%	1.3%	-	-	-
26	-	0.9%	1.8%	-	-	-
27	-	0.8%	2.0%	-	-	-
28	-	0.6%	1.9%	-	-	-
29	-	0.6%	1.8%	-	-	-
30	-	0.7%	1.6%	-	-	-
31	-	1.0%	1.3%	-	-	-
32	-	0.9%	1.2%	-	-	-
33	-	0.9%	1.4%	-	-	-
34	-	1.2%	1.3%	-	-	-

Influenza Outbreak Surveillance

In week 39, no laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks were reported.

To date this season (August 27, 2023 to September 30, 2023):

• 6 laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks have been reported
  • 5 were in LTC facilities (83%)
  • 1 was in a facility categorized as 'other' (17%)
  • All outbreaks were due to influenza A and among those with subtyping information (4), 50% were due to influenza A(H1N1)
• 3 ILI outbreaks have been reported
  • All ILI outbreaks have been reported in schools and/or daycares.

Outbreaks of ILI are not specific to any one respiratory pathogen and can be due influenza, or other respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, COVID-19, or a mixture of viruses.

Number of provinces and territories^{Footnote 1} reporting in week 39: 10 out of 13

Figure 7 - Text description

Surveillance Week	Acute Care Facilities	Long Term Care Facilities	Other	Schools and Daycares	Remote and/or Isolated Communities
35	0	1	1	0	0
36	0	0	0	0	0
37	0	2	0	0	0
38	0	2	0	0	0
39	0	0	0	0	0
40	0	0	0	0	0
41	0	0	0	0	0
42	0	0	0	0	0
43	0	0	0	0	0
44	0	0	0	0	0
45	0	0	0	0	0
46	0	0	0	0	0
47	0	0	0	0	0
48	0	0	0	0	0
49	0	0	0	0	0
50	0	0	0	0	0
51	0	0	0	0	0
52	0	0	0	0	0
1	0	0	0	0	0
2	0	0	0	0	0
3	0	0	0	0	0
4	0	0	0	0	0
5	0	0	0	0	0
6	0	0	0	0	0
7	0	0	0	0	0
8	0	0	0	0	0
9	0	0	0	0	0
10	0	0	0	0	0
11	0	0	0	0	0
12	0	0	0	0	0
13	0	0	0	0	0
14	0	0	0	0	0
15	0	0	0	0	0
16	0	0	0	0	0
17	0	0	0	0	0
18	0	0	0	0	0
19	0	0	0	0	0
20	0	0	0	0	0
21	0	0	0	0	0
22	0	0	0	0	0
23	0	0	0	0	0
24	0	0	0	0	0
25	0	0	0	0	0
26	0	0	0	0	0
27	0	0	0	0	0
28	0	0	0	0	0
29	0	0	0	0	0
30	0	0	0	0	0
31	0	0	0	0	0
32	0	0	0	0	0
33	0	0	0	0	0
34	0	0	0	0	0

Influenza Severe Outcomes Surveillance

Provincial/Territorial Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

In week 39, less than five influenza-associated hospitalizations and no ICU admissions were reported by participating provinces and territories^{Footnote 2}.

To date this season (August 27, 2023 to September 30, 2023), 21 influenza-associated hospitalizations were reported by participating provinces and territories:

• 95% of the hospitalizations were associated with influenza A.
• Of the cases with subtype information (17), 88% were associated with influenza A(H1N1)
• Adults aged 65 years of age and older accounted for 57% of reported hospitalizations.

To date this season (August 27, 2023 to September 30, 2023), less than five ICU admissions and less than five influenza-associated deaths were reported.

Number of provinces and territories reporting in week 39: 6 out of 9

Pediatric Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

In week 39, less than 5 influenza-associated pediatric (≤16 years of age) hospitalizations and no influenza-associated ICU admissions or deaths were reported by the Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT) network.

To date this season (August 27, 2023 to September 30, 2023):

• 9 pediatric influenza-associated hospitalizations have been reported.
• All of the hospitalizations were associated with influenza A.
• No influenza-associated ICU admissions have been reported and no influenza-associated pediatric deaths have been reported

Influenza Strain Characterization

The National Microbiology Laboratory has not yet reported influenza strain characterization results for influenza viruses collected during the 2023-2024 season.

Antiviral Resistance

The National Microbiology Laboratory has not yet reported antiviral resistance results for influenza viruses collected during the 2023-2024 season.

Influenza Vaccine Monitoring

Vaccine monitoring refers to activities related to the monitoring of influenza vaccination coverage and vaccine effectiveness.

Vaccination Coverage

Influenza vaccine coverage estimates for the 2023-2024 season are anticipated to be available in February or March 2024.

Vaccine Effectiveness

Influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates for the 2023-2024 season are anticipated to be available in February or March 2024.

Provincial and International Surveillance Links

See Influenza surveillance resources

Notes

The data in the FluWatch report represent surveillance data available at the time of writing. All data are preliminary and may change as updates are received.

To learn more about the FluWatch program, see the Overview of influenza monitoring in Canada page.

For more information on the flu, see our Flu (influenza) web page.

We would like to thank all the FluWatch surveillance partners participating in this year's influenza surveillance program.

This report is available on the Government of Canada Influenza webpage.

Ce rapport est disponible dans les deux langues officielles.