MenW in Canada shows potential clonal replacement

CCDR

Volume 42-12, December 1, 2016: Improving vaccination rates

Early communication

Invasive serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis (MenW) in Ontario, Canada shows potential clonal replacement during the period January 1, 2009 – June 30, 2016

Tsang RSW1*, Deeks SL2,3, Wong K2, Marchand-Austin A2, Jamieson FB2,3*

Affiliations

1 National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB

2 Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON

3 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON

Correspondence

raymond.tsang@phac-aspc.gc.ca, frances.jamieson@oahpp.ca

Suggested citation

Tsang RSW, Deeks SL, Wong K, Marchand-Austin A, Jamieson FB. Invasive serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis (MenW) in Ontario, Canada shows potential clonal replacement during the period January 1, 2009 to June 30, 2016. Can Comm Dis Rep 2016;42(12):263-6. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v42i12a06

Abstract

Background: In Ontario, serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis (MenW) accounts for a small percentage of all invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) and between 2010 and 2014, only zero to three confirmed cases occurred per year. However, between August 2015 and June 2016, six culture confirmed MenW IMD cases were reported in Ontario.

Objective: All MenW IMD cases in Ontario between January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2016 were reviewed and the N. meningitidis strains involved were characterized.

Methods: MenW cases were identified in the Integrated Public Health Information System byf Public Health Ontario. MenW isolates were characterized at the National Microbiology Laboratory.

Results: Of the thirteen MenW IMD cases, six were due to isolates typed as sequence type (ST)-22 clonal complex (cc), six were of ST-11 cc, and one ST-167 cc. Most (83%) MenW cases due to the ST-22 cc occurred prior to 2012 while all six MenW cases due to ST-11 cc happened since May 2014. The six MenW ST-11 isolates appeared to be clonal.

Conclusion: It appears that a genetic shift in the invasive MenW isolates has occurred in Ontario in 2014 with the ST-11 clone replacing the traditional ST-22 clone.

Introduction

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is caused by the strict human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, which may cause severe invasive disease in susceptible individuals including meningitis, septicemia, bacteremic pneumonia, septic arthritis or pericarditis. Almost all invasive isolates of N. meningitidis are encapsulated, and the capsule is the basis of the serogrouping antigen and the protective vaccine for serogroups A, C, W (or formerly W135), and Y Footnote 1. Currently 12 different serogroups of meningococci are recognized but most infections are caused by serogroups A, B, C, W, X and Y Footnote 2,Footnote 3.

According to historical data, serogroup A N. meningitidis (MenA) was the most commonly isolated meningococci in Canada in 1971 and 1972 Footnote 4. Since then, the prevalence of MenA has declined and by the mid-1990s, MenA only accounted for 1% or less of the IMD cases in Canada Footnote 5. Now, MenA is no longer endemic in Canada. Currently, most IMD cases are caused by serogroup B (MenB) and serogroup Y (MenY) Footnote 6, especially after MenC conjugate vaccine was incorporated into publicly-funded childhood immunization programs across the country in the early to mid-2000s Footnote 7. In Ontario, MenC conjugate vaccine was introduced at 12 months of age and for grade seven students in 2004/05. In 2009, quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (A,C,Y,W) replaced MenC vaccine for grade seven students.

From 2006 to 2011, serogroup W (MenW) N. meningitidis accounted for only 5.7% (62 out of 1,092 isolates) of all invasive meningococci isolated in Canada Footnote 6. In the province of Ontario, between 2010 and 2014, there were only zero to three culture confirmed MenW IMD cases per year. However, between August 2015 and June 2016, six culture confirmed MenW IMD cases were reported; five appeared to be due to the same strain typed as W:2a:P1.2,Footnote 5 sequence type (ST)-11. The objective of this study was to review all MenW IMD case isolates received at the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) from the province of Ontario between January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2016.

Materials and methods

IMD is a reportable disease in Ontario and data regarding cases are captured in the provincial reportable disease database, the Integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS) Footnote 8. The Public Health Ontario (PHO) laboratory routinely receives all IMD case isolates through its regional laboratories and/or community hospitals. Isolates received were confirmed as N. meningitidis using standard biochemical tests and serogrouped using bacterial agglutination method and antisera provided by the NML. Isolates were also forwarded to the NML for serotyping, serosubtyping, PorA genotyping and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) Footnote 9. Isolates in the electrophoretic type (ET)-37 or ST-11 clonal complex (cc) were further subdivided into the ET-15 and the ET-37 (not ET-15) types by extending the DNA sequencing of their fumC genes to identify the molecular signatures for differentiating these ET types Footnote 10.

This study included MenW isolates received from Ontario at the NML between January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2016. The list of isolates was verified by PHO against cases reported to iPHIS during the same time period to ensure completeness. Age and sex of the cases were obtained from the specimen requisition forms.

Results

Thirteen MenW IMD case isolates from the province of Ontario were identified between January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2016 (Table 1). The 13 individuals included six females and seven males between 15 months and 86 years of age, with a median age of 53.4 years. The majority of cases were adults (77%) and of these, most were older adults. Only three cases occurred in children and all were two years of age and younger. None of the 13 cases had a fatal outcome. Blood culture was the most common specimen source (85%). Six of the cases occurred during the winter months of December to March while the rest occurred from April to September. As these cases were caused by a vaccine preventable serogroup, public health management would include chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis with quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine for close contacts Footnote 11.

Table 1: Microbiological characteristics of invasive serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis isolated in the province of Ontario from invasive meningococcal disease cases between the period January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2016
Case Number Age/sex Specimen source Culture isolation date Culture’s Antigenic formula PorA genotype MLST ST Clonal complex
1Table 1 - Footnote 1 86/F shoulder fluid December 2008 W:NT:P1.6 P1.18-1,3,38 ST-22 ST-22
2 2/F CSF February 2009 W:NT:P1.6 P1.18-1,3,38 ST-8230 ST-22
3 15 months/F Blood May 2010 W:NT:P1.- P1.18-1,3,38 ST-8974 ST-22
4 82/F Blood February 2011 W:NT:P1.- P1.19,15,36 ST-22 ST-22
5Table 1 - Footnote 2 1/M Blood April 2011 W:NT:P1.- porA gene deletion ST-184 ST-22
6 78/M Blood March 2011 W:19:P1.5 P1.5-1,10-4,36-2 ST-3705 ST-167
7 53/F Blood May 2014 W:2a:P1.5,2 P1.5,2,36-2 ST-10826 ST-10826 ST-11
8 53/F Blood August 2015 W:2a:P1.5,2 P1.5,2,36-2 ST-11 ST-11
9 66/M Blood September 2015 W:2a:P1.5,2 P1.5,2,36-2 ST-11 ST-11
10 36/M Blood December 2015 W:NT:P1.16 P1.18-1,16,37-1 ST-184 ST-22
11 60/M Blood March 2016 W:2a:P1.2 P1.5,2,36-2 ST-11 ST-11
12 83/M Blood June 2016 W:2a:P1.2 P1.5,2,36-2 ST-11 ST-11
13 27/M Blood June 2016 W:2a:P1.2 P1.5,2,36-2 ST-11 ST-11

Five of the cases were caused by strains expressing the serotype antigen 2a with PorA genotype of P1.5,2,36-2 and typed by MLST as ST-11, a member of the ST-11 cc. Another serotype 2a MenW strain with PorA genotype of P1.5,2,36-2 was identified as ST-10826, a single locus variant (SLV) of ST-11, and therefore, also a member of the ST-11 cc. These six cases all occurred since May 2014, were in adults and four were male. Evidence that the six W:2a:P1.2,Footnote 5 ST-11 isolates were clonal included the lack of the characteristic fumC gene mutation that characterized them as ET-37 and not ET-15. None of the cases reported travel to the Hajj.

Six MenW case isolates belonged to ST-22 cc and presented as four different STs (two each of ST-22 and ST-184; and one each of ST-8230 and ST-8974). In addition, these six MenW isolates were also heterogeneous in terms of their antigenic formulas and PorA genotypes (Table 1). Five of the six (83%) MenW isolates belonging to the ST-22 cc occurred prior to 2012 and half were young children. The remaining MenW isolate was typed as ST-3705, a member of the ST-167 cc commonly associated with MenY according to the Neisseria.org MLST website Footnote 12.

Discussion

This laboratory-based surveillance report captured the emergence or re-emergence of the MenW strain expressing serotype antigen 2a and serosubtype antigens of P1.2 or P1.5,2 with PorA genotype of P1.5,2,36-2 and belonging to the ST-11 cc. This clone seems to have emerged and displaced the traditional MenW clone of W:NT:P1.6 that belonged to the ST-22 cc since May 2014 (authors’ unpublished data). Through genotypic and phenotypic analysis, ST-11 MenW 2a:P1.5,2 was first identified in Canada in 1970 Footnote 13. Prior to the spring of 2000, ST-11 MenW has only caused sporadic disease. However, the first large MenW outbreak involving >400 cases from 16 countries due to a ST-11 cc strain was reported among the pilgrims attending the Hajj in Mecca in year 2000 Footnote 13,Footnote 14. Subsequent sporadic cases were thought to be due to pilgrims returning from the Hajj and transmitting the infection to their close contacts, as have been reported in Europe Footnote 15. This clone has since spread to sub-Saharan Africa Footnote 16 and South America Footnote 17,Footnote 18. However, beginning in 2010, several countries have reported an increase in IMD due to ST-11 MenW Footnote 19,Footnote 20,Footnote 21,Footnote 22. Unusual clinical presentation of MenW IMD due to this clone has been reported and the possibility of endemic local transmission has also been suggested Footnote 23,Footnote 24. The finding of six MenW cases associated with the ST-11 cc in Ontario since May 2014 was unusual, especially as none have reported any travel to the Haji or exposure to individuals returning from the Haji.

The majority (10 out of 13) of MenW cases in Ontario occurred in adults, particularly older adults. While all ST-11 cases occurred in adults, the ST-22 cases occurred in either very young children or adults (Table 1). This was in contrast to the findings reported from South America with most MenW:2a ST-11 cases occurring in young children. For example, in Argentina, 63% of MenW:2a ST-11 cases were in children less than nine years old Footnote 18; in Chile, 47% of cases were in children less than five years old Footnote 25; while in Brazil, the average age was 15 years Footnote 26. In England and Wales, the increase in disease due to the ST-11 MenW strain was noticed in all age groups Footnote 24,Footnote 27. As there have been only six cases reported in Ontario, it is too early to note whether this age pattern has any epidemiological significance.

The ST-11 N. meningitidis cc has been known as a hypervirulent clone with the potential to cause epidemics. The first documentation of the ST-11 meningococci causing an epidemic was in the 1960s in the US Army Footnote 28,Footnote 29. ST-11 meningococci may be found in strains with serogroup antigens of B, C, W and Y Footnote 30. The most significant IMD event in Canada was due to an ST-11 cc MenC strain typed as ET-15, a genetic variant within the ST-11 cc of N. meningitidis Footnote 31. This clone first emerged in the province of Ontario in 1986 Footnote 31 and caused a localized outbreak in January 1989. By 1990 it had spread throughout the province. This clone was also responsible for the increase in MenC disease in the U.S., causing several outbreaks other than spreading to other provinces within Canada Footnote 32. The global spread of this ET-15 clone leading to outbreaks in multiple countries has been described Footnote 33. Although sporadic cases of ET-15 MenB have been observed in Canada (probably through capsule switching), such strains failed to establish sufficiently to cause any sustained disease in Canada Footnote 34. MenY ST-11 has not been observed in Canada (authors’ unpublished observation). Although others have discussed the potential relationship between the ST-11 MenC and the ST-11 MenW through capsule switching Footnote 13, the finding of sporadic MenW (and/or MenC) ST-11 isolates as far back as 1970 has made it impossible to determine if any such capsule switching event had occurred.

The potential unusual clinical presentation due to MenW ST-11 that others have reported Footnote 23 along with possible endemic spread Footnote 24 without direct or indirect travel history (through exposure to travellers) and age range of cases reported in Ontario should alert clinicians to remain vigilant and consider a diagnosis of IMD in all age groups. This short surveillance report serves to inform the public health and clinical community of the possible emergence of a ST-11 MenW strain in Ontario, which needs to be monitored.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dennis Law, Jianwei Zhou and Saul Deng for providing laboratory assistance in the analysis of strains, and the NML’s DNA Core Service for providing assistance in nucleotide sequencing. We also thank Deirdre Soares and the Public Health Ontario Laboratory Reference Identification Section staff.

Conflict of interest

None.

Funding

This publication made use of the Neisseria Multi Locus Sequence Typing website developed by Keith Jolley and sited at the University of Oxford (Jolley & Maiden 2010, BMC Bioinformatics, 11:595). The development of this site has been funded by the Wellcome Trust and European Union.

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