Correspondence: Kelsey Lucyk, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9; Tel: 343-549-2606; Email: kelsey.lucyk@canada.ca
Keywords: social determinants of health, policy review, health equity, health in all policies
Highlights
Mandate letters for the current federal government cabinet ministers identify opportunities for intersectoral action on social determinants of health and health equity.
Key areas for intersectoral action identified in 2019 mandate letters include adopting measures of well-being in the federal budget, redistributive tax policies, and initiatives in employment, housing, education and other sectors.
Continued monitoring and reporting on health inequalities in Canada is important in assessing progress and identifying areas where intersectoral collaboration can be strengthened.
Reducing health inequalities is a globally recognized challenge that requires intersectoral action on determinants of health.Footnote 1 In Canada, cabinet ministers receive policy objectives from the prime minister in “mandate letters” that outline expectations for their role and identify key priorities for their department. Ministerial mandate letters can be considered a tool for identifying opportunities for such action, as a starting point in the policy-making process. Since most determinants of health lie outside of the health sector,Footnote 2Footnote 3 mandate letters to non–health sector ministers reveal openings where the health sector can support policies that contribute to improving health equity. The following review of 33 mandate letters identifies key commitments outside of the health sector that address the conditions in which people are born, live, grow, work and age—known as the social determinants of health.Footnote 4 For the majority of commitments highlighted in this review, non-health sectors do not link their directives explicitly to health or its social determinants. This illustrates a well-documented and ongoing challenge to intersectoral action for health: the pursuit of health equity may be considered a lower priority than, or even incompatible with, the policy priorities of other sectors.Footnote 5 It is anticipated that this review will be of interest to public health and other professionals working across sectors to improve health equity.
Health equity and social determinants of health: windows of opportunity
As part of a commitment to open and transparent government, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s office publicly released ministerial mandate letters for the 29th Canadian Ministry on 13 December, 2019.Footnote 6 In some cases, mandate letters lay the foundation for intersectoral action on determinants of health by articulating which ministers should work together, on which issues and to what end. A notable example is the upstream directive to the Associate Minister of Finance to incorporate quality of life measurements into federal decision-making and budgeting by working with colleagues from the social development and science sectors.Footnote 7
Thematic areas were not determined a priori in this review; letters were reviewed to consider known factors that could shape health and health equity (e.g. the distribution of money, power and resources),Footnote 8 and grouped according to key determinants, using the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) framework for social determinants of health as a guide.Footnote 4 Other relevant frameworks (e.g. ecological, commercial and Indigenous determinants of health) were beyond the scope of this review. Comprehensive findings on mandate commitments for the key determinant areas are provided in Table 1 . More specifically, Table 1 maps mandate letter commitments to the lead ministers as well as those who are explicitly named in the commitment.
Table 1. Mandate letter directives related to social determinants of health
Table 1. Mandate letter directives related to social determinants of health
Mandate directive
Minister(s) responsible
AA
CH
CIR
DG
DI/Y
DPM/IA
ECC
ED/OL
EWDI
F
FA
FCS
FOCG
H
IC
ID
IRC
IS
ISI
J/AG
L
MCP/AF
NA
ND
NR
NRes
PSE
PSP
S
SEP
T
VA/AND
WAGE/RED
Better incorporate quality of life measurements into government decision-making and budgeting, drawing on lessons learned from New Zealand and Scotland
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Income
Limit employee stock option deduction for high-income individuals employed at large, long-established mature firms
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Proactively contact Canadians who are entitled to but are not receiving tax benefits
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Offer to complete returns for some clients, particularly low-income Canadians and those on fixed incomes
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Increase federal hourly wage to $15
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Implement Pay Equity Act
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Introduce 10% tax on luxury vehicles over $100 000
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Introduce tax cuts for the middle class, and a Basic Personal Amount of $15 000
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Review tax expenditures to ensure wealthy Canadians do not benefit from unfair tax breaks
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Ensure multinational tech giants pay appropriate corporate tax on the revenue they generate within Canada
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Employment
Extend Employment Insurance sickness benefits from 15 weeks to 26 weeks
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Create a Career Insurance Benefit
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Improve pilot project for seasonal workers with a permanent program that provides reliable benefit
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Create an Employment Insurance Disaster Assistance Benefit
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Strengthen Employment Insurance and develop new Special Benefits models to develop Guaranteed Paid Family Leave
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Create national employment and training support services for military and policing families
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Enhance the Youth Employment Strategy and the Canada Summer Jobs program
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Require federally regulated employers to take preventative steps to address workplace stress and injury in the Canada Labour Code
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Include mental health as an element of occupational health and safety in the Canada Labour Code
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Create jobs through commitments in departmental areas
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Advance legislation to support the future and livelihood of workers and their communities as they transition to a low-carbon global economy
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Racism
Deliver cross-government programming in support of the United Nations International Decade for People of African Descent
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Invest in projects that celebrate, share knowledge of, and build capacity in Black Canadian communities
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Ensure law enforcement and security agencies have access to unconscious bias and cultural competency training
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Expand and advance Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy to ensure community-based projects meet the Strategy’s goals
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Establish an Anti-Racism Secretariat
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Develop policies that tackle systemic discrimination and unconscious bias, including anti-Black racism
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Work with Ministers across government to build on the spirit of United Nations International Decade for People of African Descent
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Co-develop legislation to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by 2020
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Sex and gender
Ensure mandatory training for judges in Canada on sexual assault law and on unconscious bias and cultural competency
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Work with provinces and territories to provide free legal advice and support to survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence
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Amend the Criminal Code to ban conversion therapy
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Develop a National Action Plan on Gender-Based Violence
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Support community action to tackle systemic barriers impeding women’s progress, while recognizing and addressing the diverse experiences of gender and inequality across the country
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Continue the work of the LGBTQ2S Secretariat
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Provide additional investments to LGBTQ2S organizations
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Consult civil society representatives of LGBTQ2S communities to lay the groundwork for an action plan that would guide the work of the federal government
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Support continued gender equality and diversity in Canadian companies
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Housing
Implement the First-Time Home Buyer Incentive
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Implement the Canada Housing Benefit
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Create 41 800 new housing units, repair 229 600 units and build and renovate housing through the National Housing Strategy
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Build and issue veterans’ affordable housing units
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Address critical infrastructure needs in Indigenous communities, including the development of a distinctions-based, urban Indigenous housing strategy
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Ensure seniors’ needs are reflected in the National Housing Strategy
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Ensure that, through the National Housing Strategy, Canadians—including women and girls—can access housing that is affordable and meets their needs
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Operationalize a plan to help Canadians make their homes more energy efficient and climate-resilient
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Finalize and implement the Housing Supply Challenge
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Early childhood
Create up to 250 000 before- and after-school spaces for children under 10 years of age, lay the groundwork for a pan-Canadian childcare services system and provide support for early childhood educators
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Introduce a 15-week leave for adoptive parents, including LGBTQ2S families
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Allow new parents to pause student loan repayments, interest-free, until their youngest child is 5 years of age
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Double the Child Disability Benefit
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Develop a Guaranteed Paid Family Leave program during the first year of a child’s life, and work with Quebec on effective integration with its parental benefit system
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Increase Canada Child Benefit by 15% for children under 1 year of age
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Work with provinces and territories to provide more support for early childhood educators
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Work with provinces and territories to create a national secretariat for a pan-Canadian childcare services system
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Fully implement An Act Respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis Children, Youth and Families
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Education and skills training
Increase Canada Student Grants by up to $1200
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Extend the interest-free grace period for student loan repayment to 2 years
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Increase the income threshold for student loan repayment assistance by $10 000
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Invest in skills training to support energy audits, retrofits and net-zero home construction
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Support innovation ecosystems, including business and post-secondary education partnerships
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Ensure all Canadians have access to second Official Language programs, and invest in training and recruiting teachers to deliver these programs
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Implement the Canada Training Benefit
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Create worker transition centres to offer development initiatives and economic and community diversification activities in Western and Eastern Canada
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Consider recommendations from the Task Force on post-secondary education in Canada’s Arctic and northern regions, as appropriate, to establish a robust system of post-secondary education in the North
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Create the Canadian Apprenticeship Service
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Develop a proposal to require government suppliers participate in the Canadian Apprenticeship Service
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Require federal contracts meet targets for greater inclusion of women in the trades
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Access to medical care
Continue to implement national universal pharmacare, including establishment of the Canada Drug Agency, and a strategy for access to high-cost drugs for rare diseases
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Ensure every Canadian has access to a family doctor or primary health care team
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Make home care and palliative care more available across the country
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Ensure that Canadians have access to the full suite of reproductive services and medications across the country
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Set national standards for access to mental health services
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Continue to implement national universal pharmacare
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Ensure Canada’s response to the current opioid crisis is robust, well-coordinated and effective
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Expand community-based services, build more in-patient rehabilitation beds, scale up effective programs
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Continue to fully implement Jordan’s PrincipleFootnote a of Table 1 so that First Nations children have access to health, social and educational supports and services when and where they need them
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Co-develop and invest in distinctions-based community infrastructure plans, and move forward with addressing critical needs including housing, all-weather roads, high-speed internet, health facilities, treatment centres and schools in First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities by 2030
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Study and analyze the possibility of national dental care
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Incorporate quality of life measurements into government decision-making and budgeting
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Food Security
Move forward a food policy that includes support for food security in northern and Indigenous communities
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Aging
Increase survivor benefits in the Canada Pension Plan and Quebec Pension Plan by 25%
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Promote healthy aging, including building on federally supported programs that support the needs of seniors and their families, and ensure investments in care are coordinated and have the intended impacts
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Increase Old Age Security pension by 10% for seniors when they turn 75, indexed to inflation
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Establish a national definition for elder abuse and establish new Criminal Code offences and penalties
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Review the government’s capacity to connect seniors to benefits and programs to which they are entitled
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Language
Modernize and reinforce the Official Languages Act to better account for and serve minority language communities
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Leverage expertise of the Translation Bureau to preserve, protect and revitalize First Nations, Inuit and Métis languages by increasing the availability of translation and interpretation services
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Fully implement the Indigenous Languages Act to preserve, promote and revitalize Indigenous languages in Canada
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Ability
Create a workplace accessibility fund to help increase the availability of accommodations that help close gaps in access to well-paying jobs and education
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Implement the Accessible Canada Act and support operationalization of the Canadian Accessibility Standards Development Organization in consultation with the disability community
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Undertake initiatives to improve the economic inclusion of persons with disabilities and specifically target barriers to full participation in the labour force
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Conduct a comprehensive review to ensure a consistent approach to disability inclusion and supports across government that addresses the inequities in government programs and services (and challenges the biases built into government processes)
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Make the transportation system more accessible for persons with disabilities
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International commitments on determinants of health and health equity
Develop programming that recognizes, reduces and addresses the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid care work and that supports and protects the rights of paid and unpaid care workers to address a root cause of global inequality
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Maintain the gender equality focus of all of Canada’s international assistance investments to address economic, political and social inequalities that prevent individuals from reaching their full potential
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Develop programming on the intersection of women’s rights and climate adaptation to better support sustainable and equitable resource management, agricultural production and access to markets
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Lead implementation of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals adopted at the United Nations
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Work with relevant Ministers to champion the values of inclusive and accountable governance, including by promoting human rights, women’s empowerment and gender equality and respect for diversity and inclusion
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Lead coordinated implementation of Canada’s women, peace and security agenda
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Abbreviations of Table 1
Abbreviations: AA, Agriculture and Agri-Food; CH, Canadian Heritage; CIR, Crown–Indigenous Relations; DG, Digital Government; DI/Y, Diversity and Inclusion and Youth; DPM/IA; Deputy Prime Minister and Intergovernmental Affairs; ECC, Environment and Climate Change; ED/OL, Economic Development and Official Languages; EWDI, Employment, Workforce Development and Disability Inclusion; F, Finance; FA, Foreign Affairs; FCS, Families, Children, and Social Development; FOCG, Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard; H, Health; IC, Infrastructure and Communities; ID, International Development; IRC, Immigrants, Refugees and Citizenship; IS, Indigenous Services; ISI; Innovation, Science, and Industry; J/AG, Justice and Attorney General of Canada; L, Labour; MCP/AF, Middle Class Prosperity and Associate Minister of Finance; NA; Northern Affairs; ND, National Defence; NR, National Revenue; NRes, Natural Resources; PSE, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness; PSP, Public Services and Procurement; S, Seniors; SEP, Small Business, Export Promotion and International Trade; T, Transport; VA/AND, Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister of National Defence; WAGE/RED, Women and Gender Equality and Rural Economic Development.
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Jordan’s Principle is a child-first principle in Canada requiring that First Nations children have equal access to the produces, services and supports they need. For further information, see the Government of Canada web page “Jordan’s Principle,” available from: https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1568396042341/1568396159824
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Included in this mandate letter
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Indicates lead minister, as applicable
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The results that follow are intended to show the scope and breadth of commitments related to the social determinants of health in non-health sectors, not to evaluate the positive or negative impacts that such actions may have on health and health inequalities. This report is an analysis of 33 of the 37 letters published; excluded from this review were letters to the Leader and Deputy House Leader of the House of Commons, President of the Privy Council and President of the Treasury Board. Analysis was completed in December 2019 to January 2020, meaning that some policies or programs may have been implemented or redirected since the time of writing (i.e. in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic). As both aspirational policy tools and primary source material, the mandate letters capture a moment in history and the analysis herein illustrates plans for intersectoral action during that time.
Income and employment
Redistributive tax policies and additional supports (e.g. employment security and benefits, enhanced social safety net) can improve determinants of health where they improve access to the resources needed to maintain health, including other determinants—such as employment or income—that are linked with health and well-being.Footnote 9 In the financial sector, Canada proposed to introduce a new wealth tax on luxury vehicles and will review tax breaks to ensure the wealthy do not benefit unfairly. Middle-class Canadians should receive tax cuts and an increase to the basic personal amount, and the federal minimum wage should be raised to at least $15 per hour. For seniors, enhancements should be made to the Old Age Security pension (an increase of 10% at age 75), and both the Canada Pension Plan and the Quebec Pension Plan (survivor benefits increased by 25%). For new parents, the Canada Child Benefit should be increased for children under one year of age, and the Child Disability Benefit should be doubled. Canada will also seek to better connect eligible seniors and low-income Canadians to benefits and programs. Addressing income inequality, the recently passed Pay Equity Act Footnote 10 will require employers to correct gender-based discrimination in compensation, so that employees receive equal compensation for work of equal value in predominantly male and female job classes.
In the area of employment, new benefits should be introduced for seasonal workers and employees who have lost their job due to an employer ceasing operations, and employment services will be offered to military and policing families. The Employment Insurance program should extend sickness benefits, support lost income due to disasters and develop special benefits for new parents.
Racism
Racism influences health at multiple levels through reducing access to positive determinants of health, increasing exposure to risk factors and resulting in adverse physical or mental health outcomes.Footnote 11 In the criminal justice sector, all judges in Canada will be required to undergo unconscious bias training and law enforcement will receive access to unconscious bias and cultural competency training. Investments will be made to celebrate and build capacity in Black Canadian communities and support the United Nations (UN) International Decade for People of African Descent. More broadly, the Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Youth is directed to develop policies that tackle systemic discrimination and anti-Black racism. Across government, departments will work to support self-determination, improve service delivery and advance reconciliation among Indigenous peoples, supported in part through legislation implementing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Sex and gender
Sex and gender (and related concepts) shape individual and population health by influencing the distribution of health risks, protective factors, access to health services and other determinants.Footnote 12 In addition to horizontal initiatives, such as gender-based plus and diversity analyses, several other initiatives propose improvements for people who have been disadvantaged because of their sex, gender or sexual orientation. For instance, steps will be taken to ban conversion therapy through amending the Criminal Code and enhance the reach and capacity of LGBTQ2 organizations. Concerning gender-based violence, a response to the Calls for Justice of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls will be developed; free legal advice will be provided to survivors of sexual assault and trauma, with training on these topics delivered to all Canadian judges.
Housing
Housing is a determinant essential to disease prevention on its own and for its influence on other determinants, such as social stability or environment.Footnote 13 Initiatives to improve the affordability of housing in Canada will include the Canada Housing Benefit, and housing for veterans, as well as the recently implemented First-Time Home Buyer Incentive. The National Housing Strategy will create over 40 000 new units, repair over 200 000 and continue to improve availability through construction and renovation. Steps will also be taken to ensure the needs of seniors, women and girls are reflected in the Strategy, and a new plan will be developed for urban Indigenous housing. Innovative solutions will be explored through implementation of a new competition, the Housing Supply Challenge, which will offer $300 million in prizes.Footnote 14 Support will also be provided to help Canadians make their homes more energy efficient and climate resistant.
Early childhood
Between the ages of 0 and 6 years, children experience a critical period of physical, cognitive, emotional and social development that impacts well-being in childhood and later in life.Footnote 15 Steps to improve early childhood will include implementation of a new parental leave for adoptive parents and guaranteed paid leave during a child’s first year of life. New parents will also be able to pause student loan repayments until their youngest child turns 5. Up to 250 000 new spaces for before- and after-school care will be created for children under 10, and the groundwork will be laid for a pan-Canadian childcare services system. For Indigenous communities, new child welfare legislation will come into effect that allows communities to develop policies and laws for child and family services, based on their distinct histories, cultures and circumstances.
Education and skills training
Education and its related determinants (e.g. skills) can shape determinants of health by influencing employment opportunities, decision-making, social position and other pathways.Footnote 16 To improve the affordability of post-secondary education, Canada Student Grants amounts will be increased, along with the income threshold for student loan repayment assistance. Efforts will be made to ensure First Nations, Inuit and Métis students have support to access and succeed in post-secondary education, as well as students in northern and arctic regions. A new refundable tax credit will be introduced for working Canadians pursuing training, with worker transition centres established to support development in Western and Eastern Canada. Finally, the Canadian Apprenticeship Service will be created to ensure Red Seal apprentices have sufficient opportunities to gain necessary work experience. Youth work experience will be supported through enhancements to both the Youth Employment and Skills Strategy and Canada Summer Jobs program. Job creation underlies many initiatives across government (e.g. infrastructure projects, shipbuilding, new technologies).
International commitments on determinants of health and health equity
Since health inequities are created through the unequal distribution of money, power and resources within and between nations,Footnote 8 it is important to consider how Canada’s international policy investments address determinants of health. International activities and assistance will maintain a gender equality focus and will champion women’s empowerment, for instance by creating opportunities for poverty reduction among women in developing countries, reducing inequalities in pay among care workers and implementing Canada’s Women, Peace and Security agenda. Implementation of the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will continue. This Agenda includes many targets related to determinants of health, including ending poverty and hunger and reducing inequalities.Footnote 17 Programming will be developed to support sustainable and equitable international development that addresses the intersection of women’s rights with climate adaptation.
New directions for health research
In light of the above review, it is also worth considering opportunities for new research that will support health equity and determinants of health. In health research, a National Institute for Women’s Health Research will be created to tackle gaps in research and care, and will adopt an intersectional approach. Both the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council will implement new grants for studies of race, diversity and gender. Outside of the health sector, the Minister of Diversity and Inclusion and Youth will make research investments for visible minority newcomer women, and finally, the National Research Council of Canada will drive research on challenges such as climate change, clean growth and a healthy society—all factors that shape conditions for health.
This review focussed on federal mandate letters, which can be considered as both a governance structure and governance action for health equity, from the perspective of “health in all policies.”Footnote 18 As a structure, the letters facilitate collaboration by bringing together intersectoral actors (i.e. ministers) on specific initiatives that may impact health or health equity. As an action, the letters contribute to policy development by setting ministerial agendas and outlining the objectives they are expected to achieve while in office. However, mandate letter objectives are not binding, and while the federal government does track mandate commitments to concrete policy outcomes,Footnote 19 additional exploration is needed to determine the role of mandate letters in achieving these actions throughout the policy process. This exploration may include assessing how commitments outside of the health sector link to short- and long-term population health improvements, or determining which sectors show leadership and effectiveness in implementing intersectoral initiatives. It may also involve analyzing how commitments evolve from inception to implementation and the factors that lead to sustainable implementation amid changing priorities, mandates, governments and other contextual factors.
Conclusion
This review highlighted a broad range of areas where federal departments will be taking action toward the common goals of social, health and economic well-being in ways that address key social determinants of health, based on the PHAC framework.Footnote 4 Intersectoral partnerships and collaboration to address determinants such as income, employment, racism and others are paramount to improving health equity, and working together to achieve progress is a key overarching message across mandate letters. PHAC undertakes such work through its partnerships with government and other stakeholders, through its investments in populations that experience health inequalities (e.g. Black Canadians, Indigenous peoples) and through its ongoing efforts to measure and report on health inequalities in Canada.Footnote 20 Yet, as identified from this review, additional opportunities exist where initiatives outside the health sector can be further explored and leveraged in ways that improve health equity. Lessons learned from promising approaches underway in other jurisdictions (e.g. “health in all policies,” impact assessment) will continue to be monitored with great interest to inform efforts to achieve health equity through intersectoral action.
Acknowledgements
I wish to acknowledge the work of those committed to health equity in Canada and abroad, including Nancy Gehlen, Grace Wan Te, and colleagues from the Intersectoral Partnerships and Initiatives team within the Public Health Agency of Canada, who provided thoughtful feedback and editing support on early drafts of this commentary.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Author’s contributions and statement
KL was responsible for the design, conceptualization, analysis, and drafting of the manuscript.
The content and views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada.
References
Footnote 1
World Health Organization. Health equity through intersectoral action: an analysis of 18 country case studies. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; 2008 [Catalogue No.: HP5-67/2008E]. 52 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/health_equity_isa_2008_en.pdf
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Footnote 2
World Health Organization (WHO). Intersectoral action [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2020 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/countrywork/within/isa/en/
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Footnote 3
Senate Subcommittee on Population Health. A healthy, productive Canada: a determinant of health approach. Ottawa (ON): Senate of Canada; 2009. 59 p.
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Footnote 4
Public Health Agency of Canada. Social determinants of health and health inequalities [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html
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Footnote 5
Smith M, Weinstock D. Reducing health inequities through intersectoral action: balancing equity in health with equity for other social goods. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019;8(1):1-3.
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Footnote 6
Government of Canada. Mandate letters [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://pm.gc.ca/en/mandate-letters
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Footnote 7
Office of the Prime Minister. Minister of Middle Class Prosperity and Associate Minister of Finance Mandate Letter [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2019. Available from: https://pm.gc.ca/en/mandate-letters/2019/12/13/minister-middle-class-prosperity-and-associate-minister-finance-mandate
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Footnote 8
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2008. 256 p. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43943/9789241563703_eng.pdf;jsessionid=BB7BA20F9BB0993A92883FB729299C6E?sequence=1
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Footnote 9
Raphael D, editor. Social determinants of health. 2nd ed. Toronto (ON): Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc; 2009. 495 p.
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Footnote 10
Pay Equity Act (S.C. 2018, c. 27, s.416). Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada. Available from: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-4.2/page-1.html
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Footnote 11
Paradies Y, Ben J, Denson N, et al. Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 May 6];10(9):e0138511. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580597/#__ffn_sectitle
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Footnote 12
Chief Public Health Officer of Canada. The Chief Public Health Officer’s report on the state of public health in Canada 2012: influencing health—the importance of sex and gender. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; 2012 [Catalogue No.: HP2-10/2012E]. 156 p.
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Footnote 13
National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health. Housing as a focus for public health action on equity: a curated list [Internet]. Antigonish (NS): St. Francis Xavier University; 2018 [cited 2020 May 6]. Available from: http://nccdh.ca/resources/entry/housing-as-a-focus-for-public-health-action-on-equity-a-curated-list
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Footnote 14
Impact Canada. Housing supply challenge [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 8]. Available from: https://impact.canada.ca/en/challenges/housing-supply-challenge
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Footnote 15
Canadian Council on Social Determinants of Health (CCSDH). Implementing multi-sectoral healthy child development initiatives: lessons learned from community-based interventions [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): CCSDH; 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: http://ccsdh.ca/images/uploads/Implementing_Multi-Sectoral_HCD_Initiatives.pdf
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Footnote 16
Low B, Low D. Education and education policy as social determinants of health. Virtual Mentor. 2006;8(11):756-61. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.11.pfor1-0611 .
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Footnote 17
United Nations. The Sustainable Development Agenda [Internet]; New York (NY): United Nations; 2015 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/
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Footnote 18
McQueen D, Wismar M, Lin V, Jones C, Davies M, editors. Intersectoral governance for health in all policies: structures, actions, and experiences [Internet]. Copenhagen (Denmark): WHO on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2012. 221 p. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/171707/Intersectoral-governance-for-health-in-all-policies.pdf
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Footnote 19
Privy Council Office. Mandate letter tracker: delivering results for Canadians [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2020 [cited 2020 May 5]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/campaigns/mandate-tracker-results-canadians.html
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Footnote 20
Public Health Agency of Canada. Key health inequalities in Canada: a national portrait [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/science-research-data/key-health-inequalities-canada-national-portrait-executive-summary.html
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