Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Winnipeg—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census

Part D: Participation in the Economy

Participation in the labour market

Labour force participation lower among very recent immigrants

Very recent immigrants participate in the labour market at lower rates than the Canadian-born. For men aged 45 to 64 years the difference in labour force participation between very recent immigrants and the Canadian-born is very small, but for other men and for women there is a gap from six to sixteen percentage points. By contrast, immigrants 25 years of age and over who landed between 1986 and 1995 have the same or higher labour force participation rate as the Canadian-born. Earlier immigrants, both men and women, have higher rates of labour force participation than the Canadian-born.

**Table D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	29,380	69,710	42,660	141,740
Immigrants	2,730	14,310	13,600	30,630
Immigrated before 1986	510	6,800	11,120	18,420
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,540	5,320	2,010	8,860
Immigrated 1996-2001	680	2,200	490	3,360
Men
Canadian-born	29,720	75,580	46,210	151,500
Immigrants	3,110	15,180	15,720	34,010
Immigrated before 1986	770	7,180	12,720	20,670
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,660	5,580	2,350	9,580
Immigrated 1996-2001	690	2,420	660	3,760
Total
Canadian-born	59,100	145,290	88,860	293,240
Immigrants	5,840	29,480	29,320	64,630
Immigrated before 1986	1,290	13,980	23,820	39,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,190	10,890	4,350	18,430
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,360	4,620	1,150	7,130

Note: Tables D-1 to D-14 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).

**Table D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	71%	84%	70%	77%	141,740
Immigrants	67%	82%	70%	75%	30,630
Immigrated before 1986	79%	86%	71%	76%	18,420
Immigrated 1986-1995	69%	84%	71%	78%	8,860
Immigrated 1996-2001	55%	69%	64%	65%	3,360
Men
Canadian-born	74%	92%	81%	84%	151,500
Immigrants	68%	92%	84%	86%	34,010
Immigrated before 1986	86%	94%	84%	87%	20,670
Immigrated 1986-1995	66%	92%	87%	85%	9,580
Immigrated 1996-2001	60%	84%	80%	78%	3,760
Total
Canadian-born	73%	88%	75%	80%	293,240
Immigrants	68%	87%	77%	80%	64,630
Immigrated before 1986	83%	90%	77%	82%	39,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	67%	88%	79%	81%	18,430
Immigrated 1996-2001	58%	76%	73%	71%	7,130

Comparing the 2001 Census with the 1996 Census, the Canadian-born experienced increases in labour force participation of two to five percentage points for women and zero to three percentage points for men, depending on the age group. Labour force participation increased more among older very recent immigrants, by eleven percentage points for women and seven percentage points for men. But participation by the most numerous age group of very recent immigrants, the 25 to 44 year olds, declined only marginally. Overall, taking the age groups together, there was little change in the relative rates of labour force participation of the Canadian-born and the three immigrant groups.

While young persons who recently immigrated are less active in the labour market than those born in Canada, young persons who immigrated before 1986 are significantly more active in the labour market than the Canadian-born of the same age. This is a very small group, accounting for only a small percentage of earlier immigrants.

Figure D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

Note: Figures D-1 and D-2 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed, (actively looking for work).

Pattern of adjustment similar for most levels of education

Generally speaking, the higher the level of education the greater the proportion of people who participate in the labour market. This observation holds for the Canadian-born as well as for all three groups of immigrants, with one major exception: men who immigrated between 5 to 15 years before the 2001 Census and had only attended elementary school had a higher participation rate than those with some high school.

**Table D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—level of education and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area 2001 (number)**
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Women
Canadian-born	1,590	29,490	36,720	44,810	29,140	141,740
Immigrants	2,150	5,380	7,200	9,050	6,870	30,630
Immigrated before 1986	1,490	3,470	4,030	5,850	3,600	18,420
Immigrated 1986-1995	490	1,430	2,300	2,600	2,040	8,860
Immigrated 1996-2001	190	490	880	580	1,250	3,360
Men
Canadian-born	2,900	37,470	38,640	44,940	27,550	151,500
Immigrants	2,060	6,180	7,870	10,400	7,500	34,010
Immigrated before 1986	1,400	3,700	4,300	6,990	4,280	20,670
Immigrated 1986-1995	550	1,880	2,590	2,560	2,020	9,580
Immigrated 1996-2001	110	590	1,000	850	1,200	3,760
Total
Canadian-born	4,480	66,960	75,370	89,750	56,690	293,240
Immigrants	4,210	11,550	15,080	19,440	14,370	64,630
Immigrated before 1986	2,880	7,160	8,310	12,850	7,870	39,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,030	3,320	4,890	5,160	4,060	18,430
Immigrated 1996-2001	290	1,080	1,880	1,440	2,450	7,130

**Table D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area 2001**
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Women
Canadian-born	33%	62%	81%	84%	88%	77%
Immigrants	53%	65%	78%	82%	83%	75%
Immigrated before 1986	55%	69%	80%	81%	84%	76%
Immigrated 1986-1995	54%	64%	82%	85%	86%	78%
Immigrated 1996-2001	43%	51%	65%	71%	78%	65%
Men
Canadian-born	56%	74%	89%	90%	91%	84%
Immigrants	75%	77%	88%	90%	89%	86%
Immigrated before 1986	75%	84%	92%	89%	89%	87%
Immigrated 1986-1995	81%	72%	86%	93%	92%	85%
Immigrated 1996-2001	54%	59%	81%	87%	85%	78%
Total
Canadian-born	45%	68%	85%	87%	89%	80%
Immigrants	62%	71%	83%	86%	86%	80%
Immigrated before 1986	63%	76%	85%	85%	87%	82%
Immigrated 1986-1995	66%	68%	84%	89%	89%	81%
Immigrated 1996-2001	45%	55%	73%	80%	81%	71%

Compared to other immigrant cohorts and the Canadian-born, the labour force participation of very recent immigrants is the lowest of the various groups at all but the lowest level of education. Immigrants with only elementary schooling, regardless of their length of stay in Canada, are more active in the labour market than the Canadian-born with the same education. The one exception to this pattern is very recently immigrated men.

Figure D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

Knowledge of English important for labour force participation

Most immigrants can converse in either English or French when they immigrate to Canada. As reported at the time of the 2001 Census, the large majority of both men and women who immigrated during the 1990s and settled in Winnipeg have knowledge of English. Those that do report having knowledge of English are not nearly as active in the labour market as those who do. The gap in labour force participation between those who speak English and those who do not speak English is larger for earlier immigrants than for recent immigrants and larger for women than for men.

**Table D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—labour force 15 to 64 years of age—knowledge of English and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
	Population	Labour force
	No English	No English	English	Total
Women
Canadian-born	70	40	141,650	141,740
Immigrants	1,470	610	30,010	30,630
Immigrated before 1986	510	200	18,220	18,420
Immigrated 1986-1995	510	230	8,620	8,860
Immigrated 1996-2001	470	180	3,180	3,360
Men
Canadian-born	60	20	151,440	151,500
Immigrants	700	460	33,510	34,010
Immigrated before 1986	200	130	20,520	20,670
Immigrated 1986-1995	280	190	9,370	9,580
Immigrated 1996-2001	230	150	3,610	3,760
Total
Canadian-born	110	50	293,090	293,240
Immigrants	2,170	1,070	63,490	64,630
Immigrated before 1986	700	330	38,720	39,080
Immigrated 1986-1995	790	420	18,000	18,430
Immigrated 1996-2001	690	330	6,780	7,130

**Table D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by knowledge of English and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	Population share	Labour force participation rate
	No English	No English	English	Total
Women
Canadian-born	0%	54%	77%	77%
Immigrants	4%	41%	76%	75%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	40%	77%	76%
Immigrated 1986-1995	4%	45%	79%	78%
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	39%	68%	65%
Men
Canadian-born	0%	27%	84%	84%
Immigrants	2%	66%	86%	86%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	63%	88%	87%
Immigrated 1986-1995	2%	67%	86%	85%
Immigrated 1996-2001	5%	64%	79%	78%
Total
Canadian-born	0%	41%	80%	80%
Immigrants	3%	49%	81%	80%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	46%	82%	82%
Immigrated 1986-1995	3%	53%	83%	81%
Immigrated 1996-2001	7%	47%	73%	71%

Unemployment higher for women during initial years

Immigrant women are more likely to experience unemployment during their initial years in Canada than those who have been in the country for a longer period of time. For instance, very recent immigrant women in Winnipeg experienced unemployment rates from 8% to 13%, depending on their age, as compared to 3% to 10% for their Canadian-born counterparts, also depending on age. Unemployment rates for other immigrant women are similar to those experienced by their Canadian-born counterparts, and even lower for the youngest age group.

**Table D-7: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	2,970	3,710	1,300	7,970
Immigrants	240	660	470	1,360
Immigrated before 1986	40	270	290	590
Immigrated 1986-1995	110	220	100	420
Immigrated 1996-2001	90	180	70	330
Men
Canadian-born	3,390	3,630	1,830	8,840
Immigrants	310	830	640	1,780
Immigrated before 1986	40	410	540	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	210	310	80	590
Immigrated 1996-2001	70	120	30	210
Total
Canadian-born	6,350	7,330	3,130	16,800
Immigrants	540	1,490	1,100	3,130
Immigrated before 1986	90	670	840	1,590
Immigrated 1986-1995	310	530	170	1,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	160	290	110	550

**Table D-8: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	10%	5%	3%	6%	7,970
Immigrants	9%	5%	3%	4%	1,360
Immigrated before 1986	7%	4%	3%	3%	590
Immigrated 1986-1995	7%	4%	5%	5%	420
Immigrated 1996-2001	13%	8%	13%	10%	330
Men
Canadian-born	11%	5%	4%	6%	8,840
Immigrants	10%	5%	4%	5%	1,780
Immigrated before 1986	5%	6%	4%	5%	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	12%	6%	3%	6%	590
Immigrated 1996-2001	9%	5%	5%	6%	210
Total
Canadian-born	11%	5%	4%	6%	16,800
Immigrants	9%	5%	4%	5%	3,130
Immigrated before 1986	7%	5%	4%	4%	1,590
Immigrated 1986-1995	10%	5%	4%	5%	1,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	11%	6%	9%	8%	550

The unemployment rate was significantly lower in the 2001 Census than in the 1996 Census for most groups shown in Table D-8. Recent immigrant women of various ages experienced a greater improvement (three to six percentage points) than their Canadian-born counterparts (one to three percentage points). For men, very recent immigrants saw great improvements (six to eleven percentage points), compared to about three percentage points for those who had been in the country from six to fifteen years and the Canadian-born. Although not all groups saw a decrease in unemployment, the unemployment numbers for the immigrant population as a whole have improved markedly.

**Table D-9: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—level of education and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number)**
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Women
Canadian-born	260	2,310	2,150	2,150	1,120	7,970
Immigrants	90	280	300	330	360	1,360
Immigrated before 1986	40	90	120	220	160	590
Immigrated 1986-1995	20	130	120	90	100	420
Immigrated 1996-2001	30	80	60	60	120	330
Men
Canadian-born	360	3,250	2,360	1,990	880	8,840
Immigrants	110	490	470	490	220	1,780
Immigrated before 1986	60	260	230	320	120	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	70	200	200	140	50	590
Immigrated 1996-2001	20	50	70	60	40	210
Total
Canadian-born	620	5,560	4,510	4,140	1,990	16,800
Immigrants	200	780	770	830	580	3,130
Immigrated before 1986	100	350	330	520	290	1,590
Immigrated 1986-1995	60	310	300	210	150	1,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	50	120	120	100	160	550

For immigrant women at all levels of education, unemployment is lower the longer the stay in Canada of the cohort. For instance, women who immigrated after 1995 and who have a university degree have an unemployment rate of 9%. The rate drops to 5% for those who landed between 1986 and 1995.

Immigrant men with only an elementary education follow a similar pattern, with lower unemployment levels for earlier cohorts. In other education categories, recent immigrant men experience much the same levels of unemployment as immigrants who have been in Canada longer and the Canadian-born.

**Table D-10: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by level of education and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	Less than grade 9	Some high school	High school diploma	College or trade diploma	University degree	Total
Women
Canadian-born	16%	8%	6%	5%	4%	6%
Immigrants	4%	5%	4%	4%	5%	4%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	2%	3%	4%	4%	3%
Immigrated 1986-1995	4%	9%	5%	3%	5%	5%
Immigrated 1996-2001	16%	15%	6%	9%	9%	10%
Men
Canadian-born	12%	9%	6%	4%	3%	6%
Immigrants	5%	8%	6%	5%	3%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	4%	7%	5%	5%	3%	5%
Immigrated 1986-1995	13%	10%	8%	5%	2%	6%
Immigrated 1996-2001	18%	8%	7%	6%	3%	6%
Total
Canadian-born	14%	8%	6%	5%	4%	6%
Immigrants	5%	7%	5%	4%	4%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	3%	5%	4%	4%	4%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	9%	6%	4%	4%	5%
Immigrated 1996-2001	16%	11%	6%	7%	6%	8%

Generally there was less unemployment in 2001 than in 1996. The unemployment rate declined more for recent and very recent immigrants than for earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born.

Recent immigrants who do not speak English are more likely to be unemployed than those that do. The difference in unemployment rates between those who speak English and those who do not varies depending on gender and period of immigration and is much greater for women than for men.

**Table D-11: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—unemployed 15 to 64 years of age—knowledge of English and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	Labour force	Unemployed		Total
	No English	No English	English	Total
Women
Canadian-born	-	-	7,980	7,970
Immigrants	630	70	1,290	1,360
Immigrated before 1986	210	0	600	590
Immigrated 1986-1995	250	40	390	420
Immigrated 1996-2001	180	40	310	330
Men
Canadian-born	-	-	8,840	8,840
Immigrants	520	40	1,750	1,780
Immigrated before 1986	150	20	980	990
Immigrated 1986-1995	210	10	570	590
Immigrated 1996-2001	160	20	210	210
Total
Canadian-born	-	-	16,810	16,800
Immigrants	1,130	110	3,010	3,130
Immigrated before 1986	360	20	1,550	1,590
Immigrated 1986-1995	460	40	960	1,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	340	40	500	550

**Table D-12: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—unemployment rates, by knowledge of English and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	Share of labour force	Unemployment rate		Total
	No English	No English	English	Total
Women
Canadian-born	-	-	6%	6%
Immigrants	2%	11%	4%	4%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	0%	3%	3%
Immigrated 1986-1995	3%	14%	4%	5%
Immigrated 1996-2001	5%	22%	10%	10%
Men
Canadian-born	-	-	6%	6%
Immigrants	2%	8%	5%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	10%	5%	5%
Immigrated 1986-1995	2%	5%	6%	6%
Immigrated 1996-2001	4%	10%	6%	6%
Total
Canadian-born	-	-	6%	6%
Immigrants	2%	10%	5%	5%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	4%	4%	4%
Immigrated 1986-1995	2%	9%	5%	5%
Immigrated 1996-2001	5%	12%	7%	8%

Share of men and women with jobs lower only for very recent immigrants

Six in ten very recent immigrant women aged 15 to 64 are employed, compared to more than seven in ten Canadian-born women. For men the difference is smaller: seven in ten very recent immigrants are employed compared to eight in ten Canadian-born men. As shown in the previous pages, these differences in employment rates reflect mainly differences in labour force participation rates.

**Table D-13: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 15 to 64 years of age—age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	26,410	66,010	41,350	133,770
Immigrants	2,490	13,650	13,140	29,280
Immigrated before 1986	480	6,530	10,810	17,810
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,420	5,090	1,910	8,420
Immigrated 1996-2001	590	2,020	430	3,030
Men
Canadian-born	26,330	71,960	44,380	142,670
Immigrants	2,800	14,350	15,080	32,230
Immigrated before 1986	720	6,780	12,180	19,680
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,470	5,270	2,270	9,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	620	2,310	630	3,550
Total
Canadian-born	52,750	137,960	85,730	276,430
Immigrants	5,300	28,000	28,220	61,510
Immigrated before 1986	1,210	13,310	22,990	37,500
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,880	10,370	4,190	17,430
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,210	4,320	1,050	6,580

In 2001, employment was generally higher than in 1996. The changes were greater for younger and older men than for those at prime working age. For immigrant women, the greatest gains were made among older women.

**Table D-14: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—employment rates, by age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	64%	80%	68%	72%	133,770
Immigrants	61%	78%	68%	72%	29,280
Immigrated before 1986	74%	83%	69%	73%	17,810
Immigrated 1986-1995	64%	80%	68%	74%	8,420
Immigrated 1996-2001	48%	64%	56%	59%	3,030
Men
Canadian-born	65%	88%	78%	79%	142,670
Immigrants	62%	87%	81%	81%	32,230
Immigrated before 1986	80%	89%	80%	83%	19,680
Immigrated 1986-1995	58%	87%	84%	80%	9,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	54%	80%	76%	73%	3,550
Total
Canadian-born	65%	84%	73%	76%	276,430
Immigrants	61%	83%	74%	76%	61,510
Immigrated before 1986	78%	86%	74%	78%	37,500
Immigrated 1986-1995	61%	84%	76%	77%	17,430
Immigrated 1996-2001	51%	72%	66%	66%	6,580

The jobs of recent immigrants

Incidence of part-time work similar

The proportion of employed persons who work part-time varies considerably by age and gender, both for immigrants and the Canadian-born. About half of employed young adults work part-time. One-tenth to one-quarter of employed women aged 25 to 64 work part-time, varying by cohort, while for men the share is 5% to 9%, again varying by cohort.

The proportion of very recent immigrants who work part-time is similar to the proportion of the Canadian-born who work part-time, but part-time employment rates fall below those of the Canadian-born for immigrants who have been in the country longer.

The share of jobs that was part-time was somewhat greater in 2000 than in 1995. The largest decline occurred among very recent immigrant women aged 45 to 64, a reduction of 20 percentage points.

**Table D-15: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age, employed mostly part-time—age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2000 (number)**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	17,860	17,720	10,910	46,480
Immigrants	1,510	2,710	2,670	6,880
Immigrated before 1986	290	1,330	2,280	3,890
Immigrated 1986-1995	970	940	350	2,260
Immigrated 1996-1999	250	450	40	730
Men
Canadian-born	15,320	5,110	3,590	24,010
Immigrants	1,490	790	1,000	3,280
Immigrated before 1986	290	370	840	1,490
Immigrated 1986-1995	910	270	130	1,310
Immigrated 1996-1999	290	160	40	480
Total
Canadian-born	33,170	22,830	14,490	70,490
Immigrants	2,990	3,500	3,660	10,150
Immigrated before 1986	580	1,700	3,120	5,400
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,870	1,210	480	3,550
Immigrated 1996-1999	540	600	70	1,200

Note: Tables D-15 and D-16 do not include immigrants who landed in 2000 or 2001. Only persons who landed before 2000 are included among immigrants and very recent immigrants. Part-time employment is defined as having worked less than 30 hours per week during most of the weeks worked in the year 2000.

**Table D-16: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed working mostly part-time, by age and gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2000**
	15 to 24 years	25 to 44 years	45 to 64 years	Total
Women
Canadian-born	57%	25%	24%	31%
Immigrants	57%	19%	19%	22%
Immigrated before 1986	55%	19%	19%	20%
Immigrated 1986-1995	60%	17%	17%	25%
Immigrated 1996-1999	47%	27%	11%	29%
Men
Canadian-born	48%	7%	7%	15%
Immigrants	46%	5%	6%	10%
Immigrated before 1986	36%	5%	6%	7%
Immigrated 1986-1995	49%	5%	5%	13%
Immigrated 1996-1999	54%	9%	7%	18%
Total
Canadian-born	53%	15%	16%	23%
Immigrants	51%	12%	12%	16%
Immigrated before 1986	44%	12%	12%	13%
Immigrated 1986-1995	54%	11%	11%	19%
Immigrated 1996-1999	50%	18%	8%	23%

Many recent immigrants in processing occupations

Employed immigrants are more likely than their Canadian-born counterparts to work in sales and service occupations and processing jobs. Nearly one half of employed immigrants living in Winnipeg who have been in the country for up to 15 years are employed in sales and service occupations and processing jobs, compared to one quarter of the Canadian-born in these occupations. The differences between recent immigrants and the Canadian-born are greater for women than for men. By contrast, management and social occupations, which are favoured by the Canadian-born, account for a smaller share of the jobs of earlier and recent immigrants.

Figure D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.

Table D-17: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
	Sales and services	Pro- cessing	Adminis- trative	Manage- ment and social sciences	Trades, transport	Health, science	Total
Women
Canadian-born	22,930	2,930	37,520	26,710	1,700	15,580	107,360
Immigrants	6,530	4,850	5,760	4,210	970	4,480	26,790
Immigrated before 1986	4,030	2,690	4,080	3,050	660	2,810	17,330
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,890	1,550	1,290	820	210	1,250	7,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	610	600	380	340	90	430	2,440
Men
Canadian-born	20,470	9,810	14,690	28,010	29,280	14,080	116,340
Immigrants	4,840	5,480	2,320	5,190	7,720	3,900	29,420
Immigrated before 1986	3,000	2,760	1,630	3,930	5,250	2,380	18,960
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,340	1,930	520	900	1,860	1,010	7,550
Immigrated 1996-2001	490	790	180	350	600	510	2,920
Total
Canadian-born	43,390	12,740	52,210	54,710	30,980	29,660	223,690
Immigrants	11,360	10,320	8,070	9,390	8,690	8,380	56,210
Immigrated before 1986	7,040	5,450	5,720	7,000	5,910	5,190	36,290
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,240	3,480	1,800	1,690	2,080	2,250	14,550
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,100	1,390	560	710	690	950	5,370

Women
Canadian-born	21%	3%	35%	25%	2%	15%	100%
Immigrants	24%	18%	21%	16%	4%	17%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	23%	16%	24%	18%	4%	16%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	27%	22%	18%	12%	3%	18%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	25%	24%	16%	14%	3%	18%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	18%	8%	13%	24%	25%	12%	100%
Immigrants	16%	19%	8%	18%	26%	13%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	16%	15%	9%	21%	28%	13%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	18%	26%	7%	12%	25%	13%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	17%	27%	6%	12%	21%	17%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	19%	6%	23%	24%	14%	13%	100%
Immigrants	20%	18%	14%	17%	15%	15%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	19%	15%	16%	19%	16%	14%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	22%	24%	12%	12%	14%	15%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	20%	26%	10%	13%	13%	18%	100%

Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-17 to D-20 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.

The distribution of occupations of very recent immigrants in 2001 is similar to that of the comparable cohort in 1996 with two major exceptions: a higher share of occupations is in the health and science field, especially for women, and a significantly lower share of jobs is in sales and services. The share of jobs in sales and service occupations among very recent immigrants was lower than in 1996 by 18 percentage points for women and 10 percentage points for men.

Many recent immigrants in manufacturing

In Winnipeg, relative to the Canadian-born, a large proportion of employed recent immigrants aged 25 to 64 work in manufacturing industries. By contrast, construction and transportation industries and the public sector account for a smaller share of jobs of recent immigrants than of the Canadian-born.

Figure D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Table D-18: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
	Manu- facturing	Construc- tion and Transpor- tation	Trade	Busi- ness services	Public sector	Hospitality and other services	Total
Women
Canadian-born	7,550	7,760	15,480	16,570	47,710	12,300	107,400
Immigrants	6,400	1,080	2,960	2,470	9,990	3,900	26,800
Immigrated before 1986	3,720	780	1,950	1,600	6,870	2,470	17,300
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,980	220	750	610	2,370	1,120	7,000
Immigrated 1996-2001	750	80	290	250	760	320	2,400
Men
Canadian-born	20,160	27,250	20,590	15,230	23,200	9,890	116,300
Immigrants	9,980	5,140	3,300	2,350	5,050	3,620	29,400
Immigrated before 1986	5,490	3,730	2,380	1,490	3,630	2,190	19,000
Immigrated 1986-1995	3,200	1,040	630	570	1,050	1,050	7,500
Immigrated 1996-2001	1,290	380	300	270	350	370	2,900
Total
Canadian-born	27,700	35,020	36,070	31,800	70,910	22,180	223,700
Immigrants	16,380	6,210	6,260	4,820	15,030	7,510	56,200
Immigrated before 1986	9,220	4,490	4,310	3,120	10,530	4,670	36,300
Immigrated 1986-1995	5,170	1,250	1,380	1,180	3,410	2,150	14,500
Immigrated 1996-2001	2,030	450	580	520	1,100	690	5,400

Women
Canadian-born	7%	7%	14%	15%	44%	11%	100%
Immigrants	24%	4%	11%	9%	37%	15%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	21%	4%	11%	9%	40%	14%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	28%	3%	11%	9%	34%	16%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	31%	3%	12%	10%	31%	13%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	17%	23%	18%	13%	20%	9%	100%
Immigrants	34%	17%	11%	8%	17%	12%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	29%	20%	13%	8%	19%	12%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	42%	14%	8%	7%	14%	14%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	44%	13%	10%	9%	12%	13%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	12%	16%	16%	14%	32%	10%	100%
Immigrants	29%	11%	11%	9%	27%	13%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	25%	12%	12%	9%	29%	13%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	36%	9%	9%	8%	23%	15%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	38%	8%	11%	10%	21%	13%	100%

Compared to 1996, employment in business services industries among the very recent immigrant cohort was more prevalent, and employment in hospitality and other services industries was less prevalent. The presence of very recent immigrant women in the public sector was eight percentage points higher than five years earlier.

Skill requirements of jobs of recent immigrants lower

The jobs of recent immigrants require lower skills than the jobs of the Canadian-born. Three in ten jobs of Canadian-born women require the highest level of skill, a university education. For women who landed after 1995, only two in ten jobs require a university education.

Table D-19: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
	No formal education	High school plus job training	College or trade apprenticeship	University	Total
Women
Canadian-born	7,800	39,980	26,510	33,080	107,360
Immigrants	3,430	12,000	5,930	5,440	26,790
Immigrated before 1986	1,840	7,510	4,130	3,850	17,340
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,220	3,380	1,300	1,110	7,010
Immigrated 1996-2001	370	1,100	500	500	2,440
Men
Canadian-born	9,730	33,830	36,380	36,400	116,340
Immigrants	2,870	10,290	9,010	7,270	29,430
Immigrated before 1986	1,500	6,080	6,240	5,150	18,960
Immigrated 1986-1995	1,010	3,010	2,050	1,480	7,540
Immigrated 1996-2001	360	1,210	720	650	2,920
Total
Canadian-born	17,520	73,810	62,880	69,490	223,690
Immigrants	6,290	22,280	14,940	12,710	56,210
Immigrated before 1986	3,340	13,580	10,370	9,010	36,300
Immigrated 1986-1995	2,220	6,400	3,360	2,590	14,550
Immigrated 1996-2001	720	2,310	1,210	1,130	5,370

Women
Canadian-born	7%	37%	25%	31%	100%
Immigrants	13%	45%	22%	20%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	11%	43%	24%	22%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	17%	48%	19%	16%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	15%	45%	20%	20%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	8%	29%	31%	31%	100%
Immigrants	10%	35%	31%	25%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	8%	32%	33%	27%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	13%	40%	27%	20%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	12%	41%	25%	22%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	8%	33%	28%	31%	100%
Immigrants	11%	40%	27%	23%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	9%	37%	29%	25%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	15%	44%	23%	18%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	13%	43%	22%	21%	100%

For both men and women, the skill requirements of jobs of immigrants who landed before 1986 are closer to that of the Canadian-born. Immigrants who landed between 1986 and 1995 have jobs that on average require somewhat less skill than the jobs of very recent immigrants.

The information presented in Table D-19 does not directly indicate whether the skills of recent immigrants are fully or less than fully employed in the economy. To determine this, one has to compare the skill levels of jobs of employed recent immigrants with the level of education of employed recent immigrants. This is done in Table D-20 for persons holding a university degree.

Figure D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)

Education of recent immigrants not fully utilized

The jobs of recent immigrants with a university degree do not require the same level of skill as the jobs of Canadian-born persons with a university degree. Two in three employed Canadian-born women with a university degree have a job requiring a university degree. But only 38% of employed women who immigrated after 1995 have a job that requires a university degree. Seven in ten Canadian-born men with a university degree but only four in ten very recent immigrant men have a job requiring a university education.

Table D-20: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed university graduates, 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (number and percentage distribution)
	No formal education	High school plus job training	College or trade apprenticeship	University	Total
Women
Canadian-born	330	3,510	4,320	16,910	25,070
Immigrants	230	1,670	1,340	3,060	6,290
Immigrated before 1986	50	670	710	1,950	3,380
Immigrated 1986-1995	100	610	430	700	1,830
Immigrated 1996-2001	80	390	210	410	1,080
Men
Canadian-born	500	2,640	4,300	17,920	25,340
Immigrants	330	1,400	1,190	4,270	7,180
Immigrated before 1986	140	580	630	2,790	4,120
Immigrated 1986-1995	140	470	330	1,000	1,920
Immigrated 1996-2001	70	370	220	500	1,140
Total
Canadian-born	830	6,150	8,610	34,820	50,410
Immigrants	550	3,070	2,530	7,330	13,470
Immigrated before 1986	180	1,240	1,340	4,740	7,500
Immigrated 1986-1995	240	1,070	750	1,690	3,750
Immigrated 1996-2001	140	750	430	900	2,220

Women
Canadian-born	1%	14%	17%	67%	100%
Immigrants	4%	26%	21%	49%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	1%	20%	21%	58%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	5%	33%	23%	38%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	7%	36%	19%	38%	100%
Men
Canadian-born	2%	10%	17%	71%	100%
Immigrants	5%	20%	17%	60%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	3%	14%	15%	68%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	7%	24%	17%	52%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	6%	32%	19%	43%	100%
Total
Canadian-born	2%	12%	17%	69%	100%
Immigrants	4%	23%	19%	54%	100%
Immigrated before 1986	2%	17%	18%	63%	100%
Immigrated 1986-1995	6%	28%	20%	45%	100%
Immigrated 1996-2001	6%	34%	19%	41%	100%

For very recent immigrant men, the skill level of jobs of university graduates decreased between 1996 and 2001, in the form of a shift from jobs requiring a university education to jobs requiring a high school diploma. Women experienced an opposite change. Very recent immigrant women held proportionately more jobs that required a post-secondary education than their counterparts did five years before.

Figure D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—25 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed university graduates with jobs requiring university education, by gender, Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area, 2001

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