Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): For health professionals

What health professionals need to know

Health professionals in Canada have a critical role to play in identifying, reporting and managing potential cases of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, a new virus that was first recognized in December 2019. Genetic sequencing of the virus suggests that it is a betacoronavirus closely linked to the SARS virus. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses. Some can infect animals, and some can infect humans.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic in March 2020.

As we learn more about the virus, clinicians must remind Canadians to keep doing their part to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This includes following public health precautions, such as:

staying home when unwell
physical distancing
hand hygiene
respiratory etiquette
wearing masks when in closed indoor spaces
regularly cleaning and disinfecting common surfaces
self-monitoring for symptoms

The WHO is actively monitoring the situation and has issued:

updated information on the outbreak
advice on public health measures and infection prevention and control
enhanced surveillance

We are monitoring the COVID-19 situation closely, both in Canada and globally, and providing regular updates.

Causative agents

The coronavirus has been named SARS CoV-2.

Signs and symptoms

We have compiled a clinician guide for COVID-19. Based on scientific evidence, and informed by expert opinion, the guide outlines:

signs
symptoms
severity

This guidance is subject to change as new information emerges.

Clinical presentation and symptoms of COVID-19 vary in frequency and severity. Symptoms can take up to 14 days to appear after exposure to the virus.

People with COVID-19 may have few or no symptoms. Symptoms are often similar to other illnesses, particularly other respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus or influenza, amongst others. People can transmit the virus before they develop symptoms (pre-symptomatic transmission). Some infected people never develop symptoms, but can still transmit the virus (asymptomatic transmission). That is why everyone, even those who feel well, should follow measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

The true frequency of symptoms associated with COVID-19 is unknown. People with more severe symptoms may be overrepresented in published reports. Symptoms may also differ across care settings. More symptoms may develop as the disease progresses.

There is no validated list of symptoms with high specificity or sensitivity for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Clinical diagnosis should therefore always be confirmed by testing.

Encourage patients to seek medical consultation if they have new or worsening symptoms.

Transmission

Learn about the modes of transmission of COVID-19.

The time period in which an individual with COVID-19 is infectious remains uncertain.

A person may be infectious for up to 3 days before showing symptoms (pre-symptomatic infectiousness).
Viral RNA levels appear to be highest just before or soon after symptom onset.

Incubation period

The incubation period ranges from 1 to 14 days. The median is 5 to 6 days between exposure and symptom onset. Most people (97.5%) develop symptoms within 11.5 days of exposure.

Re-infection

There is emerging evidence of human re-infection with SARS-CoV-2. This has been documented by individuals confirmed to have been infected by different strains of the virus. Further research is required to fully comprehend the relationship between positive antibody tests and any protection against re-infection.

Currently, we do not know:

whether the presence of antibodies indicates immunity to re-infection, and if it does, how long that potential immunity lasts
the potential severity of subsequent infections

Early research appears to indicate that neutralizing antibody levels can decrease following recovery from COVID-19. As serological testing for antibodies expands, the results may provide insight into re-infection and duration of immunity.

The Government of Canada launched the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force in April 2020. The task force is focused on tracking the spread of the virus in the general population and shedding light on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a diversity of:

communities
age brackets
populations
occupational groups

Risk factors for severe disease

Coronaviruses can result in severe illness for some people in our communities. Those who are at risk of developing more severe disease or outcomes from COVID-19 are people:

who are an older adult (increasing risk with each decade, especially over 60 years)
of any age with chronic medical conditions, including:
- lung disease
- heart disease
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- kidney disease
- liver disease
- dementia
- stroke
any age who are immunocompromised, including those:
- with an underlying medical condition, such as cancer
- taking medications which lower the immune system, such as chemotherapy
living with obesity (BMI of 40 or higher)

Learn more about disease severity and risk factors for severe disease in our clinician guide for health professionals.

Infection prevention and control

We have developed infection prevention and control guidance and strategies to prevent or limit COVID-19 transmission in health care settings, including:

There is an unprecedented demand and urgent need for products to help limit the spread of COVID-19. As a temporary measure, we are speeding up the authorization processes for personal protective equipment (PPE).

We are also allowing certain medical devices to be imported and sold that may not fully meet Canadian regulatory requirements. However, these devices are manufactured to comparable standards.

Learn more about strategies to address PPE shortages, including the reprocessing of N95 respirators.

Training for contact tracing

Register for our free training courses on contact tracing. You will need to make an account before being able to register. Our series of courses supplement local training and onboarding. They are not a requirement to conducting work in your jurisdiction. Health professionals must follow local/regional policies and procedures for contract tracing.

Diagnosis

Our National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) helped develop and verify the laboratory tests used to identify COVID-19. NML has worked closely with provinces and territories through the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network to advance testing capacity in Canada. Additionally, NML scientists continue to investigate novel technologies to detect COVID-19, which can potentially enhance access to testing and increase ease of collection.

Health Canada regulates the sale and import of commercial testing devices relating to COVID-19.

Most submissions to Health Canada are for 3 types of commercial testing devices:

nucleic acid-based testing
antigen-based testing
serology-based testing

Consult the list of testing devices that have been authorized to date for use related to COVID-19.

Only testing devices authorized by Health Canada can be imported or sold in Canada. Unauthorized tests may not produce accurate results, leading to potential misdiagnosis. COVID-19 tests are confirmed to be well supported by evidence indicating they will provide accurate and reliable results.

Health Canada has published a resource on Information for patients on COVID-19 antibody (serology) testing.

Reporting

We do not accept reports from the public or individual health care providers. Reporting is completed by provincial or territorial health authorities.

The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) collaborates with provincial and territorial public health partners to collect information on COVID-19 cases in Canada. A detailed epidemiologic summary is available.

Recommendations to public health care professionals

Use the interim national case definition for COVID-19 to consider the possibility of COVID-19 in persons with relevant clinical and exposure history.
Use the COVID-19 case report form (PDF), to facilitate case reporting of confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases.
- Provincial and territorial public health authorities should report confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases to PHAC within 24 hours of their own notification.
- PHAC must report events that meet the requirements for International Health Regulations, Articles 6 and 7, to the WHO within 24 hours of assessment of public health information.
Follow the guidance on the public health management of cases and contacts associated with COVID-19.

Treatment and vaccines

We are tracking all potential drugs and vaccines in development in Canada and abroad. To help expedite the development and availability of treatments to prevent and treat COVID-19, we are working with:

international partners
academic research centres
companies
investigators

As of October 2020, Health Canada began receiving submissions for approval under the drug authorization Interim Order for COVID-19. Health Canada will carefully review all of the data provided. Before any new vaccine or treatment is made available to Canadians, it must be shown to be safe, effective and of high quality.

On December 9, 2020, we authorized the first vaccine in Canada for the prevention of COVID-19.

Find out about COVID-19 vaccines that are authorized in Canada.

You can search the complete list of vaccines that have been authorized for treating and preventing COVID-19.

Among hospitalized patients who have COVID-19 and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, clinicians should strongly consider:

dexamethasone 6 mg IV for 10 days (or until discharge if earlier) or equivalent glucocorticoid dose

We have authorized certain products to treat COVID-19 and its symptoms. You can search the complete list of drugs that have been authorized for treating COVID-19.

Products that may ease symptoms such as fever and cough may be used to treat patients with COVID-19.

Together with a network of clinical experts, we have developed guidance for the clinical management of COVID-19 patients. This guidance is not meant to replace clinical judgment or specialist consultation.

Refer to the interim guidance on:

For more information on treatment under development, refer to the authorized clinical trials.

Webinars on COVID-19 vaccines

Access webinars on immunization clinic planning, and vaccine planning and administration.

COVID-19 vaccine foundations for health care providers

Watch webinar on COVID-19 vaccine foundations for health care providers.

Module 1: Health Canada COVID-19 Vaccine Approval (PDF) and the Role of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) in COVID-19 Vaccine Planning (PDF)
- describes the Health Canada vaccine approval pathway for vaccines, including changes under the interim order and the status of current rolling submissions
- underscores the guidance delivered and expected from NACI
Module 2: COVID-19 Vaccines in Canada (PDF)
- describes the platform technologies used by candidate vaccines against SARS-COV-2/COVID-19
- discusses mRNA vaccines in development by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna
Module 3: COVID-19 Vaccine Administration and Immunization Clinic Planning (PDF)
- describes the infection prevention and control requirements for safely providing COVID-19 vaccines given the ongoing circulation of SARS-CoV-2
- highlights key messages regarding vaccine storage and handling requirements
- provides planning parameters and strategies for organizing mass immunization clinics
- access supplemental materials on immunization clinic planning (PDF)

Recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) on the use of the P fizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine

Watch webinar on the recommendations of NACI on the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.

Module 1: What You Need to Know about the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (PDF)
- describes the characteristics of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
- summarizes key information on handling and administering the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
Module 2: Recommendations of NACI on the Use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (PDF)
- summarizes the clinical evidence for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
- summarizes NACI recommendations on the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
  - for current recommendations, refer to NACI’s recommendations on the use of COVID-19 vaccines

Recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) on the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine

Watch webinar on the recommendations of NACI on the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.

The presentation on the recommendations of NACI on the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (PDF) includes information on the:

characteristics of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine platform
clinical evidence for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
handling and administering the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine

For more information on the webinars, consult the:

Guidance

Refer to our guidance for health professionals for clinical guidance on COVID-19, including:

infection prevention and control
signs, symptoms and severity of disease
clinical management of patients with COVID-19
care of residents in long-term care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic

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