Page 4: Sixth Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada

13 Summaries and results for pesticides

13.1 Organophosphate pesticides

Organophosphates are a group of closely related chemicals that are used extensively in Canada as pesticides in agriculture, in and around the home, and in veterinary practice (HC, 2013; 2021a; 2021b). This class of pesticides gained popularity when organochlorine pesticides were banned in the 1970s. Organophosphate pesticides are less persistent in the environment and less susceptible to pest resistance compared with organochlorine pesticides (Wessels et al., 2003). Thirteen organophosphate pesticides, listed in Table 13.1.1, were registered for use in Canada during the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) cycle 6 sampling period (2018–2019) (HC, 2021b).

Organophosphate pesticides have been linked to naturally occurring compounds produced by bacteria; however, their presence in the environment is almost exclusively due to their anthropogenic use as pesticides (Neumann and Peter, 1987). Despite their rapid degradation in the environment, small amounts can be detected in food and drinking water (CFIA, 2017; Hao et al., 2010; HC, 2003; 2004).

Major uses of organophosphates include as an insecticide on food and feed crops, livestock and ornamental plants; for seed treatment and insect control in food storage areas, greenhouses and forestry structures; for control of pet parasites; and for mosquito control (HC, 2013; 2021b). Although the majority of organophosphates are used as insecticides, bensulide is used as a selective herbicide to control weeds in turf and cucumbers (HC, 2013). Dichlorvos has veterinary uses for the control of parasites in livestock (HC, 2021a).

The primary route of exposure for the general public is through ingestion of food previously treated with organophosphate pesticides and drinking water contaminated with agricultural runoff (ATSDR, 1997a; 1997b; 2003). Other routes of exposure include dermal contact and inhalation during the use of products containing organophosphates or during activity in areas previously treated with organophosphates.

Organophosphates are efficiently absorbed through inhalation and ingestion. Absorption following dermal penetration can vary with the specific substance (EPA, 2013). After entry into the body, organophosphate pesticides are metabolized rapidly, primarily in the liver, and excreted in urine (Barr and Needham, 2002). Desulfuration of the parent compound occurs in the liver and results in the formation of the more reactive oxon metabolite, which is responsible for the cholinesterase inhibition seen with most orphanophosphate pesticides of the thioate group (e.g., dimethoate, chlorpyriphos) (Gupta et al., 2011).

Hydrolysis of the parent compound yields various dialkyl phosphate metabolites. Each metabolite is associated with several different organophosphate pesticides, and many organophosphates can form more than 1 of these metabolites (Table 13.1.1). These metabolites also occur in the environment following degradation of the parent compound. Dialkyl phosphate metabolites are not considered toxic, but are considered to be biomarkers of exposure to the parent pesticides or their metabolites in the environment (CDC, 2009; EPA, 2013). In addition to the dialkyl phosphate metabolites, organophosphate parent compounds and other breakdown products can be measured in blood and urine; detection generally reflects exposures over the previous few days (CDC, 2009; EPA, 2013). Examples of organophosphate metabolites other than dialkyl phosphates include 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, which is formed by the metabolism of chlorpyrifos or chlorpyrifos-methyl, and malathion dicarboxylic acid, which is formed by the metabolism of malathion (although metabolism of the parent organophosphates also results in the formation of dialkyl phosphate metabolites). Some organophosphate pesticides, namely acephate and methamidophos, do not break down into dialkyl phosphate metabolites (Barr and Needham, 2002; Wessels et al., 2003).

The following table outlines the dialkyl phosphate metabolites that were measured in urine collected from CHMS participants, along with their corresponding organophosphate pesticide parent compounds (Bravo et al., 2004; CDC, 2009; Wessels et al., 2003). There are 6 dialkyl phosphate metabolites: dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP).

Table 13.1.1: Dialkyl phosphate metabolites measured in the Canadian Health Measures Survey and their parent organophosphate pesticides registered for use in Canada during the cycle 6 sampling period (2018–2019)
Organophosphate pesticide	Dialkyl phosphate metabolites (CASRN)
Organophosphate pesticide	DMP (813-79-5)	DMTP 1112-38-5)	DMDTP (765-80-9)	DEP (598-02-7)	DETP (2465-65-8)	DEDTP (298-06-6)
Acephate	No	No	No	No	No	No
Bensulide	No	No	No	No	No	No
Chlorpyrifos	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
Coumaphos	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
Diazinon	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
Dichlorvos	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Dimethoate	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Malathion	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Naled	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Phorate	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Phosmet	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Propetamphos	No	No	No	No	No	No
Tetrachlorvinphos	Yes	No	No	No	No	No

Organophosphates are cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides that act to overstimulate the nervous systems of insects and mammals by interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses (EPA, 2013). In humans, symptoms of acute overexposure may include headache, dizziness, fatigue, irritation of the eyes or nose, nausea, vomiting, salivation, sweating and changes in heart rate. Very high exposures can have effects such as paralysis, seizures, loss of consciousness or even death (ATSDR, 1997a; 1997b; 2003; EPA, 2013). However, typical exposure to organophosphate pesticides through food ingestion is generally low. Nevertheless, there is potential for toxic effects resulting from chronic low-dose exposure (Ray and Richards, 2001). Prenatal exposure to organophosphates has been associated with shortened gestation, reduced birth weight, and impaired neurodevelopment in young children (Bouchard et al., 2011; EPA, 2016; Eskenazi et al., 2007; González-Alzaga et al., 2014; Muñoz-Quezada et al., 2013; Rauch et al., 2012). Several organophosphate pesticides registered for use in Canada have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Malathion and diazinon are classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A), while tetrachlorvinphos and dichlorvos are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) (IARC, 1991; 2017).

The sale and use of organophosphate pesticides is regulated in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) under the Pest Control Products Act (Canada, 2002). PMRA evaluates the toxicity of pesticides and potential exposure in order to determine whether a pesticide should be registered for a specific use. As part of the registration process, the PMRA establishes maximum residue limits of pesticides in food, including registered organophosphate pesticides, and re-evaluates registered pesticides on a cyclical basis (HC, 2012). Re-evaluation decisions have been published for some organophosphate pesticides, including acephate, dichlorvos, phosmet, chlorpyrifos and their associated end-use products (HC, 2020b; 2020c; 2020d; 2020e). These re-evaluation decisions have determined that continued registration of certain products containing acephate, dichlorvos and phosmet — and certain uses of chlorpyrifos — are acceptable if risk mitigation measures are in place. Certain uses and application methods for these pesticides are being cancelled to address potential risks of concern to human health and/or the environment.

Health Canada has established Canadian drinking water quality guidelines that set out the maximum acceptable concentrations of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, malathion and phorate (HC, 1989a; 1989b; 1989c; 1990; 1991). Several organophosphate pesticides have also been analyzed as part of Health Canada's Total Diet Study surveys (HC, 2020a). These surveys provide estimated levels of chemicals to which Canadians in different age-sex groups are exposed through the food supply.

Organophosphate metabolite concentrations in urine have been measured in a number of biomonitoring studies conducted in Canada, including the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals study (Sokoloff et al., 2016) and the First Nations Biomonitoring Initiative (AFN, 2013).

Six dialkyl phosphate metabolites (see Table 13.1.1) were measured in the urine of CHMS participants aged 6–79 in cycle 1 (2007–2009), and aged 3–79 in cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019). Data from these cycles are presented as both µg/L and µg/g creatinine (Tables 13.1.2 to 13.1.13). Finding a measurable amount of organophosphate pesticides or their metabolites in urine is an indicator of exposure to organophosphate pesticides and/or their metabolites and does not necessarily mean that an adverse health effect will occur. The organophosphate metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and malathion dicarboxylic acid were analyzed in the urine of CHMS participants aged 3–79 in cycle 3 (2012–2013) and cycle 4 (2014–2015), and the organophosphate pesticides acephate and methamidophos were measured in the urine of CHMS participants aged 3–79 in cycle 3.

Table 13.1.2: Dimethylphosphate (DMP) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.2 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2556	83.0 (78.3–86.8)	3.3 (2.9–3.7)	<LOD	3.5 (3.0–4.0)	17 (15–20)	26 (22–29)
5 (2016–2017)	2633	80.9 (75.1–85.6)	1.7 (1.4–2.1)	<LOD	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	8.6 (6.2–11)	14 (10–18)
6 (2018–2019)	2526	78.7 (72.4–83.8)	1.5 (1.3–1.9)	<LOD	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	7.5 (5.3–9.6)	11 (8.7–14)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1280	82.5 (76.3–87.4)	3.3 (2.8–3.8)	<LOD	3.4 (2.8–4.0)	17 (13–21)	26 (21–31)
5 (2016–2017)	1308	77.6 (69.2–84.3)	1.6 (1.3–2.1)	<LOD	1.5 (0.97–2.0)	8.4 (6.5–10)	13 (9.4–18)
6 (2018–2019)	1250	79.7 (70.3–86.7)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	<LOD	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	6.7 (5.1–8.3)	9.9 (8.1–12)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1276	83.4 (77.9–87.8)	3.4 (2.9–3.9)	<LOD	3.6 (2.8–4.5)	17 (14–20)	24 (17–31)
5 (2016–2017)	1325	84.1 (79.6–87.8)	1.8 (1.6–2.2)	<LOD	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	9.9^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (6.1–14)	16 (10–21)
6 (2018–2019)	1276	77.6 (72.5–82.0)	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	<LOD	1.5 (1.1–1.8)	8.5 (5.5–12)	13^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.8–21)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	522	93.9 (90.7–96.0)	6.7 (5.6–8.1)	1.4 (1.0–1.8)	6.8 (4.9–8.6)	32^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (19–46)	70^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (15–120)
5 (2016–2017)	545	93.9 (90.2–96.3)	3.2 (2.6–3.8)	0.78 (0.59–0.97)	3.0^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.8–4.1)	15 (12–19)	22 (16–28)
6 (2018–2019)	514	89.4 (82.2–93.9)	3.1 (2.3–4.1)	<LOD	2.8 (2.1–3.4)	22^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (<LOD–44)	35^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (6.7–63)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1028	80.7 (74.6–85.6)	3.8 (3.3–4.5)	<LOD	4.3 (3.9–4.8)	21 (18–23)	29 (23–36)
2 (2009–2011)	516	92.2 (89.2–94.4)	6.1 (5.2–7.2)	<LOD	5.9 (4.6–7.3)	24^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (14–35)	46^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (12–80)
5 (2016–2017)	515	90.4 (81.4–95.3)	2.9^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (2.0–4.2)	<LOD^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.88)	2.7 (1.8–3.6)	17^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (8.5–26)	28^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (13–42)
6 (2018–2019)	498	86.6 (75.4–93.2)	2.4^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.7–3.5)	<LOD	2.4^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.3–3.4)	11^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (6.7–15)	18^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (9.6–26)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	980	82.8 (75.0–88.5)	3.9 (3.2–4.7)	<LOD	4.1 (3.3–4.9)	21 (18–24)	28 (23–32)
2 (2009–2011)	512	87.5 (82.1–91.5)	3.8 (3.2–4.5)	<LOD	4.0 (3.2–4.8)	18 (12–24)	30 (19–41)
5 (2016–2017)	519	84.3 (73.6–91.2)	2.1^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.4–3.1)	<LOD	2.0^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.1–2.8)	11^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.9–18)	19^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (10–27)
6 (2018–2019)	500	77.8 (70.3–83.8)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	<LOD	1.7^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.0–2.5)	6.6 (5.1–8.0)	10^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.1–16)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1162	76.0 (69.3–81.6)	2.7 (2.2–3.3)	<LOD	2.9 (2.2–3.7)	13 (9.8–17)	23^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (10–36)
2 (2009–2011)	356	81.0 (69.2–89.0)	3.1 (2.4–4.0)	<LOD	3.5 (2.6–4.5)	17 (11–23)	29 (20–39)
5 (2016–2017)	358	76.3 (62.8–86.0)	1.5 (1.2–1.9)	<LOD	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	6.8 (4.4–9.2)	12^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (6.3–19)
6 (2018–2019)	330	79.4 (67.2–87.9)	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	<LOD	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	6.0^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (3.6–8.4)	8.4^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.9–12)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1221	74.3 (66.0–81.1)	2.6 (2.1–3.3)	<LOD	2.9^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (1.4–4.4)	15 (11–18)	24 (18–31)
2 (2009–2011)	360	80.7 (71.4–87.5)	2.8 (2.2–3.7)	<LOD	2.8 (2.1–3.5)	13^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (5.2–20)	20^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (12–27)
5 (2016–2017)	347	79.5 (71.1–85.9)	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	<LOD	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	6.8^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (2.5–11)	11^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.1–18)
6 (2018–2019)	342	74.6 (63.8–83.1)	1.4 (1.1–1.9)	<LOD	1.4^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (0.80–1.9)	6.8^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (2.5–11)	11^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (3.2–19)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1076	80.7 (76.1–84.6)	3.1 (2.6–3.6)	<LOD	3.3 (2.7–3.9)	15 (12–17)	20 (15–26)
2 (2009–2011)	290	81.9 (73.2–88.2)	3.1 (2.5–3.7)	<LOD	3.4 (2.7–4.2)	14^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (7.3–20)	19^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (9.9–28)
5 (2016–2017)	349	82.5 (73.4–89.0)	1.7 (1.3–2.4)	<LOD	1.6^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (0.90–2.3)	7.7^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.5–11)	13^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (6.5–19)
6 (2018–2019)	342	79.1 (70.4–85.7)	1.5 (1.1–2.2)	<LOD	1.3^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (0.67–2.0)	8.0^{Table 13.1.2 footnote E} (4.6–11)	12 (9.5–13)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 1, 1, 0.58 and 0.58 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.1.2 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.2 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.2 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.2 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.2 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.2 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.3: Dimethylphosphate (DMP) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.3 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2546	83.0 (78.3–86.8)	3.2 (2.9–3.6)	<LOD	3.0 (2.7–3.3)	15 (11–18)	24 (19–30)
5 (2016–2017)	2606	80.9 (75.1–85.6)	1.7 (1.4–2.0)	<LOD	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	7.2 (5.3–9.0)	12 (8.7–15)
6 (2018–2019)	2525	78.7 (72.4–83.8)	1.7 (1.3–2.1)	<LOD	1.5 (1.1–2.0)	7.6 (5.6–9.6)	12 (8.5–15)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1276	82.5 (76.3–87.4)	2.8 (2.5–3.1)	<LOD	2.5 (2.1–2.9)	13 (9.6–16)	21 (17–25)
5 (2016–2017)	1298	77.6 (69.2–84.3)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	<LOD	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	5.7 (4.5–6.9)	9.4 (6.3–13)
6 (2018–2019)	1249	79.7 (70.3–86.7)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	<LOD	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	5.4 (4.2–6.7)	8.6 (7.4–9.8)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1270	83.4 (77.9–87.8)	3.8 (3.2–4.6)	<LOD	3.4 (2.6–4.2)	16 (11–21)	28 (20–36)
5 (2016–2017)	1308	84.1 (79.6–87.8)	2.0 (1.7–2.4)	<LOD	1.8 (1.5–2.0)	8.8 (6.2–11)	13^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (7.7–18)
6 (2018–2019)	1276	77.6 (72.5–82.0)	2.0 (1.5–2.6)	<LOD	1.9 (1.3–2.5)	9.7 (7.1–12)	17^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (9.4–25)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	521	93.9 (90.7–96.0)	12 (9.8–14)	2.6 (1.9–3.3)	12 (8.6–15)	51 (33–68)	100^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (41–160)
5 (2016–2017)	536	93.9 (90.2–96.3)	5.4 (4.2–6.9)	1.1^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (0.61–1.6)	5.4 (3.8–7.0)	22 (15–28)	33 (23–43)
6 (2018–2019)	513	89.4 (82.2–93.9)	5.1 (3.8–6.8)	<LOD	4.5 (3.3–5.7)	35^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (<LOD–58)	54^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (22–86)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1025	80.7 (74.6–85.6)	5.9 (5.2–6.7)	<LOD	6.3 (5.0–7.6)	26 (23–30)	40 (36–45)
2 (2009–2011)	514	92.2 (89.2–94.4)	6.9 (6.0–7.9)	<LOD	7.2 (6.0–8.4)	32^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (18–46)	52^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (22–83)
5 (2016–2017)	506	90.4 (81.4–95.3)	3.5^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (2.4–5.1)	<LOD	3.1^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (1.8–4.3)	19^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (9.1–29)	26 (17–36)
6 (2018–2019)	498	86.6 (75.4–93.2)	2.9 (2.1–4.0)	<LOD	2.6^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (1.6–3.7)	12 (9.3–16)	16 (12–20)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	978	82.8 (75.0–88.5)	3.4 (2.9–4.0)	<LOD	3.7 (3.0–4.5)	14 (11–16)	20 (15–24)
2 (2009–2011)	510	87.5 (82.1–91.5)	2.9 (2.5–3.4)	<LOD	2.9 (2.4–3.3)	12 (8.0–15)	18^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (9.3–27)
5 (2016–2017)	515	84.3 (73.6–91.2)	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	<LOD	1.5 (1.1–1.9)	8.2^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (5.1–11)	10 (7.8–12)
6 (2018–2019)	500	77.8 (70.3–83.8)	1.3 (1.1–1.7)	<LOD	1.3 (0.97–1.6)	5.2^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (2.1–8.2)	11^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (5.7–17)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1158	76.0 (69.3–81.6)	3.0 (2.6–3.6)	<LOD	3.0 (2.6–3.3)	12 (9.0–16)	21^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (13–30)
2 (2009–2011)	354	81.0 (69.2–89.0)	2.6 (2.1–3.4)	<LOD	2.4 (1.8–3.1)	16^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (8.0–25)	23 (16–31)
5 (2016–2017)	355	76.3 (62.8–86.0)	1.4 (1.1–1.6)	<LOD	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	5.2 (3.7–6.7)	7.0 (5.3–8.8)
6 (2018–2019)	330	79.4 (67.2–87.9)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	<LOD	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	4.1^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (2.5–5.7)	6.7^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (4.0–9.5)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1216	74.3 (66.0–81.1)	3.4 (2.8–4.2)	<LOD	3.4 (2.6–4.2)	14 (9.9–18)	24 (16–32)
2 (2009–2011)	358	80.7 (71.4–87.5)	2.9 (2.4–3.5)	<LOD	2.8 (2.4–3.2)	9.6 (7.9–11)	16^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (7.6–25)
5 (2016–2017)	346	79.5 (71.1–85.9)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	<LOD	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	5.7^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (2.5–9.0)	9.5^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (3.9–15)
6 (2018–2019)	342	74.6 (63.8–83.1)	1.7 (1.3–2.2)	<LOD	1.5^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (0.97–2.1)	7.5 (5.0–9.9)	12^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (1.3–23)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1076	80.7 (76.1–84.6)	4.3 (3.7–5.1)	<LOD	4.3 (3.4–5.1)	16 (14–17)	23 (18–27)
2 (2009–2011)	289	81.9 (73.2–88.2)	3.5 (2.9–4.3)	<LOD	3.7 (2.8–4.7)	13 (10–17)	19 (14–24)
5 (2016–2017)	348	82.5 (73.4–89.0)	2.0 (1.5–2.7)	<LOD	1.9 (1.3–2.5)	7.5^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (4.0–11)	12^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (5.5–18)
6 (2018–2019)	342	79.1 (70.4–85.7)	1.8^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (1.2–2.6)	<LOD	1.6^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (0.73–2.5)	8.4 (6.2–11)	9.8^{Table 13.1.3 footnote E} (4.4–15)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.1.3 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.3 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.3 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.3 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.3 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.3 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.4: Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.4 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2559	80.0 (75.1–84.0)	2.7 (2.3–3.2)	<LOD	2.8 (2.2–3.5)	23 (17–28)	37 (27–47)
5 (2016–2017)	2645	70.6 (64.8–75.8)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	<LOD	1.1 (0.89–1.3)	10 (8.8–12)	20 (15–25)
6 (2018–2019)	2536	68.9 (63.8–73.6)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	<LOD	1.0 (0.74–1.3)	10 (7.4–13)	18 (13–22)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1281	80.2 (73.8–85.4)	2.5 (2.1–3.0)	<LOD	2.4 (1.8–3.0)	22^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (13–32)	37^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (17–57)
5 (2016–2017)	1315	70.6 (60.7–78.9)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	<LOD	1.1^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.65–1.5)	9.9 (7.3–12)	16^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (8.3–24)
6 (2018–2019)	1257	69.7 (64.2–74.6)	1.2 (0.99–1.4)	<LOD	1.1 (0.75–1.4)	8.6 (6.1–11)	14^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.2–22)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1278	79.7 (74.4–84.2)	2.9 (2.4–3.6)	<LOD	3.2 (2.4–4.1)	23 (17–30)	37 (29–45)
5 (2016–2017)	1330	70.6 (64.3–76.2)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	<LOD	1.1 (0.82–1.4)	11 (8.4–13)	21 (16–25)
6 (2018–2019)	1279	68.2 (60.1–75.3)	1.2 (0.97–1.6)	<LOD	1.0 (0.68–1.3)	11^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (7.0–16)	18 (12–25)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	524	92.6 (89.2–95.1)	6.3 (5.1–7.8)	0.72 (<LOD–0.97)	6.4 (4.5–8.3)	49 (33–66)	89 (60–120)
5 (2016–2017)	547	86.6 (81.3–90.6)	2.6 (2.1–3.3)	<LOD	2.1^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.94–3.2)	23^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (13–33)	39^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (22–56)
6 (2018–2019)	517	84.9 (78.9–89.5)	3.0 (2.2–4.0)	<LOD	2.6^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (1.5–3.6)	27^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (10–45)	49^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (28–70)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1029	67.3 (58.5–75.1)	2.5 (1.9–3.2)	<LOD	2.5^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (1.4–3.5)	36 (29–42)	54 (45–64)
2 (2009–2011)	516	91.6 (89.4–93.3)	5.0 (4.2–6.0)	<LOD	5.3 (3.7–6.9)	32 (21–43)	66^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (31–100)
5 (2016–2017)	516	84.6 (80.1–88.3)	2.3 (1.8–3.0)	<LOD	2.0 (1.5–2.4)	24^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (10–37)	55^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (24–86)
6 (2018–2019)	497	78.7 (65.6–87.7)	2.3^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (1.5–3.4)	<LOD	2.3^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (1.3–3.3)	18^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (3.8–33)	34^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (<LOD–73)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	980	68.7 (60.7–75.6)	2.3 (1.8–2.8)	<LOD	2.1 (1.4–2.8)	26 (19–32)	44 (30–58)
2 (2009–2011)	512	80.0 (73.0–85.6)	2.6 (2.1–3.3)	<LOD	2.7 (2.0–3.3)	19^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (12–26)	36^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (22–50)
5 (2016–2017)	524	76.5 (68.8–82.8)	1.5 (1.2–2.0)	<LOD	1.4^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.85–1.9)	10^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.6–14)	19^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.5–33)
6 (2018–2019)	505	65.0 (56.7–72.6)	1.1 (0.82–1.5)	<LOD	1.1^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.52–1.7)	8.9^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (4.6–13)	15 (9.8–21)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1163	66.0 (57.1–73.9)	1.8 (1.3–2.4)	<LOD	1.6^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (<LOD–2.6)	17^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (10–24)	36^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (19–53)
2 (2009–2011)	356	78.1 (65.6–86.9)	2.4 (1.8–3.2)	<LOD	2.7 (1.8–3.7)	20^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (10–29)	29^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (17–41)
5 (2016–2017)	361	60.8 (52.0–68.9)	1.0 (0.80–1.3)	<LOD	0.71^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.44–0.99)	7.3^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (<LOD–17)	20^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.3–35)
6 (2018–2019)	332	66.6 (53.8–77.4)	0.96 (0.72–1.3)	<LOD	0.85^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.51–1.2)	5.7^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (2.4–9.1)	11^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.4–16)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1223	63.9 (58.0–69.4)	1.8 (1.5–2.2)	<LOD	1.4^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (<LOD–2.3)	20 (15–25)	38 (27–49)
2 (2009–2011)	360	79.2 (70.6–85.8)	2.4 (1.8–3.2)	<LOD	2.2^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (1.2–3.1)	20^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (7.8–33)	36^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.8–67)
5 (2016–2017)	347	70.1 (56.6–80.8)	1.2 (0.89–1.6)	<LOD	1.0 (0.68–1.4)	9.9^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.3–15)	12^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (6.6–17)
6 (2018–2019)	342	68.7 (60.1–76.2)	1.3 (0.98–1.7)	<LOD	1.1^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.46–1.8)	10^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (5.0–16)	18^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (9.1–27)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1079	73.6 (67.0–79.3)	2.6 (2.2–3.2)	<LOD	3.0 (2.1–3.8)	26 (21–31)	40 (35–45)
2 (2009–2011)	291	77.4 (67.0–85.3)	2.8 (2.1–3.8)	<LOD	3.3^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (2.1–4.6)	23^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (12–35)	44^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (20–68)
5 (2016–2017)	350	75.2 (69.7–80.1)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	<LOD	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	11^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (3.6–18)	21^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (11–32)
6 (2018–2019)	343	68.3 (58.8–76.5)	1.1^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (0.71–1.8)	<LOD	0.82^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (<LOD–1.5)	10^{Table 13.1.4 footnote E} (6.3–15)	17 (11–23)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.6, 0.6, 0.44 and 0.44 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.1.4 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.4 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.4 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.4 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.4 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.4 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.5: Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.5 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2549	80.0 (75.1–84.0)	2.7 (2.3–3.1)	<LOD	2.5 (1.8–3.1)	21 (17–25)	35 (31–39)
5 (2016–2017)	2618	70.6 (64.8–75.8)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	<LOD	1.0 (0.88–1.1)	10 (7.0–13)	19^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (12–27)
6 (2018–2019)	2535	68.9 (63.8–73.6)	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	<LOD	1.1 (0.86–1.4)	12 (8.1–16)	23 (16–31)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1277	80.2 (73.8–85.4)	2.1 (1.8–2.5)	<LOD	1.9 (1.5–2.4)	16 (11–22)	28 (18–38)
5 (2016–2017)	1305	70.6 (60.7–78.9)	1.1 (0.91–1.4)	<LOD	0.88 (0.62–1.1)	7.3^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (3.7–11)	19^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (7.3–30)
6 (2018–2019)	1256	69.7 (64.2–74.6)	1.1 (0.90–1.4)	<LOD	1.1 (0.84–1.3)	8.4^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (4.1–13)	17^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (8.4–27)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1272	79.7 (74.4–84.2)	3.3 (2.6–4.2)	<LOD	3.3 (2.3–4.4)	27 (20–35)	37 (25–50)
5 (2016–2017)	1313	70.6 (64.3–76.2)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	<LOD	1.1 (0.89–1.3)	12 (8.2–16)	21^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (10–33)
6 (2018–2019)	1279	68.2 (60.1–75.3)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	<LOD	1.2^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (0.72–1.6)	15 (11–19)	26 (19–34)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	523	92.6 (89.2–95.1)	11 (9.1–13)	1.3^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (<LOD–2.1)	11 (8.0–13)	79 (61–98)	110 (87–140)
5 (2016–2017)	538	86.6 (81.3–90.6)	4.5 (3.3–6.1)	<LOD	4.2^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.6–5.8)	39^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (22–56)	61^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (37–84)
6 (2018–2019)	516	84.9 (78.9–89.5)	5.0 (3.6–6.8)	<LOD	4.3^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.3–6.4)	63^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (24–100)	91 (68–110)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1026	67.3 (58.5–75.1)	3.8 (3.1–4.8)	<LOD	3.8 (2.7–4.9)	45 (36–54)	70 (52–88)
2 (2009–2011)	514	91.6 (89.4–93.3)	5.7 (4.6–7.0)	<LOD	5.9^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (3.4–8.4)	40^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (19–60)	90^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (31–150)
5 (2016–2017)	507	84.6 (80.1–88.3)	2.8 (2.1–3.6)	<LOD	2.7 (2.0–3.4)	29^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (9.5–49)	43^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (18–67)
6 (2018–2019)	497	78.7 (65.6–87.7)	2.7^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (1.9–3.9)	<LOD	2.6^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (1.2–4.1)	18^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (3.3–33)	35^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (<LOD–68)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	978	68.7 (60.7–75.6)	2.0 (1.6–2.4)	<LOD	2.0 (1.8–2.1)	19 (13–24)	30 (23–36)
2 (2009–2011)	510	80.0 (73.0–85.6)	2.0 (1.6–2.5)	<LOD	1.9 (1.3–2.5)	13^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (7.6–19)	25^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (12–38)
5 (2016–2017)	520	76.5 (68.8–82.8)	1.2 (0.95–1.5)	<LOD	1.1 (0.89–1.3)	8.4^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (4.3–13)	17^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (1.8–32)
6 (2018–2019)	505	65.0 (56.7–72.6)	0.92 (0.68–1.2)	<LOD	0.83^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (0.52–1.1)	7.8^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.8–13)	21^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (5.8–36)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1159	66.0 (57.1–73.9)	2.0 (1.6–2.6)	<LOD	1.9 (<LOD–2.5)	17^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (9.0–25)	34^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (18–51)
2 (2009–2011)	354	78.1 (65.6–86.9)	2.0 (1.6–2.6)	<LOD	2.0 (1.5–2.5)	14^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (6.8–21)	33^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (17–50)
5 (2016–2017)	358	60.8 (52.0–68.9)	0.91 (0.67–1.2)	<LOD	0.69 (0.46–0.92)	6.5^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (<LOD–16)	14^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (<LOD–30)
6 (2018–2019)	332	66.6 (53.8–77.4)	0.91 (0.67–1.3)	<LOD	0.86^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (0.50–1.2)	5.5^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.2–8.8)	12^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (5.4–18)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1218	63.9 (58.0–69.4)	2.3 (1.9–2.7)	<LOD	1.9 (<LOD–2.4)	19 (15–22)	45 (37–54)
2 (2009–2011)	358	79.2 (70.6–85.8)	2.4 (1.9–3.1)	<LOD	2.4^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (1.4–3.4)	15^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (7.2–22)	29 (19–40)
5 (2016–2017)	346	70.1 (56.6–80.8)	1.1 (0.90–1.4)	<LOD	0.92 (0.76–1.1)	7.7^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.1–13)	13^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (6.3–19)
6 (2018–2019)	342	68.7 (60.1–76.2)	1.5 (1.1–2.1)	<LOD	1.3 (0.87–1.8)	13^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (7.7–18)	24^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (3.5–45)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1079	73.6 (67.0–79.3)	3.7 (3.1–4.4)	<LOD	3.9 (2.9–5.0)	30 (22–38)	53 (40–67)
2 (2009–2011)	290	77.4 (67.0–85.3)	3.2 (2.4–4.3)	<LOD	3.5^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.1–4.8)	25 (16–34)	37^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (7.4–66)
5 (2016–2017)	349	75.2 (69.7–80.1)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	<LOD	1.5^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (0.95–2.1)	10^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (1.8–18)	21^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (5.7–37)
6 (2018–2019)	343	68.3 (58.8–76.5)	1.4^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (0.81–2.3)	<LOD	1.1^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (<LOD–2.0)	15^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (2.9–27)	29^{Table 13.1.5 footnote E} (15–43)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.1.5 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.5 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.5 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.5 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.5 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.5 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.6: Dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.6 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2537	49.1 (44.2–53.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.9 (2.4–3.5)	6.5 (5.2–7.8)
5 (2016–2017)	2618	51.8 (46.9–56.6)	—	<LOD	0.097 (<LOD–0.12)	1.4 (0.94–1.9)	4.1^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (2.6–5.6)
6 (2018–2019)	2525	53.4 (46.9–59.8)	0.16 (0.13–0.19)	<LOD	0.10 (<LOD–0.14)	1.2 (0.81–1.5)	2.6^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.66–4.6)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1271	42.2 (37.4–47.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.6^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.5–3.7)	5.7 (3.8–7.6)
5 (2016–2017)	1296	49.5 (43.2–55.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.2^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.64–1.7)	4.1^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.2–7.0)
6 (2018–2019)	1249	59.3 (51.4–66.8)	0.17 (0.14–0.21)	<LOD	0.14^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.20)	1.1 (0.92–1.4)	2.1^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.24–3.9)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1266	55.8 (49.5–61.8)	—	<LOD	0.33 (<LOD–0.42)	3.4 (2.5–4.2)	7.8 (5.5–10)
5 (2016–2017)	1322	54.0 (46.4–61.4)	0.17 (0.14–0.21)	<LOD	0.099^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.14)	1.5^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.48–2.5)	3.8^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.9–5.7)
6 (2018–2019)	1276	47.6 (41.3–54.0)	0.15 (0.12–0.18)	<LOD	<LOD	1.3^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.35–2.2)	3.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.95–6.8)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	523	63.0 (55.1–70.2)	0.85 (0.68–1.1)	<LOD	0.57^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.32–0.83)	8.8^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (4.4–13)	18^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (9.6–26)
5 (2016–2017)	542	64.0 (53.6–73.2)	0.29^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.20–0.44)	<LOD	0.25^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.42)	3.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (2.1–5.7)	6.6^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.4–12)
6 (2018–2019)	517	75.9 (68.4–82.0)	0.38 (0.27–0.53)	<LOD	0.34^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.21–0.48)	4.1^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–9.2)	12^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.61–23)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1029	40.7 (32.2–49.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	3.6 (2.5–4.6)	7.2 (4.8–9.5)
2 (2009–2011)	512	62.0 (55.2–68.3)	—	<LOD	0.49^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.75)	4.5^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.7–7.4)	9.3^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (5.6–13)
5 (2016–2017)	515	68.2 (60.6–75.0)	0.27 (0.20–0.36)	<LOD	0.19 (0.14–0.23)	3.2^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.81–5.6)	8.0^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (4.0–12)
6 (2018–2019)	498	73.1 (65.9–79.2)	0.32 (0.23–0.43)	<LOD	0.26^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.15–0.36)	2.8^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–6.0)	6.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.3–12)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	980	35.1 (28.0–43.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.3^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.4–3.2)	7.0 (4.9–9.1)
2 (2009–2011)	512	43.7 (37.3–50.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.0^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.84–3.1)	4.5^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.1–7.9)
5 (2016–2017)	521	54.9 (45.2–64.1)	—	<LOD	0.12 (<LOD–0.16)	1.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.82–2.0)	4.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.9–7.9)
6 (2018–2019)	502	56.3 (47.3–64.8)	—	<LOD	0.12^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.19)	0.83 (0.60–1.1)	1.6^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–3.3)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1163	34.6 (25.0–45.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.1–2.7)	4.6^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (2.4–6.7)
2 (2009–2011)	357	43.9 (34.8–53.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.5^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.79–4.3)	4.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (2.3–6.4)
5 (2016–2017)	360	46.1 (37.6–54.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.73^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.45–1.0)	1.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–4.0)
6 (2018–2019)	330	48.5 (38.6–58.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.63^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.36–0.90)	1.2^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.42–2.0)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1223	33.9 (26.9–41.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.74–4.0)	5.8 (4.3–7.4)
2 (2009–2011)	353	48.1 (41.0–55.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.8^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (1.7–3.9)	6.1^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (2.7–9.5)
5 (2016–2017)	346	51.4 (43.0–59.6)	—	<LOD	0.099^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.14)	1.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–3.2)	3.7^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–9.3)
6 (2018–2019)	340	53.1 (45.2–60.9)	—	<LOD	0.11^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.16)	1.2^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.70–1.6)	4.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–8.9)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	44.5 (40.0–49.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	3.9^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (2.4–5.4)	7.5 (5.0–9.9)
2 (2009–2011)	280	55.3 (45.7–64.6)	—	<LOD	0.34^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.64)	4.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.42–8.3)	9.5^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (3.7–15)
5 (2016–2017)	334	51.5 (42.8–60.0)	—	<LOD	0.098^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.15)	2.0^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.75–3.2)	4.5^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.80–8.3)
6 (2018–2019)	338	49.2 (36.4–62.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.4^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.32–2.5)	2.7^{Table 13.1.6 footnote E} (0.096–5.3)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.3, 0.3, 0.093 and 0.093 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.1.6 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.6 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.6 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.6 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.6 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.6 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.7: Dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.7 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2527	49.1 (44.2–53.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	3.3 (2.4–4.2)	7.2 (5.2–9.3)
5 (2016–2017)	2591	51.8 (46.9–56.6)	—	<LOD	0.11 (<LOD–0.13)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	3.9^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.4–6.4)
6 (2018–2019)	2524	53.4 (46.9–59.8)	0.18 (0.14–0.22)	<LOD	0.13 (<LOD–0.17)	1.4^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.48–2.4)	4.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (2.0–6.0)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1267	42.2 (37.4–47.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.0 (1.5–2.5)	4.4 (3.0–5.8)
5 (2016–2017)	1286	49.5 (43.2–55.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.2^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.61–1.8)	3.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–6.9)
6 (2018–2019)	1248	59.3 (51.4–66.8)	0.16 (0.13–0.21)	<LOD	0.15 (<LOD–0.20)	1.1^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.59–1.6)	3.1^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.2–5.0)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1260	55.8 (49.5–61.8)	—	<LOD	0.40^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.55)	4.6 (3.2–6.0)	9.4 (7.5–11)
5 (2016–2017)	1305	54.0 (46.4–61.4)	0.19 (0.14–0.24)	<LOD	0.13^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.19)	1.5^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.40–2.6)	4.9^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.5–8.4)
6 (2018–2019)	1276	47.6 (41.3–54.0)	0.19 (0.15–0.24)	<LOD	<LOD	2.1^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.49–3.6)	5.4^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.1–9.6)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	522	63.0 (55.1–70.2)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	<LOD	0.97 (0.71–1.2)	17^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (8.4–25)	27^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (16–38)
5 (2016–2017)	533	64.0 (53.6–73.2)	0.50^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.31–0.81)	<LOD	0.37^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.62)	5.5^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (2.5–8.4)	12^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (5.4–18)
6 (2018–2019)	516	75.9 (68.4–82.0)	0.63^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.43–0.92)	<LOD	0.48 (0.31–0.64)	7.4^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–14)	17^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–37)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1026	40.7 (32.2–49.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	5.5 (3.6–7.4)	11 (8.5–13)
2 (2009–2011)	510	62.0 (55.2–68.3)	—	<LOD	0.50^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.70)	6.8^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (3.1–10)	9.8^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (5.3–14)
5 (2016–2017)	506	68.2 (60.6–75.0)	0.32 (0.23–0.43)	<LOD	0.22^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.12–0.31)	4.6^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.5–7.7)	7.1^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (2.6–12)
6 (2018–2019)	498	73.1 (65.9–79.2)	0.38 (0.30–0.48)	<LOD	0.32^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.19–0.44)	3.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–6.1)	7.2^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.8–13)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	978	35.1 (28.0–43.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.1^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.3–3.0)	5.3^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (3.2–7.4)
2 (2009–2011)	510	43.7 (37.3–50.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.5^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.84–2.1)	2.8^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–5.3)
5 (2016–2017)	517	54.9 (45.2–64.1)	—	<LOD	0.098 (<LOD–0.13)	1.1^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.60–1.5)	3.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–6.2)
6 (2018–2019)	502	56.3 (47.3–64.8)	—	<LOD	0.099 (<LOD–0.12)	0.92^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.26–1.6)	2.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–5.7)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1159	34.6 (25.0–45.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.95–3.0)	4.8^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (2.6–6.9)
2 (2009–2011)	355	43.9 (34.8–53.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.9^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.2–2.6)	4.2^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.3–7.0)
5 (2016–2017)	357	46.1 (37.6–54.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.2^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.48–2.0)	2.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–2.7)
6 (2018–2019)	330	48.5 (38.6–58.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.52^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.12–0.91)	1.2^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.74–1.7)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1218	33.9 (26.9–41.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	3.2 (2.3–4.1)	8.7 (6.1–11)
2 (2009–2011)	351	48.1 (41.0–55.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.9^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (0.92–4.9)	6.7^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (3.0–10)
5 (2016–2017)	345	51.4 (43.0–59.6)	—	<LOD	0.11 (<LOD–0.15)	1.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–2.9)	3.7^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–9.1)
6 (2018–2019)	340	53.1 (45.2–60.9)	—	<LOD	0.16 (<LOD–0.19)	2.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–3.8)	5.4^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	44.5 (40.0–49.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	4.6 (2.9–6.2)	9.3^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (3.8–15)
2 (2009–2011)	279	55.3 (45.7–64.6)	—	<LOD	0.50^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.72)	5.3^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (1.7–8.9)	10^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (6.0–14)
5 (2016–2017)	333	51.5 (42.8–60.0)	—	<LOD	0.14^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.19)	2.0^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–4.1)	7.6^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (2.9–12)
6 (2018–2019)	338	49.2 (36.4–62.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.3^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (<LOD–4.7)	4.5^{Table 13.1.7 footnote E} (2.4–6.5)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.1.7 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.7 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.7 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.7 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.7 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.7 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.8: Diethylphosphate (DEP) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.8 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2556	83.3 (79.1–86.7)	2.8 (2.6–3.1)	<LOD	2.8 (2.5–3.1)	11 (8.4–13)	19 (16–21)
5 (2016–2017)	2646	97.8 (95.9–98.8)	2.2 (2.0–2.5)	0.52 (0.44–0.60)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	9.9 (8.4–11)	14 (10–17)
6 (2018–2019)	2538	96.7 (94.7–97.9)	2.2 (2.0–2.3)	0.49 (0.40–0.59)	2.1 (1.9–2.3)	9.7 (8.2–11)	15 (11–19)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1279	85.3 (81.7–88.3)	2.9 (2.6–3.3)	<LOD	2.9 (2.5–3.4)	10 (8.4–12)	18^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (11–26)
5 (2016–2017)	1315	97.9 (95.9–98.9)	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	0.53 (0.44–0.61)	2.1 (1.6–2.6)	9.8 (7.9–12)	15 (11–20)
6 (2018–2019)	1258	96.7 (92.8–98.5)	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	0.55 (0.41–0.70)	2.2 (1.9–2.5)	10 (7.8–12)	15^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (6.6–23)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1277	81.2 (75.4–85.9)	2.7 (2.4–3.1)	<LOD	2.6 (2.2–2.9)	12^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (7.5–17)	19 (15–23)
5 (2016–2017)	1331	97.7 (93.6–99.2)	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	0.51 (0.37–0.64)	2.1 (1.7–2.5)	9.7 (7.6–12)	12 (8.3–16)
6 (2018–2019)	1280	96.7 (94.1–98.1)	2.1 (1.9–2.3)	0.45 (0.32–0.58)	2.0 (1.7–2.4)	9.1 (6.9–11)	15^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (9.6–21)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	523	92.9 (89.5–95.3)	4.9 (4.1–5.9)	1.2 (<LOD–1.6)	5.1 (4.1–6.1)	19^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (10–27)	29^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (9.9–48)
5 (2016–2017)	547	98.7 (96.6–99.5)	4.2 (3.4–5.0)	0.99 (0.77–1.2)	4.1 (2.8–5.4)	16 (13–19)	22^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (11–33)
6 (2018–2019)	517	99.3 (94.7–99.9)	3.8 (3.2–4.6)	1.0 (0.82–1.2)	3.8 (2.7–4.8)	15^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (6.2–24)	23 (15–32)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1029	80.9 (68.2–89.3)	2.8 (2.2–3.6)	<LOD	3.0 (2.3–3.6)	11 (9.3–14)	17 (14–20)
2 (2009–2011)	515	92.0 (89.5–94.0)	4.1 (3.7–4.7)	<LOD	4.0 (3.5–4.5)	16 (12–19)	23^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (12–33)
5 (2016–2017)	516	98.2 (96.5–99.1)	3.2 (2.8–3.6)	0.80 (0.52–1.1)	2.9 (2.2–3.6)	12^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (7.3–17)	19^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (11–27)
6 (2018–2019)	498	96.7 (82.1–99.5)	3.6 (2.8–4.6)	0.77^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (0.40–1.1)	3.6 (3.1–4.2)	16^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (9.0–22)	24 (16–33)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	980	82.2 (72.1–89.2)	2.9 (2.4–3.6)	<LOD	3.1 (2.4–3.7)	12 (9.3–15)	18 (14–22)
2 (2009–2011)	512	88.1 (84.3–91.0)	3.4 (3.0–3.9)	<LOD	3.1 (2.6–3.7)	16 (11–22)	23^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (14–31)
5 (2016–2017)	524	98.6 (97.3–99.3)	2.6 (2.1–3.1)	0.59^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (0.33–0.85)	2.7 (2.0–3.4)	9.9 (7.4–12)	17 (12–22)
6 (2018–2019)	505	97.3 (93.7–98.8)	2.7 (2.2–3.4)	0.64 (0.42–0.86)	2.6 (1.8–3.5)	9.7 (6.4–13)	14 (9.3–19)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1163	77.7 (65.9–86.3)	2.1 (1.7–2.6)	<LOD	2.1 (1.8–2.5)	7.8 (6.0–9.6)	12 (8.6–14)
2 (2009–2011)	357	83.1 (75.7–88.6)	2.7 (2.3–3.2)	<LOD	2.6 (2.2–3.0)	9.5^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (5.4–14)	20^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (7.9–32)
5 (2016–2017)	361	95.7 (89.9–98.2)	2.0 (1.6–2.7)	0.47 (0.31–0.62)	1.8^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (1.1–2.5)	10 (7.6–13)	15^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (8.9–22)
6 (2018–2019)	332	97.1 (92.1–99.0)	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	0.45^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (<LOD–0.64)	2.2 (1.8–2.6)	10^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (5.0–15)	15^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (6.8–23)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1223	75.6 (66.0–83.1)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	<LOD	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	7.6 (5.9–9.2)	11 (8.2–13)
2 (2009–2011)	360	80.3 (71.6–86.9)	2.5 (2.0–3.1)	<LOD	2.5 (1.9–3.1)	9.5^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (5.3–14)	16^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (8.6–23)
5 (2016–2017)	348	98.5 (96.0–99.5)	2.0 (1.7–2.3)	0.58 (0.42–0.73)	2.0 (1.6–2.3)	6.8 (5.5–8.0)	8.2 (6.6–9.9)
6 (2018–2019)	343	94.7 (89.5–97.4)	1.8 (1.4–2.3)	0.47 (0.31–0.63)	1.6 (1.1–2.1)	8.9 (5.7–12)	13^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (5.6–21)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	82.4 (74.0–88.5)	2.4 (2.1–2.6)	<LOD	2.3 (2.0–2.7)	8.8 (7.8–9.9)	12 (9.8–13)
2 (2009–2011)	289	80.6 (73.0–86.5)	2.6 (2.0–3.2)	<LOD	2.6 (1.9–3.4)	10^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (4.7–16)	16 (12–21)
5 (2016–2017)	350	99.0 (96.8–99.7)	2.1 (1.7–2.5)	0.42^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (<LOD–0.57)	1.9 (1.4–2.4)	9.7 (6.5–13)	13 (10–17)
6 (2018–2019)	343	98.1 (93.7–99.5)	1.8 (1.5–2.2)	0.45 (0.35–0.55)	1.8 (1.4–2.3)	7.8 (5.1–11)	10^{Table 13.1.8 footnote E} (4.0–16)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 1, 1, 0.29 and 0.29 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.1.8 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.8 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.8 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.8 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.8 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.8 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.9: Diethylphosphate (DEP) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.9 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2546	83.3 (79.1–86.7)	2.7 (2.5–2.9)	<LOD	2.6 (2.3–2.9)	9.5 (8.3–11)	14 (11–17)
5 (2016–2017)	2619	97.8 (95.9–98.8)	2.1 (2.0–2.3)	0.66 (0.52–0.80)	2.1 (1.8–2.3)	7.1 (6.7–7.5)	10 (8.8–11)
6 (2018–2019)	2537	96.7 (94.7–97.9)	2.3 (2.2–2.5)	0.75 (0.65–0.85)	2.2 (2.0–2.4)	8.3 (7.2–9.4)	13 (9.7–16)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1275	85.3 (81.7–88.3)	2.4 (2.1–2.7)	<LOD	2.2 (1.8–2.5)	9.1 (6.9–11)	14 (9.5–18)
5 (2016–2017)	1305	97.9 (95.9–98.9)	1.9 (1.6–2.2)	0.55 (0.40–0.71)	1.8 (1.4–2.1)	7.1 (6.1–8.1)	9.5 (8.1–11)
6 (2018–2019)	1257	96.7 (92.8–98.5)	2.1 (1.9–2.3)	0.67 (0.55–0.79)	1.9 (1.7–2.2)	7.3 (5.1–9.5)	11^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (6.4–16)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1271	81.2 (75.4–85.9)	3.1 (2.7–3.5)	<LOD	2.9 (2.5–3.3)	9.9 (7.5–12)	14 (9.9–19)
5 (2016–2017)	1314	97.7 (93.6–99.2)	2.4 (2.1–2.7)	0.80 (0.58–1.0)	2.4 (2.0–2.7)	7.1 (6.5–7.7)	11 (9.1–12)
6 (2018–2019)	1280	96.7 (94.1–98.1)	2.6 (2.3–3.0)	0.85 (0.71–0.99)	2.5 (2.2–2.9)	9.5 (7.0–12)	14 (9.0–18)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	522	92.9 (89.5–95.3)	8.5 (7.3–9.9)	2.6 (<LOD–3.4)	8.6 (7.2–10)	31 (22–41)	44 (33–55)
5 (2016–2017)	538	98.7 (96.6–99.5)	7.1 (6.3–8.0)	1.9 (1.3–2.5)	7.9 (6.7–9.2)	20 (17–24)	32 (21–43)
6 (2018–2019)	516	99.3 (94.7–99.9)	6.3 (5.3–7.6)	2.1 (1.6–2.6)	6.2 (4.4–7.9)	22^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (13–30)	24 (15–33)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1026	80.9 (68.2–89.3)	4.4 (3.7–5.2)	<LOD	4.2 (3.5–4.9)	16 (13–20)	24 (19–29)
2 (2009–2011)	513	92.0 (89.5–94.0)	4.8 (4.3–5.3)	<LOD	4.5 (3.9–5.2)	18 (13–22)	24^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (11–38)
5 (2016–2017)	507	98.2 (96.5–99.1)	3.7 (3.1–4.4)	1.1 (0.82–1.3)	3.5 (2.8–4.2)	11 (7.4–14)	16^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (9.2–24)
6 (2018–2019)	498	96.7 (82.1–99.5)	4.3 (3.5–5.3)	1.0 (0.65–1.4)	3.8 (3.1–4.6)	15^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (9.2–20)	27^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (<LOD–57)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	978	82.2 (72.1–89.2)	2.6 (2.2–3.1)	<LOD	2.6 (2.1–3.1)	8.7 (7.9–9.5)	12 (10–13)
2 (2009–2011)	510	88.1 (84.3–91.0)	2.6 (2.2–3.0)	<LOD	2.5 (2.0–3.0)	9.9 (7.8–12)	15^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (9.6–21)
5 (2016–2017)	520	98.6 (97.3–99.3)	2.0 (1.7–2.3)	0.55 (0.38–0.72)	1.9 (1.6–2.3)	7.5 (5.5–9.4)	9.2 (7.1–11)
6 (2018–2019)	505	97.3 (93.7–98.8)	2.3 (1.9–2.7)	0.79 (0.66–0.93)	2.4 (2.0–2.7)	6.0 (4.6–7.4)	8.0 (5.8–10)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1159	77.7 (65.9–86.3)	2.4 (2.0–2.8)	<LOD	2.2 (1.8–2.7)	7.4 (6.6–8.2)	9.9 (8.4–11)
2 (2009–2011)	355	83.1 (75.7–88.6)	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	<LOD	2.0 (1.4–2.6)	7.2^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (3.5–11)	13^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (<LOD–26)
5 (2016–2017)	358	95.7 (89.9–98.2)	1.8 (1.6–2.1)	0.50^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (0.30–0.70)	1.8 (1.4–2.2)	6.3 (5.2–7.4)	7.2^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (4.4–10)
6 (2018–2019)	332	97.1 (92.1–99.0)	2.1 (1.9–2.3)	0.73 (<LOD–0.86)	2.0 (1.7–2.3)	6.8 (4.6–9.0)	9.9^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (5.5–14)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1218	75.6 (66.0–83.1)	2.7 (2.4–3.0)	<LOD	2.9 (2.6–3.2)	8.9 (7.2–11)	11 (10–13)
2 (2009–2011)	358	80.3 (71.6–86.9)	2.5 (2.2–2.8)	<LOD	2.4 (1.9–2.8)	7.9 (5.5–10)	11 (7.5–15)
5 (2016–2017)	347	98.5 (96.0–99.5)	1.8 (1.6–2.1)	0.72 (0.48–0.95)	1.8 (1.5–2.1)	4.5 (3.6–5.4)	6.4 (4.3–8.4)
6 (2018–2019)	343	94.7 (89.5–97.4)	2.2 (1.8–2.6)	0.70 (0.50–0.91)	1.9 (1.4–2.4)	6.9^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (4.3–9.5)	14^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (8.1–20)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	82.4 (74.0–88.5)	3.4 (3.0–3.7)	<LOD	3.5 (3.0–4.0)	9.9 (8.9–11)	13 (11–16)
2 (2009–2011)	288	80.6 (73.0–86.5)	3.0 (2.5–3.6)	<LOD	2.9 (2.2–3.6)	9.0^{Table 13.1.9 footnote E} (5.6–12)	13 (9.9–17)
5 (2016–2017)	349	99.0 (96.8–99.7)	2.4 (2.1–2.8)	0.76 (<LOD–0.99)	2.2 (2.0–2.5)	7.3 (6.0–8.6)	9.5 (6.8–12)
6 (2018–2019)	343	98.1 (93.7–99.5)	2.1 (1.9–2.4)	0.64 (0.48–0.79)	2.1 (1.7–2.6)	7.5 (6.0–9.0)	10 (7.3–13)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.1.9 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.9 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.9 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.9 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.9 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.9 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.10: Diethylthiophosphate (DETP) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.10 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2511	72.7 (68.1–76.8)	0.66 (0.60–0.72)	<LOD	0.60 (0.51–0.70)	2.7 (1.9–3.4)	5.3^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (3.2–7.4)
5 (2016–2017)	2610	75.5 (70.3–80.1)	0.37 (0.33–0.42)	<LOD	0.32 (0.27–0.38)	2.6 (2.1–3.2)	4.4 (3.6–5.2)
6 (2018–2019)	2502	68.4 (62.0–74.1)	0.28 (0.24–0.32)	<LOD	0.27 (0.22–0.31)	1.7 (1.2–2.2)	2.5 (2.0–3.0)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1261	73.1 (67.9–77.7)	0.63 (0.57–0.71)	<LOD	0.58 (0.49–0.67)	2.5 (1.9–3.1)	3.5^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.6–5.5)
5 (2016–2017)	1294	75.7 (66.1–83.3)	0.37 (0.29–0.48)	<LOD	0.33 (0.22–0.45)	2.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.1–3.7)	4.5 (2.9–6.2)
6 (2018–2019)	1239	69.0 (62.0–75.2)	0.28 (0.24–0.34)	<LOD	0.27 (0.22–0.32)	1.5^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.76–2.2)	2.8 (2.0–3.7)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1250	72.2 (65.9–77.8)	0.68 (0.59–0.79)	<LOD	0.61 (0.46–0.76)	3.0^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.78–5.2)	5.6^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.6–9.5)
5 (2016–2017)	1316	75.3 (70.9–79.3)	0.37 (0.29–0.47)	<LOD	0.32 (0.24–0.40)	2.7^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.4–4.1)	4.3^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.5–7.1)
6 (2018–2019)	1263	67.8 (58.7–75.7)	0.27 (0.22–0.32)	<LOD	0.26 (0.20–0.33)	1.8 (1.2–2.4)	2.3 (1.9–2.7)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	512	88.2 (83.8–91.5)	1.0 (0.92–1.2)	<LOD	1.0 (0.91–1.1)	4.3^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.7–6.0)	6.7^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (3.4–10)
5 (2016–2017)	539	88.3 (83.0–92.1)	0.68 (0.51–0.91)	<LOD	0.80^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.47–1.1)	5.2^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.6–7.8)	7.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (4.2–11)
6 (2018–2019)	510	87.2 (81.5–91.3)	0.58 (0.47–0.72)	<LOD	0.62 (0.46–0.78)	3.0 (2.0–4.0)	4.2 (2.8–5.6)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1029	41.8 (31.7–52.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.9 (2.1–3.7)	4.8 (3.9–5.7)
2 (2009–2011)	508	80.8 (74.7–85.7)	0.85 (0.74–0.98)	<LOD	0.78 (0.68–0.88)	3.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.1–4.6)	5.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.0–9.8)
5 (2016–2017)	511	84.1 (80.2–87.4)	0.54 (0.45–0.65)	<LOD	0.49 (0.32–0.67)	3.2 (2.2–4.2)	5.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.9–7.8)
6 (2018–2019)	491	77.6 (69.4–84.1)	0.46 (0.35–0.60)	<LOD	0.45 (0.35–0.54)	2.7^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.3–4.1)	6.0^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (<LOD–13)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	979	44.6 (34.2–55.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.6 (1.8–3.3)	4.1 (3.1–5.1)
2 (2009–2011)	504	74.6 (66.2–81.4)	0.67 (0.57–0.78)	<LOD	0.59 (0.47–0.71)	2.6 (2.0–3.2)	4.1^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.5–5.7)
5 (2016–2017)	520	77.1 (66.5–85.2)	0.41 (0.31–0.55)	<LOD	0.35^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.21–0.49)	3.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.7–5.1)	5.8^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.9–8.8)
6 (2018–2019)	502	76.0 (68.0–82.5)	0.35 (0.27–0.46)	<LOD	0.32 (0.24–0.39)	2.6^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.4–3.9)	5.2^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.9–8.5)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1163	36.1 (27.5–45.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.9 (1.5–2.3)	2.9 (1.9–3.8)
2 (2009–2011)	349	67.8 (58.7–75.7)	0.57 (0.48–0.69)	<LOD	0.47^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (<LOD–0.64)	2.6^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.2–3.9)	5.4^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.6–9.1)
5 (2016–2017)	354	73.3 (60.9–82.9)	0.37 (0.28–0.48)	<LOD	0.31^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.19–0.43)	3.6^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.47–6.6)	6.9^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.8–12)
6 (2018–2019)	328	70.9 (61.2–79.1)	0.26 (0.21–0.32)	<LOD	0.25 (0.19–0.31)	1.7^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.93–2.6)	2.2 (1.6–2.7)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1223	34.1 (27.0–42.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.2 (1.6–2.8)	4.6^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.8–6.5)
2 (2009–2011)	352	73.6 (64.4–81.2)	0.66 (0.53–0.82)	<LOD	0.65 (0.46–0.84)	2.3^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (<LOD–5.1)	4.9^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (<LOD–13)
5 (2016–2017)	342	74.5 (67.4–80.6)	0.31 (0.25–0.38)	<LOD	0.29 (0.21–0.37)	2.0^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.63–3.4)	3.9^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (2.3–5.5)
6 (2018–2019)	334	63.3 (47.6–76.6)	0.24 (0.17–0.34)	<LOD	0.24^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.13–0.35)	1.2 (0.81–1.5)	1.7 (1.2–2.1)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	40.0 (32.9–47.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.6 (2.2–3.0)	4.1 (3.5–4.7)
2 (2009–2011)	286	71.6 (63.7–78.3)	0.67 (0.55–0.82)	<LOD	0.59 (0.41–0.76)	2.7^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.76–4.6)	5.1^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.71–9.4)
5 (2016–2017)	344	74.4 (66.2–81.2)	0.37 (0.28–0.48)	<LOD	0.36^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.20–0.52)	2.1 (1.5–2.8)	3.1^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (1.1–5.1)
6 (2018–2019)	337	62.3 (55.5–68.6)	0.25 (0.20–0.30)	<LOD	0.23 (0.18–0.29)	1.7^{Table 13.1.10 footnote E} (0.73–2.7)	2.6 (1.8–3.4)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.6, 0.3, 0.13 and 0.13 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.1.10 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.10 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.10 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.10 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.10 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.10 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.11: Diethylthiophosphate (DETP) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.11 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2501	72.7 (68.1–76.8)	0.60 (0.54–0.66)	<LOD	0.59 (0.50–0.68)	2.8 (2.1–3.4)	4.1 (3.5–4.7)
5 (2016–2017)	2583	75.5 (70.3–80.1)	0.36 (0.32–0.40)	<LOD	0.34 (0.29–0.39)	2.3 (1.7–2.8)	3.8 (2.8–4.7)
6 (2018–2019)	2501	68.4 (62.0–74.1)	0.30 (0.26–0.35)	<LOD	0.26 (0.21–0.32)	1.5 (1.1–1.9)	2.7 (2.3–3.1)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1257	73.1 (67.9–77.7)	0.50 (0.44–0.57)	<LOD	0.44 (0.32–0.55)	2.1 (1.5–2.7)	3.3 (2.2–4.4)
5 (2016–2017)	1284	75.7 (66.1–83.3)	0.32 (0.26–0.40)	<LOD	0.29 (0.19–0.39)	1.9 (1.3–2.4)	3.0^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.5–4.6)
6 (2018–2019)	1238	69.0 (62.0–75.2)	0.26 (0.22–0.31)	<LOD	0.23 (0.19–0.27)	1.3 (0.86–1.7)	2.3^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.3–3.4)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1244	72.2 (65.9–77.8)	0.72 (0.60–0.87)	<LOD	0.69 (0.55–0.82)	3.6 (2.8–4.5)	5.2^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (2.9–7.5)
5 (2016–2017)	1299	75.3 (70.9–79.3)	0.40 (0.32–0.49)	<LOD	0.36 (0.28–0.44)	2.9^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.6–4.1)	3.9^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.9–6.0)
6 (2018–2019)	1263	67.8 (58.7–75.7)	0.34 (0.27–0.42)	<LOD	0.30 (0.19–0.40)	1.8 (1.3–2.4)	2.8^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.4–4.2)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	511	88.2 (83.8–91.5)	1.7 (1.5–2.0)	<LOD	1.6 (1.3–2.0)	6.7^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (4.2–9.2)	9.6^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (5.5–14)
5 (2016–2017)	530	88.3 (83.0–92.1)	1.1^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.79–1.7)	<LOD	1.0^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.61–1.5)	6.5^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (3.7–9.3)	12^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (3.9–19)
6 (2018–2019)	509	87.2 (81.5–91.3)	0.97 (0.81–1.2)	<LOD	0.96 (0.77–1.1)	4.7 (3.1–6.4)	5.5^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (3.3–7.7)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1026	41.8 (31.7–52.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	4.2 (3.1–5.3)	6.5 (4.5–8.6)
2 (2009–2011)	506	80.8 (74.7–85.7)	0.92 (0.77–1.1)	<LOD	0.89 (0.77–1.0)	3.7 (2.5–4.9)	7.3^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.9–13)
5 (2016–2017)	502	84.1 (80.2–87.4)	0.64 (0.53–0.77)	<LOD	0.64 (0.45–0.83)	3.5 (2.4–4.6)	5.2 (3.6–6.8)
6 (2018–2019)	491	77.6 (69.4–84.1)	0.55 (0.44–0.68)	<LOD	0.50 (0.37–0.64)	2.7^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.4–4.0)	5.8^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (<LOD–13)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	977	44.6 (34.2–55.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	1.9 (1.8–2.1)	3.2 (2.2–4.3)
2 (2009–2011)	502	74.6 (66.2–81.4)	0.47 (0.40–0.55)	<LOD	0.48 (0.37–0.59)	1.7 (1.5–2.0)	2.7^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.4–4.1)
5 (2016–2017)	516	77.1 (66.5–85.2)	0.31 (0.25–0.40)	<LOD	0.27 (0.20–0.34)	1.9^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.0–2.7)	3.5^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.71–6.2)
6 (2018–2019)	502	76.0 (68.0–82.5)	0.29 (0.23–0.37)	<LOD	0.28 (0.20–0.37)	1.8^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.0–2.6)	2.9^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.71–5.0)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1159	36.1 (27.5–45.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.0 (1.5–2.5)	3.7 (2.7–4.7)
2 (2009–2011)	347	67.8 (58.7–75.7)	0.45 (0.39–0.52)	<LOD	0.39 (<LOD–0.49)	2.3^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.3–3.3)	3.7^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (2.3–5.1)
5 (2016–2017)	351	73.3 (60.9–82.9)	0.32 (0.25–0.42)	<LOD	0.28 (0.20–0.36)	2.8^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.85–4.7)	4.5^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.6–7.3)
6 (2018–2019)	328	70.9 (61.2–79.1)	0.25 (0.19–0.32)	<LOD	0.21^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.13–0.29)	1.3^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.41–2.2)	2.3^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.86–3.8)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1218	34.1 (27.0–42.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	3.0 (2.5–3.5)	5.4 (3.5–7.4)
2 (2009–2011)	350	73.6 (64.4–81.2)	0.62 (0.48–0.80)	<LOD	0.60 (0.43–0.76)	2.8^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (<LOD–4.0)	4.0^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (<LOD–6.2)
5 (2016–2017)	341	74.5 (67.4–80.6)	0.28 (0.23–0.35)	<LOD	0.31 (0.21–0.40)	1.4^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.58–2.2)	2.4 (1.6–3.2)
6 (2018–2019)	334	63.3 (47.6–76.6)	0.28 (0.20–0.40)	<LOD	0.23^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.080–0.39)	1.1^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.48–1.7)	1.7^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.28–3.1)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	40.0 (32.9–47.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	2.9 (2.5–3.4)	4.1 (2.7–5.4)
2 (2009–2011)	285	71.6 (63.7–78.3)	0.71 (0.58–0.88)	<LOD	0.69 (0.54–0.85)	3.5^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.9–5.1)	4.7^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (0.41–8.9)
5 (2016–2017)	343	74.4 (66.2–81.2)	0.42 (0.34–0.53)	<LOD	0.38 (0.27–0.49)	2.5^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.5–3.5)	3.4 (2.3–4.4)
6 (2018–2019)	337	62.3 (55.5–68.6)	0.29 (0.24–0.35)	<LOD	0.27 (0.22–0.31)	1.6 (1.1–2.2)	2.6^{Table 13.1.11 footnote E} (1.5–3.7)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.1.11 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.11 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.11 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.11 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.11 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.11 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.12: Diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 years by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.12 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.12 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2557	3.4^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (1.8–6.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	2643	5.8^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (3.7–9.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.072 (<LOD–0.091)
6 (2018–2019)	2536	15.5^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (9.7–24.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.079 (<LOD–0.094)	0.11 (0.081–0.13)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.12 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1279	5.0^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (2.3–10.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	1312	5.9^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (3.0–11.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.074^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (<LOD–0.10)
6 (2018–2019)	1257	17.9^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (11.8–26.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.083 (0.067–0.098)	0.12^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (<LOD–0.19)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.12 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1278	1.8^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (0.80–4.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	1331	5.7 (3.9–8.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.071 (<LOD–0.081)
6 (2018–2019)	1279	13.2^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (6.9–23.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.074 (<LOD–0.091)	0.099 (0.072–0.13)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.12 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	524	1.0^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (0.50–1.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	547	5.5^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (2.6–11.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.071 (<LOD–0.093)
6 (2018–2019)	515	11.0^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (4.8–22.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.080 (<LOD–0.095)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1029	3.3^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (2.1–5.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	516	5.3^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (2.0–13.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	514	7.1^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (4.8–10.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.079 (<LOD–0.095)
6 (2018–2019)	498	13.2^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (6.3–25.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.074 (<LOD–0.098)	0.098 (<LOD–0.13)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	980	4.0^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (2.8–5.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	511	3.5^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (1.7–7.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	524	9.7^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (5.2–17.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.10^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (<LOD–0.17)
6 (2018–2019)	505	22.7^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (12.8–37.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.094 (0.070–0.12)	0.14^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (<LOD–0.23)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1163	2.4 (1.8–3.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	356	3.2^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (1.5–6.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	361	5.6^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (2.8–11.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.083 (<LOD–0.11)
6 (2018–2019)	332	14.8^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (6.8–29.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.076 (<LOD–0.095)	0.10^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (<LOD–0.15)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1223	2.3^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (1.1–4.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	360	3.3^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (0.80–12.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	347	4.3^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (1.8–9.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
6 (2018–2019)	343	16.5^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (10.5–25.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.079 (<LOD–0.11)	0.12^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (<LOD–0.20)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	2.4^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (1.4–4.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	290	3.5^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (0.50–19.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	350	6.1^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (3.4–10.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.071 (<LOD–0.092)
6 (2018–2019)	343	13.5^{Table 13.1.12 footnote E} (8.3–21.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.077 (<LOD–0.092)	0.099 (0.068–0.13)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.3, 0.3, 0.067 and 0.067 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.1.12 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.12 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.12 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.12 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.12 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.12 footnote E referrer

Table 13.1.13: Diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.1.13 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.13 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2547	3.4^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (1.8–6.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	2616	5.8^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (3.7–9.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.13 (<LOD–0.16)
6 (2018–2019)	2535	15.5^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (9.7–24.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.13 (<LOD–0.16)	0.19 (0.15–0.24)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.13 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1275	5.0^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (2.3–10.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	1302	5.9^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (3.0–11.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.12 (<LOD–0.15)
6 (2018–2019)	1256	17.9^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (11.8–26.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.12 (0.088–0.16)	0.18 (<LOD–0.25)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.13 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1272	1.8^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (0.80–4.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	1314	5.7 (3.9–8.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.15 (<LOD–0.17)
6 (2018–2019)	1279	13.2^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (6.9–23.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.15 (<LOD–0.18)	0.20 (0.15–0.25)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.1.13 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	523	1.0^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (0.50–1.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	538	5.5^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (2.6–11.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.20 (<LOD–0.25)
6 (2018–2019)	514	11.0^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (4.8–22.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.19 (<LOD–0.22)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1026	3.3^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (2.1–5.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	514	5.3^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (2.0–13.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	505	7.1^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (4.8–10.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.13^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.18)
6 (2018–2019)	498	13.2^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (6.3–25.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.14^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.23)	0.23^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.34)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	978	4.0^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (2.8–5.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	509	3.5^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (1.7–7.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	520	9.7^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (5.2–17.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.13 (<LOD–0.17)
6 (2018–2019)	505	22.7^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (12.8–37.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.11^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.21)	0.27^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.50)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1159	2.4 (1.8–3.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	354	3.2^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (1.5–6.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	358	5.6^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (2.8–11.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.14^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.19)
6 (2018–2019)	332	14.8^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (6.8–29.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.13^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.18)	0.17 (<LOD–0.23)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1218	2.3^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (1.1–4.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	358	3.3^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (0.80–12.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	346	4.3^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (1.8–9.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
6 (2018–2019)	343	16.5^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (10.5–25.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.15 (<LOD–0.21)	0.20^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (<LOD–0.28)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1080	2.4^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (1.4–4.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
2 (2009–2011)	289	3.5^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (0.50–19.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
5 (2016–2017)	349	6.1^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (3.4–10.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.15 (<LOD–0.18)
6 (2018–2019)	343	13.5^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (8.3–21.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.13 (<LOD–0.16)	0.18^{Table 13.1.13 footnote E} (0.11–0.26)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.1.13 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.1.13 footnote a referrer Table 13.1.13 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.1.13 footnote b referrer Table 13.1.13 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.1.13 footnote E referrer

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HC (Health Canada) (1991). Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Dimethoate. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2003). Concentrations (ppb) of pesticide residues in foods from Total Diet Study in Vancouver, 1995. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2004). Concentrations (ppb) of pesticide residues in foods from Total Diet Study in Ottawa, 1995. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2012). Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Database. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2013). Pesticide product information database. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2020a). Concentration of Contaminants and Other Chemicals in Food Composites. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2020b). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2020-07, Acephate and Its Associated End-use Products. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2020c). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2020-08, Dichlorvos and Its Associated End-use Products. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2020d). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2020-11, Phosmet and its associated end-use products. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2020e). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2020-14, Chlorpyrifos and Its Associated End-use Products (Environment). Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2021a). Drug Product Database online query. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2021b). Pesticide label search. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1991). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans – Volume 53: Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Application, and Some Pesticides. World Health Organization, Geneva. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2017). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans – Volume 112: Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. World Health Organization, Geneva. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
Muñoz-Quezada, M.T., Lucero B.A., Barr D.B., Steenland, K., Levy, K., Ryan P.B., Iglesias, V., Alvarado, S., Concha, C., Rojas, E., et al. (2013). Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A systematic review. Neurotoxicology, 39, 158–168.
Neumann, R. and Peter, H.H. (1987). Insecticidal organophosphates: nature made them first. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 43 (11-12), 1235–1237.
Rauch, S.A., Braun, J.M., Barr, D.B., Calafat, A.M., Khoury, J., Montesano, M.A., Yolton, K., and Lanphear, B.P. (2012). Associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticide metabolites with gestational age and birthweight. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120 (7), 1055–1060.
Ray, D. and Richards, P. (2001). The potential for toxic effects of chronic, low-dose exposure to organophosphates. Toxicology Letters, 120, 343–351.
Sokoloff, K., Fraser, W., Arbuckle, T.E., Fisher, M., Gaudreau, E., LeBlanc, A., Morisset, A.S. and Bouchard, M.F. (2016). Determinants of urinary concentrations of dialkyl phosphates among pregnant women in Canada – Results from the MIREC study. Environment International, 94, 133-140.
Wessels, D., Barr, D., and Mendola, P. (2003). Use of biomarkers to indicate exposure to children to organophosphate pesticides: Implication for a longitudinal study of children's environmental health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 (16), 1939–1946.

13.2 Pyrethroids

Pyrethrins are naturally occurring compounds found in certain chrysanthemum flowers (ATSDR, 2003). They have been used for their insecticidal properties since the early 1800s in Asia to control ticks and various insects, such as fleas and mosquitoes (ATSDR, 2003). Pyrethroids are synthetic versions of pyrethrins that have been structurally altered to improve their efficacy as pesticides by increasing their stability in the environment and their toxicity (ATSDR, 2003). Many commercial pyrethrin and pyrethroid pesticides are currently registered for use in Canada (HC, 2020).

Pyrethroids enter the environment primarily because of their use as insecticides on agricultural crops; however, they break down rapidly and, as a result, only trace amounts of the chemicals are typically found in air, water, soil and food (ATSDR, 2003). Pyrethroids degrade to carboxylic and phenoxybenzoic metabolites in the environment; these metabolites have been measured in dust collected from homes and daycare centres (Starr et al., 2008). Pyrethroids bind strongly to soil particles, and thus usually do not leach into the groundwater but rather remain in the soil (ATSDR, 2003).

Pyrethrin and pyrethroid pesticides are used in Canada for insect control on agricultural crops and on turf; in orchards, nurseries and greenhouses; as a general indoor and outdoor residential insecticide for controlling crawling and flying insect pests; for controlling adult mosquitoes around buildings; in cattle ear tags; for controlling mites in bee colonies; and for flea and tick control on pets (HC, 2004; 2020; 2021). The use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids has increased during the past decade with the declining use of organophosphate pesticides, which are more acutely toxic to birds and mammals (EPA, 2020).

Permethrin is the most widely used pyrethroid pesticide in Canada, and is found in more than 350 registered pesticide products (CCME, 2006; HC, 2021). It is used for a variety of agricultural, livestock, forestry and residential insect control applications. In addition to pesticide uses, permethrin is used in medications to treat scabies (HC, 2013). Cyfluthrin and beta-cyfluthrin are used as agricultural and surface insecticides to control crawling and flying insect pests (HC, 2021). Cypermethrin has agricultural, forestry, livestock, and non-crop industrial uses (HC, 2018c). Lambda-cyhalothrin is used for a variety of agricultural, turf, livestock, and structural purposes (HC, 2017). Deltamethrin is used in several agricultural applications, on turf and in greenhouses; it is also used to treat sleeping areas and clothing in malaria-affected countries (HC, 2004; 2018b). D-phenothrin is used primarily in residential settings, whereas fluvalinate-tau is used to control mites in bee colonies (HC, 2016; 2021).

The primary routes of exposure for the general population are through the use of products that contain pyrethroids, such as household insecticides and pet sprays, and through the ingestion of pyrethroid residues in food (EPA, 2009b).

Pyrethroid pesticides are rapidly metabolized and eliminated from the body through hydrolysis, oxidation and conjugation. Following oral ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure, pyrethroids are metabolized into carboxylic and phenoxybenzoic acids and excreted in urine and feces (HC, 2020). Pyrethroids and metabolites can be measured in blood and urine, and are reflective of recent exposure to the parent compound or the metabolite (as an environmental degradate) in the environment (ATSDR, 2003; CDC, 2009; Kuhn et al., 1999; Starr et al., 2008). Urinary metabolites of pyrethroids can be specific to 1 pyrethroid or common to several pyrethroids. Table 13.2.1 outlines the pyrethroid metabolites measured as part of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and their corresponding parent compounds that are registered for use in Canada (Barr and Needham, 2002; CDC, 2009; Fortin et al., 2008; HC, 2021; Starr et al., 2008). Other pyrethroid insecticides, such as tetramethrin and bifenthrin, are registered in Canada but are not included in the table, as they do not form the metabolites measured in this survey.

Table 13.2.1: Pyrethroid pesticide metabolites measured in the Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and their parent pesticide compounds
Pyrethroid pesticide (CASRN)	Metabolite (CASRN)
Cypermethrin (52315-07-8) Deltamethrin (52918-63-5) Permethrin (52645-53-1) Lambda-cyhalothrin (91465-08-6) d-Phenothrin (26046-85-5) Fluvalinate-tau (102851-06-9)	3-PBA: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3739-38-6)
Cyfluthrin (68359-37-5) Flumethrin (69770-45-2)	4-F-3-PBA: 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (77279-89-1)
Deltamethrin (52918-63-5)	cis-DBCA: cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (63597-73-9)
Cyfluthrin (68359-37-5) Permethrin (52645-53-1) Cypermethrin (52315-07-8)	cis-DCCA: cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (55701-05-8)
Cyfluthrin (68359-37-5) Permethrin (52645-53-1) Cypermethrin (52315-07-8)	trans-DCCA: trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (55701-03-6)

Pyrethroids, much like the naturally occurring pyrethrins, primarily affect the nervous systems of insects and mammals (Davies et al., 2007). They act on the axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems by prolonging the opening time of small conductance sodium channels, leading to membrane depolarizations and excess excitability. This action causes paralysis in target insect pests, eventually resulting in death. Pyrethroids are more than 2,000 times more toxic to insects than they are to mammals because insects have higher sodium channel sensitivity, smaller body sizes and lower body temperatures (Bradberry et al., 2005). Mammals are also able to quickly metabolize pyrethroids into their inactive forms and eliminate them (HC, 2009).

Adverse effects in humans can include dizziness, nausea, headaches, tremor, salivation, involuntary movements and seizures; very high exposures may result in unconsciousness (ATSDR, 2003; CDC, 2005). There is evidence for neurobehavioural effects, such as decreased motor activity, in laboratory animals following oral exposure to pyrethroid pesticides (Wolansky and Harrill, 2008). However, there remains a general lack of evidence concerning long-term exposures to low levels of pyrethroids and neurological and reproductive effects in mammals, which may be due to the rapid metabolism and elimination of these compounds from the body (ATSDR, 2003; Kolaczinski and Curtis, 2004; Saillenfait et al., 2015). Allergic reactions in humans have been reported following exposure to pyrethroids; however, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found no clear and consistent pattern of effects reported to indicate conclusively whether there is an association between pyrethroid exposure and asthma and allergies (EPA, 2009a; Moretto, 1991; Salome et al., 2000; Vanden Driessche et al., 2010). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the carcinogenicity of permethrin and deltamethrin to humans is not classifiable because of a lack of evidence (Group 3) (IARC, 1991).

The sale and use of pyrethroid pesticides is regulated in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) under the Pest Control Products Act (Canada, 2002). PMRA evaluates toxicity and potential exposure to determine whether a pesticide should be registered for a specific use. As part of this registration process, PMRA specifies maximum residue limits of pesticides in food. Maximum residue limits exist for several pyrethroid pesticides in food, including cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and pyrethrins (HC, 2012; 2020). PMRA re-evaluates registered pesticides on a cyclical basis. As part of this process, Health Canada has completed a re-evaluation of deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin and determined that most uses do not present unacceptable risks to humans or the environment when used according to product label directions. As such, these products were granted continued registration (HC, 2016; 2018a; 2018b; 2018c; 2019a). Fluvalinate-tau is listed on PMRA's workplan for the prioritization and re-evaluation of pesticides extending to 2024 (HC, 2019b).

Pyrethroid metabolite concentrations in urine have been measured in a number of biomonitoring studies conducted in Canada, including the First Nations Biomonitoring Initiative (AFN, 2013).

Five pyrethroid metabolites (see Table 13.2.1) were measured in the urine of CHMS participants aged 6–79 in cycle 1 (2007-2009) and aged 3–79 in cycle 2 (2009-2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019). Data from these cycles are presented as both µg/L and µg/g creatinine (Tables 13.2.2 to 13.2.11). Finding a measurable amount of pyrethroid metabolites in urine is an indicator of exposure to pyrethroid pesticides and does not necessarily mean that an adverse health effect will occur.

Table 13.2.2: 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.2 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2516	100	0.43 (0.35–0.53)	0.079 (0.066–0.091)	0.36 (0.29–0.43)	2.6^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.6–3.6)	5.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.2–9.5)
5 (2016–2017)	2706	100 (99.9–100)	0.53 (0.42–0.66)	0.091 (0.065–0.12)	0.46 (0.37–0.55)	3.6^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.7–5.4)	9.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (3.6–16)
6 (2018–2019)	2509	100	0.51 (0.42–0.62)	0.10 (0.080–0.12)	0.47 (0.36–0.58)	2.7 (1.9–3.5)	5.2^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (3.2–7.3)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1256	100	0.37 (0.30–0.46)	0.073 (0.053–0.092)	0.33 (0.27–0.39)	1.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.85–3.0)	3.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.74–6.0)
5 (2016–2017)	1348	100 (99.9–100)	0.46 (0.37–0.56)	0.074^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.044–0.10)	0.41 (0.30–0.52)	2.6 (1.7–3.4)	4.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.5–6.1)
6 (2018–2019)	1245	100	0.52 (0.41–0.67)	0.11 (0.080–0.13)	0.46 (0.35–0.58)	2.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.6–3.9)	5.8^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (3.1–8.5)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1260	100	0.49 (0.37–0.64)	0.084 (0.069–0.10)	0.38 (0.27–0.48)	3.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.6–6.2)	8.2^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–23)
5 (2016–2017)	1358	100 (99.7–100)	0.62 (0.46–0.83)	0.096 (0.082–0.11)	0.49 (0.36–0.61)	6.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–13)	15^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (6.1–24)
6 (2018–2019)	1264	100	0.50 (0.40–0.62)	0.098 (0.070–0.13)	0.48 (0.32–0.63)	2.6^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.6–3.6)	4.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.1–6.9)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.2 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	522	99.9 (99.4–100)	0.32 (0.23–0.45)	0.078 (0.057–0.099)	0.27 (0.21–0.33)	1.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–3.7)	3.5^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–8.8)
5 (2016–2017)	551	100	0.40 (0.30–0.54)	0.079^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.047–0.11)	0.33 (0.25–0.42)	2.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.80–5.1)	6.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (3.7–9.0)
6 (2018–2019)	509	100	0.48 (0.37–0.63)	0.10 (0.082–0.13)	0.39^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.24–0.55)	2.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.0–3.5)	4.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–10)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1025	99.3 (97.9–99.8)	0.21 (0.16–0.28)	0.047 (0.034–0.060)	0.19 (0.14–0.24)	1.1 (0.76–1.4)	1.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.51–2.9)
2 (2009–2011)	515	100	0.30 (0.25–0.35)	0.079 (0.063–0.095)	0.24 (0.19–0.30)	1.2 (0.79–1.6)	1.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.20–3.6)
5 (2016–2017)	534	100	0.47 (0.39–0.57)	0.10 (0.082–0.12)	0.38 (0.30–0.45)	2.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.4–4.0)	5.4^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–12)
6 (2018–2019)	495	100	0.55 (0.40–0.76)	0.12 (0.089–0.15)	0.46^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.29–0.64)	3.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.94–5.1)	5.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–15)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	977	99.8 (98.8–100)	0.28 (0.21–0.38)	0.059^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.030–0.088)	0.25 (0.18–0.32)	2.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.0–3.0)	3.2^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.0–4.5)
2 (2009–2011)	509	100	0.36 (0.29–0.45)	0.096 (0.085–0.11)	0.27 (0.20–0.35)	2.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.2–3.4)	5.6^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.8–8.3)
5 (2016–2017)	533	100	0.45 (0.34–0.60)	0.094^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.053–0.13)	0.37 (0.28–0.47)	3.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.8–4.2)	5.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.1–11)
6 (2018–2019)	499	100	0.43 (0.33–0.55)	0.094^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.050–0.14)	0.38 (0.25–0.51)	1.8^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.63–3.0)	5.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.0–8.1)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1159	99.6 (97.5–99.9)	0.25 (0.20–0.32)	0.051 (0.036–0.067)	0.21 (0.16–0.26)	1.4 (1.0–1.8)	2.5^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.6–3.5)
2 (2009–2011)	345	100	0.61^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.41–0.91)	0.094^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.056–0.13)	0.48^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.28–0.67)	5.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.63–11)	23^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–54)
5 (2016–2017)	375	100 (99.9–100)	0.61^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.34–1.1)	0.074^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.032–0.12)	0.48^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.29–0.67)	6.1^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–16)	17^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (3.8–31)
6 (2018–2019)	326	100	0.58 (0.43–0.79)	0.11^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.064–0.16)	0.50 (0.32–0.68)	2.8^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.0–4.5)	5.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.3–9.4)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1216	99.2 (98.4–99.6)	0.27 (0.21–0.34)	0.046 (0.032–0.060)	0.25 (0.18–0.32)	1.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.91–2.5)	3.5^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.0–5.0)
2 (2009–2011)	346	100	0.40 (0.29–0.55)	0.064^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.041–0.088)	0.36 (0.24–0.48)	2.4^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.2–3.5)	4.2^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (2.0–6.4)
5 (2016–2017)	359	99.9 (99.5–100)	0.55 (0.41–0.74)	0.12^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.060–0.19)	0.53 (0.34–0.71)	2.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.5–4.0)	4.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.95–8.9)
6 (2018–2019)	339	100	0.50 (0.36–0.69)	0.10^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.059–0.15)	0.50^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.28–0.73)	2.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.88–3.1)	3.6^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.9–5.3)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1073	99.3 (96.8–99.8)	0.24 (0.20–0.29)	0.051 (0.041–0.062)	0.21 (0.17–0.25)	1.3 (0.88–1.7)	2.2 (1.5–2.8)
2 (2009–2011)	279	100	0.36^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.24–0.54)	0.074 (0.055–0.093)	0.27^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.14–0.41)	2.4^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.97–3.8)	3.7^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
5 (2016–2017)	354	100	0.48^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.33–0.70)	0.075^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.041–0.11)	0.41 (0.27–0.54)	3.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (<LOD–6.3)	9.3^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (4.4–14)
6 (2018–2019)	341	100	0.46 (0.34–0.62)	0.086^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (0.045–0.13)	0.38 (0.24–0.51)	2.9^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (1.3–4.6)	7.0^{Table 13.2.2 footnote E} (3.3–11)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The limits of detection (LODs) for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.01, 0.01, 0.012 and 0.012 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.2.2 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.2 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.2 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.2 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.2 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.2 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.3: 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.3 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2506	100	0.42 (0.34–0.51)	0.10 (0.093–0.11)	0.33 (0.26–0.39)	2.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.2–3.4)	6.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.1–12)
5 (2016–2017)	2676	100 (99.9–100)	0.52 (0.43–0.62)	0.11 (0.088–0.13)	0.39 (0.33–0.44)	3.2 (2.1–4.2)	8.0^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.62–15)
6 (2018–2019)	2508	100	0.56 (0.44–0.70)	0.14 (0.11–0.16)	0.44 (0.31–0.57)	2.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.7–4.1)	5.8^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (2.0–9.5)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1252	100	0.31 (0.26–0.38)	0.088 (0.072–0.10)	0.26 (0.21–0.32)	1.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.69–1.9)	2.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.77–4.6)
5 (2016–2017)	1333	100 (99.9–100)	0.39 (0.34–0.46)	0.099 (0.083–0.12)	0.29 (0.22–0.36)	2.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.5–3.2)	3.7 (2.9–4.5)
6 (2018–2019)	1244	100	0.49 (0.37–0.64)	0.12 (0.085–0.15)	0.37 (0.26–0.47)	2.5^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.1–3.8)	5.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.67–11)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1254	100	0.56 (0.44–0.72)	0.11 (0.093–0.13)	0.41 (0.31–0.51)	3.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.13–6.5)	13^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–23)
5 (2016–2017)	1343	100 (99.7–100)	0.68 (0.53–0.88)	0.15 (0.12–0.17)	0.50 (0.41–0.59)	6.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–12)	18^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (6.3–29)
6 (2018–2019)	1264	100	0.64 (0.52–0.78)	0.16 (0.12–0.19)	0.53 (0.38–0.68)	3.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.9–5.0)	5.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.54–10)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.3 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	521	99.9 (99.4–100)	0.56 (0.40–0.78)	0.15 (0.10–0.19)	0.46 (0.35–0.57)	2.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–5.2)	6.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–14)
5 (2016–2017)	542	100	0.70 (0.58–0.85)	0.16^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.081–0.25)	0.53 (0.42–0.65)	4.2^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.8–6.6)	7.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.5–14)
6 (2018–2019)	508	100	0.79 (0.61–1.0)	0.23 (0.15–0.30)	0.62 (0.42–0.83)	3.5^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.3–5.7)	6.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–14)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1022	99.3 (97.9–99.8)	0.32 (0.26–0.40)	0.099 (0.082–0.12)	0.27 (0.22–0.33)	1.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.72–1.9)	3.0^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.4–4.6)
2 (2009–2011)	513	100	0.34 (0.29–0.41)	0.12 (0.10–0.14)	0.26 (0.19–0.33)	1.3 (0.89–1.7)	2.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.1–4.2)
5 (2016–2017)	526	100	0.56 (0.47–0.68)	0.15 (0.13–0.18)	0.41 (0.32–0.49)	3.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.6–5.1)	8.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–16)
6 (2018–2019)	495	100	0.66 (0.51–0.85)	0.15 (0.12–0.19)	0.51^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.31–0.71)	3.1^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.2–4.9)	7.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–14)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	975	99.8 (98.8–100)	0.25 (0.19–0.32)	0.067 (0.052–0.082)	0.19 (0.14–0.25)	1.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.83–2.0)	2.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.7–4.0)
2 (2009–2011)	507	100	0.27 (0.22–0.34)	0.081 (0.070–0.092)	0.21 (0.15–0.26)	1.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.89–2.0)	2.6 (2.1–3.1)
5 (2016–2017)	526	100	0.35 (0.28–0.44)	0.087 (0.075–0.098)	0.28 (0.24–0.32)	1.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.54–3.2)	4.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.6–8.1)
6 (2018–2019)	499	100	0.35 (0.30–0.42)	0.097 (0.077–0.12)	0.29 (0.23–0.36)	1.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–3.0)	3.8^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (2.4–5.3)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1155	99.6 (97.5–99.9)	0.28 (0.22–0.35)	0.073 (0.052–0.094)	0.23 (0.17–0.29)	1.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.75–1.9)	2.4 (1.5–3.2)
2 (2009–2011)	343	100	0.52^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.36–0.75)	0.10 (0.083–0.13)	0.35^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.22–0.48)	3.5^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–8.5)	18^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–35)
5 (2016–2017)	371	100 (99.9–100)	0.54^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.34–0.86)	0.099 (0.081–0.12)	0.37^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.17–0.56)	5.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–15)	17^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.64–33)
6 (2018–2019)	326	100	0.56 (0.43–0.74)	0.12^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.056–0.18)	0.44 (0.31–0.56)	3.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (2.0–5.4)	4.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1211	99.2 (98.4–99.6)	0.34 (0.28–0.43)	0.084 (0.068–0.10)	0.30 (0.24–0.35)	1.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.1–2.6)	2.9 (2.2–3.7)
2 (2009–2011)	344	100	0.41 (0.33–0.50)	0.10 (0.088–0.12)	0.35 (0.25–0.45)	1.8^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.2–2.5)	3.4^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.2–5.6)
5 (2016–2017)	358	99.9 (99.5–100)	0.51 (0.43–0.60)	0.13 (0.11–0.16)	0.39 (0.29–0.49)	3.0^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.9–4.2)	3.9^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–9.2)
6 (2018–2019)	339	100	0.60 (0.42–0.85)	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	0.54^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.32–0.75)	2.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.54–4.8)	5.0^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1073	99.3 (96.8–99.8)	0.34 (0.28–0.40)	0.090 (0.079–0.10)	0.29 (0.24–0.34)	1.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.94–2.2)	3.0 (1.9–4.1)
2 (2009–2011)	278	100	0.42^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.29–0.63)	0.092 (0.075–0.11)	0.32 (0.24–0.41)	3.1^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–8.6)	8.6^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–18)
5 (2016–2017)	353	100	0.55 (0.40–0.76)	0.11^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (0.066–0.15)	0.44 (0.31–0.58)	3.3^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (<LOD–5.7)	7.7^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.2–14)
6 (2018–2019)	341	100	0.54 (0.42–0.71)	0.14 (0.11–0.17)	0.42 (0.31–0.53)	3.2^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (1.0–5.3)	9.2^{Table 13.2.3 footnote E} (3.4–15)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.2.3 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.3 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.3 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.3 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.3 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.3 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.4: 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.4 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2539	58.6 (53.1–63.9)	—	<LOD	0.0091 (<LOD–0.010)	0.049^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.028–0.070)	0.11^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.040–0.17)
5 (2016–2017)	2649	34.5 (28.3–41.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.048 (0.036–0.060)	0.082 (0.055–0.11)
6 (2018–2019)	2521	20.4 (15.7–26.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.038^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.023–0.054)	0.10^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.018–0.19)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1268	57.4 (52.0–62.6)	—	<LOD	0.0090 (<LOD–0.012)	0.055^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.032–0.079)	0.10^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.044–0.16)
5 (2016–2017)	1319	34.2 (26.0–43.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.049^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.027–0.072)	0.082 (0.060–0.10)
6 (2018–2019)	1247	20.6 (16.4–25.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.037^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.022–0.053)	0.094^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.058–0.13)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1271	59.8 (52.5–66.6)	—	<LOD	0.0092 (0.0083–0.010)	0.049^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.015–0.082)	0.11^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.25)
5 (2016–2017)	1330	34.9 (28.3–42.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.044 (0.031–0.057)	0.074^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.15)
6 (2018–2019)	1274	20.2 (14.0–28.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.041^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.013–0.069)	0.17^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.38)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.4 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	517	49.6 (41.1–58.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.043 (0.031–0.056)	0.050 (0.032–0.067)
5 (2016–2017)	539	34.5^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (20.6–51.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.047^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.017–0.077)	0.079^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.040–0.12)
6 (2018–2019)	510	26.7 (20.2–34.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.063^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.30)	0.53^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–1.2)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	998	41.5 (36.3–46.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.023^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.014–0.032)	0.042^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.011–0.073)
2 (2009–2011)	514	56.7 (48.3–64.8)	—	<LOD	0.0087 (<LOD–0.011)	0.037 (0.026–0.048)	0.056^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.028–0.085)
5 (2016–2017)	525	38.4 (29.2–48.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.041^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.018–0.064)	0.072^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.035–0.11)
6 (2018–2019)	495	23.3^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (13.9–36.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.053^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.11)	0.28^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.59)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	947	50.7 (45.3–56.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.0090)	0.035 (0.025–0.045)	0.060^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.017–0.10)
2 (2009–2011)	510	58.8 (50.5–66.7)	—	<LOD	0.0090 (<LOD–0.011)	0.032^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.0098–0.054)	0.070^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.14)
5 (2016–2017)	530	30.1 (23.5–37.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.039^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.013–0.064)	0.071 (0.051–0.090)
6 (2018–2019)	503	17.7^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (10.4–28.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.026^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.015–0.037)	0.047^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.11)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1100	44.7 (36.9–52.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.038^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.015–0.062)	0.089^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.030–0.15)
2 (2009–2011)	352	61.3 (49.9–71.6)	—	<LOD	0.0093 (<LOD–0.012)	0.073^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.018–0.13)	0.11^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.033–0.19)
5 (2016–2017)	367	32.8^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (21.1–47.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.057^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.031–0.083)	0.078^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.16)
6 (2018–2019)	332	21.2^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (13.9–31.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.058^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.15)	0.23^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.54)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1161	39.6 (32.2–47.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.037 (0.026–0.048)	0.079^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.048–0.11)
2 (2009–2011)	357	62.8 (51.5–72.9)	—	<LOD	0.0094 (0.0083–0.010)	0.057^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.018–0.097)	0.20^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.39)
5 (2016–2017)	345	40.7 (28.2–54.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.046^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.020–0.073)	0.068^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.13)
6 (2018–2019)	341	20.8 (14.6–28.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.033^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.020–0.047)	0.074^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.0069–0.14)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1018	38.6 (32.7–44.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.032^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.014–0.050)	0.069^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.021–0.12)
2 (2009–2011)	289	48.6 (42.7–54.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.042^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.14)	0.065^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.27)
5 (2016–2017)	343	29.3 (20.8–39.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.040^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.079)	0.099^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (<LOD–0.20)
6 (2018–2019)	340	18.1 (13.9–23.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.038^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.016–0.060)	0.088^{Table 13.2.4 footnote E} (0.017–0.16)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.008, 0.008, 0.0060 and 0.0060 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.2.4 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.4 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.4 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.4 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.4 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.4 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.5: 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.5 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2529	58.6 (53.1–63.9)	—	<LOD	0.0099 (<LOD–0.012)	0.048^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.030–0.066)	0.080^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.014–0.15)
5 (2016–2017)	2619	34.5 (28.3–41.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.034 (0.026–0.043)	0.084^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.045–0.12)
6 (2018–2019)	2520	20.4 (15.7–26.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.037^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.017–0.056)	0.14^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.035–0.25)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1264	57.4 (52.0–62.6)	—	<LOD	0.0079 (<LOD–0.010)	0.036^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.019–0.054)	0.061^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.12)
5 (2016–2017)	1304	34.2 (26.0–43.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.036^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.021–0.052)	0.085^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.036–0.13)
6 (2018–2019)	1246	20.6 (16.4–25.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.028^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.016–0.039)	0.069^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.0070–0.13)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1265	59.8 (52.5–66.6)	—	<LOD	0.0099 (0.0093–0.011)	0.050^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.024–0.076)	0.094^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.49)
5 (2016–2017)	1315	34.9 (28.3–42.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.032 (0.021–0.044)	0.074^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.16)
6 (2018–2019)	1274	20.2 (14.0–28.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.059^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.0082–0.11)	0.19^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.46)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.5 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	516	49.6 (41.1–58.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.048^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.030–0.066)	0.091^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.056–0.12)
5 (2016–2017)	530	34.5^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (20.6–51.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.062^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.036–0.089)	0.11^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.21)
6 (2018–2019)	509	26.7 (20.2–34.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.11^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.30)	0.49^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–1.0)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	995	41.5 (36.3–46.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.039 (0.031–0.048)	0.071^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.044–0.099)
2 (2009–2011)	512	56.7 (48.3–64.8)	—	<LOD	0.0092 (<LOD–0.0097)	0.037 (0.026–0.048)	0.065^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.024–0.11)
5 (2016–2017)	517	38.4 (29.2–48.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.052^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.022–0.082)	0.098^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.043–0.15)
6 (2018–2019)	495	23.3^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (13.9–36.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.052^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.10)	0.18^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.33)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	945	50.7 (45.3–56.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.029 (0.024–0.035)	0.044^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.015–0.074)
2 (2009–2011)	508	58.8 (50.5–66.7)	—	<LOD	0.0068 (<LOD–0.0083)	0.024^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.011–0.038)	0.055^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.11)
5 (2016–2017)	523	30.1 (23.5–37.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.028 (0.024–0.031)	0.049^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.025–0.073)
6 (2018–2019)	503	17.7^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (10.4–28.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.022^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.039)	0.057^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.17)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1096	44.7 (36.9–52.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.040^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.025–0.055)	0.073^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.014–0.13)
2 (2009–2011)	350	61.3 (49.9–71.6)	—	<LOD	0.0085 (<LOD–0.011)	0.050^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.020–0.080)	0.076^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.18)
5 (2016–2017)	363	32.8^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (21.1–47.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.029^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.016–0.043)	0.043^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.16)
6 (2018–2019)	332	21.2^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (13.9–31.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.037^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.23)	0.55^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–1.4)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1156	39.6 (32.2–47.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.043 (0.032–0.053)	0.081^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.041–0.12)
2 (2009–2011)	355	62.8 (51.5–72.9)	—	<LOD	0.0095 (0.0083–0.011)	0.051^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.017–0.084)	0.21^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.41)
5 (2016–2017)	344	40.7 (28.2–54.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.032^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.076)	0.084^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.16)
6 (2018–2019)	341	20.8 (14.6–28.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.030^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.0063–0.054)	0.14^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.037–0.24)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1018	38.6 (32.7–44.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.038^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.019–0.058)	0.095^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.026–0.16)
2 (2009–2011)	288	48.6 (42.7–54.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.041^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.11)	0.056^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.23)
5 (2016–2017)	342	29.3 (20.8–39.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.049^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.090)	0.11^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (<LOD–0.30)
6 (2018–2019)	340	18.1 (13.9–23.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.046^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.018–0.073)	0.099^{Table 13.2.5 footnote E} (0.060–0.14)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.2.5 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.5 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.5 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.5 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.5 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.5 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.6: *cis*-3-(2,2-Dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (*cis*-DBCA) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.6 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2535	59.6 (52.5–66.3)	0.012 (0.010–0.014)	<LOD	0.0094 (0.0084–0.010)	0.066 (0.045–0.087)	0.15^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.076–0.23)
5 (2016–2017)	2633	79.5 (73.6–84.3)	0.019 (0.016–0.023)	<LOD	0.019 (0.016–0.021)	0.11 (0.083–0.13)	0.18 (0.13–0.22)
6 (2018–2019)	2491	80.9 (75.6–85.2)	0.019 (0.016–0.022)	<LOD	0.019 (0.015–0.023)	0.098 (0.077–0.12)	0.19^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.10–0.27)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1272	61.7 (54.5–68.4)	0.012 (0.010–0.015)	<LOD	0.0096 (0.0068–0.012)	0.070^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.044–0.095)	0.14^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.048–0.23)
5 (2016–2017)	1305	78.7 (71.6–84.4)	0.019 (0.015–0.023)	<LOD	0.018 (0.015–0.020)	0.12 (0.077–0.15)	0.20 (0.13–0.26)
6 (2018–2019)	1229	80.6 (72.0–87.0)	0.019 (0.015–0.023)	<LOD	0.018 (0.013–0.024)	0.094 (0.073–0.11)	0.17^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.099–0.23)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1263	57.5 (48.6–66.0)	0.011 (0.0092–0.013)	<LOD	0.0092 (0.0069–0.011)	0.058^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.0084–0.11)	0.17^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.041–0.30)
5 (2016–2017)	1328	80.2 (73.3–85.8)	0.020 (0.016–0.024)	<LOD	0.019 (0.016–0.022)	0.10 (0.082–0.12)	0.17 (0.12–0.22)
6 (2018–2019)	1262	81.1 (76.1–85.3)	0.019 (0.016–0.023)	<LOD	0.019 (0.016–0.023)	0.10^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.046–0.16)	0.20^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.43)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.6 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	522	65.9 (55.6–74.8)	0.014 (0.010–0.018)	<LOD	0.0099^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.020)	0.092^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.054–0.13)	0.13^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.0072–0.25)
5 (2016–2017)	544	87.7 (83.9–90.7)	0.030 (0.022–0.041)	<LOD	0.025 (0.017–0.033)	0.23^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.11–0.35)	0.46^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–1.1)
6 (2018–2019)	509	89.6 (85.2–92.8)	0.031 (0.024–0.041)	<LOD	0.035^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.020–0.049)	0.17^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.062–0.28)	0.41^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.17–0.64)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	974	48.0 (39.8–56.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.045 (0.033–0.056)	0.097 (0.064–0.13)
2 (2009–2011)	513	70.6 (57.8–80.8)	0.015 (0.012–0.020)	<LOD	0.010^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.023)	0.098^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.030–0.17)	0.30^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.057–0.54)
5 (2016–2017)	526	93.3 (91.1–95.1)	0.035 (0.029–0.042)	0.0077 (0.0059–0.0095)	0.026 (0.020–0.032)	0.23^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.091–0.37)	0.39^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.19–0.59)
6 (2018–2019)	488	89.3 (83.0–93.5)	0.028 (0.022–0.035)	<LOD	0.026 (0.020–0.032)	0.13^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.058–0.20)	0.23^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.051–0.40)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	927	56.3 (44.2–67.6)	—	<LOD	0.0072^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.011)	0.048 (0.035–0.060)	0.085 (0.069–0.10)
2 (2009–2011)	507	65.2 (55.6–73.7)	0.014 (0.012–0.017)	<LOD	0.010^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.022)	0.092 (0.062–0.12)	0.19 (0.14–0.24)
5 (2016–2017)	521	85.4 (75.2–91.8)	0.026 (0.020–0.032)	<LOD	0.024 (0.018–0.030)	0.13 (0.10–0.15)	0.18^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.075–0.29)
6 (2018–2019)	497	88.9 (82.5–93.1)	0.026 (0.021–0.032)	<LOD	0.024 (0.015–0.033)	0.11^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.045–0.18)	0.21^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.081–0.33)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1055	47.1 (38.1–56.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.037 (0.025–0.050)	0.085^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.051–0.12)
2 (2009–2011)	355	58.8 (47.4–69.3)	0.012 (0.0086–0.015)	<LOD	0.0092^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.019)	0.063^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.015–0.11)	0.14^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.025–0.26)
5 (2016–2017)	363	79.6 (67.5–88.0)	0.019 (0.014–0.025)	<LOD	0.019 (0.014–0.023)	0.10^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.056–0.14)	0.15^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.097–0.21)
6 (2018–2019)	325	81.8 (70.6–89.4)	0.022 (0.016–0.029)	<LOD	0.023^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.014–0.031)	0.13^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.25)	0.23^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.66)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1109	45.4 (37.4–53.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.045 (0.035–0.055)	0.067 (0.056–0.077)
2 (2009–2011)	352	58.2 (47.8–68.0)	—	<LOD	0.0093 (0.0060–0.013)	0.063^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.016–0.11)	0.13^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.0092–0.26)
5 (2016–2017)	342	75.4 (59.7–86.4)	0.015 (0.011–0.021)	<LOD	0.015 (0.011–0.019)	0.085^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.036–0.13)	0.14^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.082–0.19)
6 (2018–2019)	338	75.7 (66.5–83.1)	0.014 (0.011–0.018)	<LOD	0.016 (0.011–0.021)	0.057 (0.041–0.073)	0.087^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.046–0.13)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	957	46.1 (38.4–54.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.042 (0.033–0.052)	0.071 (0.052–0.091)
2 (2009–2011)	286	54.5 (46.5–62.4)	—	<LOD	0.0089^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (<LOD–0.013)	0.058^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.0086–0.11)	0.17^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.0079–0.33)
5 (2016–2017)	337	76.4 (66.9–83.8)	0.018 (0.013–0.025)	<LOD	0.018 (0.013–0.023)	0.10^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.017–0.19)	0.22^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.10–0.35)
6 (2018–2019)	334	78.8 (71.3–84.7)	0.017 (0.013–0.021)	<LOD	0.017 (0.013–0.021)	0.091^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.041–0.14)	0.23^{Table 13.2.6 footnote E} (0.043–0.41)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.006, 0.006, 0.0059 and 0.0059 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.2.6 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.6 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.6 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.6 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.6 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.6 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.7: *cis*-3-(2,2-Dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (*cis*-DBCA) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.7 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2525	59.6 (52.5–66.3)	0.011 (0.0097–0.013)	<LOD	0.0099 (0.0091–0.011)	0.060^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.035–0.085)	0.12^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.069–0.17)
5 (2016–2017)	2603	79.5 (73.6–84.3)	0.019 (0.016–0.022)	<LOD	0.017 (0.014–0.020)	0.097 (0.076–0.12)	0.16 (0.13–0.19)
6 (2018–2019)	2490	80.9 (75.6–85.2)	0.021 (0.018–0.024)	<LOD	0.019 (0.016–0.022)	0.086 (0.068–0.10)	0.17^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.10–0.24)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1268	61.7 (54.5–68.4)	0.010 (0.0085–0.012)	<LOD	0.0098 (0.0082–0.011)	0.059^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.036–0.081)	0.11^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.043–0.18)
5 (2016–2017)	1290	78.7 (71.6–84.4)	0.016 (0.014–0.019)	<LOD	0.015 (0.012–0.018)	0.079 (0.051–0.11)	0.15 (0.098–0.20)
6 (2018–2019)	1228	80.6 (72.0–8.07)	0.018 (0.014–0.022)	<LOD	0.018 (0.014–0.021)	0.074 (0.059–0.089)	0.12^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.069–0.17)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1257	57.5 (48.6–66.0)	0.013 (0.011–0.015)	<LOD	0.010^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.0062–0.014)	0.066^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.027–0.10)	0.14^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.071–0.21)
5 (2016–2017)	1313	80.2 (73.3–85.8)	0.021 (0.018–0.026)	<LOD	0.021 (0.017–0.025)	0.098 (0.083–0.11)	0.16 (0.11–0.22)
6 (2018–2019)	1262	81.1 (76.1–85.3)	0.025 (0.022–0.028)	<LOD	0.022 (0.019–0.026)	0.097^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.027–0.17)	0.23^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.40)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.7 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	521	65.9 (55.6–74.8)	0.023 (0.017–0.031)	<LOD	0.020 (<LOD–0.026)	0.13^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.065–0.19)	0.26^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.53)
5 (2016–2017)	535	87.7 (83.9–90.7)	0.052^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.035–0.078)	<LOD	0.043^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.026–0.059)	0.26 (0.17–0.36)	0.64^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–1.4)
6 (2018–2019)	508	89.6 (85.2–92.8)	0.051 (0.041–0.062)	<LOD	0.047 (0.035–0.058)	0.29^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.13–0.45)	0.51^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.26–0.75)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	971	48.0 (39.8–56.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.065 (0.047–0.082)	0.13^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.074–0.19)
2 (2009–2011)	511	70.6 (57.8–80.8)	0.018 (0.013–0.024)	<LOD	0.016^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.024)	0.11^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.033–0.19)	0.21^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.51)
5 (2016–2017)	518	93.3 (91.1–95.1)	0.040 (0.033–0.049)	0.011 (0.0090–0.013)	0.032 (0.027–0.036)	0.21^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.094–0.32)	0.48^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.12–0.84)
6 (2018–2019)	488	89.3 (83.0–93.5)	0.034 (0.029–0.039)	<LOD	0.027 (0.022–0.032)	0.14^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.075–0.21)	0.22^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.11–0.33)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	925	56.3 (44.2–67.6)	—	<LOD	0.0077 (<LOD–0.0091)	0.039 (0.034–0.044)	0.071 (0.050–0.092)
2 (2009–2011)	505	65.2 (55.6–73.7)	0.011 (0.0090–0.012)	<LOD	0.0099 (<LOD–0.011)	0.063^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.033–0.093)	0.12 (0.090–0.16)
5 (2016–2017)	514	85.4 (75.2–91.8)	0.020 (0.016–0.024)	<LOD	0.017 (0.014–0.021)	0.095 (0.066–0.13)	0.15 (0.11–0.19)
6 (2018–2019)	497	88.9 (82.5–93.1)	0.022 (0.018–0.025)	<LOD	0.020 (0.015–0.025)	0.079^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.050–0.11)	0.13^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.064–0.19)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1051	47.1 (38.1–56.4)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.040 (0.028–0.052)	0.083^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.047–0.12)
2 (2009–2011)	353	58.8 (47.4–69.3)	0.0097 (0.0071–0.013)	<LOD	0.0092 (<LOD–0.012)	0.045^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.014–0.076)	0.10^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.014–0.19)
5 (2016–2017)	359	79.6 (67.5–88.0)	0.017 (0.014–0.021)	<LOD	0.015 (0.012–0.017)	0.073^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.040–0.11)	0.11 (0.080–0.14)
6 (2018–2019)	325	81.8 (70.6–89.4)	0.021 (0.016–0.027)	<LOD	0.019 (0.014–0.024)	0.089^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.22)	0.23^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.45)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1104	45.4 (37.4–53.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.047 (0.037–0.058)	0.088 (0.059–0.12)
2 (2009–2011)	350	58.2 (47.8–68.0)	—	<LOD	0.0099 (0.0082–0.012)	0.056^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.018–0.095)	0.10^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.039–0.17)
5 (2016–2017)	341	75.4 (59.7–86.4)	0.014 (0.010–0.019)	<LOD	0.015^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.0093–0.021)	0.063 (0.043–0.083)	0.11^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.051–0.16)
6 (2018–2019)	338	75.7 (66.5–83.1)	0.017 (0.012–0.023)	<LOD	0.017 (0.013–0.022)	0.059^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.036–0.083)	0.087 (0.062–0.11)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	957	46.1 (38.4–54.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.057 (0.046–0.069)	0.081 (0.061–0.10)
2 (2009–2011)	285	54.5 (46.5–62.4)	—	<LOD	0.0099^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (<LOD–0.014)	0.073^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.024–0.12)	0.18^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.079–0.27)
5 (2016–2017)	336	76.4 (66.9–83.8)	0.021 (0.016–0.028)	<LOD	0.019^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.010–0.027)	0.11^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.050–0.16)	0.18^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.035–0.32)
6 (2018–2019)	334	78.8 (71.3–84.7)	0.020 (0.016–0.025)	<LOD	0.018 (0.012–0.024)	0.096^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.031–0.16)	0.20^{Table 13.2.7 footnote E} (0.071–0.32)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.2.7 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.7 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.7 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.7 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.7 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.7 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.8: *cis*-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (*cis*-DCCA) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 years by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.8 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2553	99.4 (98.0–99.8)	0.12 (0.10–0.15)	0.024 (0.021–0.028)	0.093 (0.076–0.11)	0.85^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.47–1.2)	2.2^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.78–3.6)
5 (2016–2017)	2715	100 (99.9–100)	0.18 (0.13–0.24)	0.029^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.016–0.042)	0.15 (0.11–0.19)	1.1^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.43–1.8)	3.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–6.0)
6 (2018–2019)	2530	99.8 (99.0–100)	0.19 (0.14–0.25)	0.040 (0.032–0.049)	0.16 (0.12–0.21)	1.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.53–1.5)	2.3^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (1.1–3.6)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1277	99.2 (96.8–99.8)	0.10 (0.087–0.13)	0.024 (0.018–0.029)	0.088 (0.068–0.11)	0.55 (0.43–0.68)	1.2^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.39–2.1)
5 (2016–2017)	1355	100 (99.9–100)	0.16 (0.12–0.22)	0.027^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.011–0.042)	0.13 (0.089–0.18)	1.1^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.61–1.5)	2.5^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.96–4.0)
6 (2018–2019)	1257	99.9 (99.6–100)	0.18 (0.13–0.25)	0.039 (0.026–0.051)	0.16 (0.11–0.21)	1.1^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.41–1.7)	2.6^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (1.2–4.0)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1276	99.6 (97.9–99.9)	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	0.025 (0.020–0.030)	0.099 (0.077–0.12)	1.2^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.32–2.0)	2.7^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–7.0)
5 (2016–2017)	1360	99.9 (99.9–100)	0.19^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.13–0.29)	0.034^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.021–0.048)	0.17 (0.12–0.22)	1.2^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–3.0)	4.5^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.21–8.7)
6 (2018–2019)	1273	99.7 (97.8–100)	0.19 (0.14–0.27)	0.041 (0.035–0.047)	0.16 (0.11–0.21)	1.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.48–1.5)	2.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.53–3.5)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.8 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	520	98.2 (93.1–99.6)	0.067 (0.049–0.090)	0.016 (0.011–0.022)	0.065 (0.047–0.082)	0.29^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.061–0.52)	0.65^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–1.8)
5 (2016–2017)	553	99.9 (98.7–100)	0.10 (0.077–0.14)	0.023^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.014–0.031)	0.084 (0.061–0.11)	0.56^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–1.4)	1.6^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–4.3)
6 (2018–2019)	512	99.5 (88.7–100)	0.14 (0.11–0.18)	0.036^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.022–0.050)	0.12 (0.083–0.17)	0.54^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.17–0.91)	1.4^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.47–2.3)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1026	97.2 (95.0–98.5)	0.054 (0.043–0.067)	0.014 (0.0099–0.018)	0.049 (0.038–0.060)	0.22 (0.15–0.28)	0.38^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.18–0.57)
2 (2009–2011)	514	99.3 (97.5–99.8)	0.069 (0.059–0.082)	0.018 (0.014–0.022)	0.056 (0.046–0.065)	0.35^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.22–0.48)	0.60^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–1.3)
5 (2016–2017)	536	99.9 (99.2–100)	0.12 (0.10–0.14)	0.030 (0.024–0.036)	0.10 (0.090–0.11)	0.77^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.32–1.2)	1.6^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.55–2.6)
6 (2018–2019)	498	100	0.15^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.10–0.23)	0.029^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.015–0.043)	0.12 (0.084–0.16)	1.1^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.25–1.9)	2.7^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.94–4.4)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	970	98.8 (95.5–99.7)	0.090 (0.067–0.12)	0.019 (0.013–0.025)	0.077 (0.055–0.099)	0.52^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.20–0.84)	1.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.44–1.6)
2 (2009–2011)	510	99.8 (99.4–99.9)	0.10 (0.083–0.13)	0.026 (0.022–0.030)	0.080 (0.065–0.095)	0.65^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.36–0.94)	1.7^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.90–2.4)
5 (2016–2017)	538	99.8 (99.2–100)	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	0.030^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.018–0.043)	0.11 (0.084–0.14)	0.89^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.55–1.2)	2.1^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.19–3.9)
6 (2018–2019)	504	99.7 (94.7–100)	0.14 (0.11–0.18)	0.037^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.019–0.056)	0.14 (0.10–0.18)	0.62 (0.49–0.74)	0.92^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.26–1.6)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1151	98.7 (96.0–99.6)	0.086 (0.070–0.11)	0.020 (0.015–0.024)	0.076 (0.057–0.094)	0.45 (0.30–0.60)	0.75^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.35–1.1)
2 (2009–2011)	359	99.2 (93.7–99.9)	0.18^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.12–0.28)	0.027 (0.019–0.035)	0.13 (0.092–0.17)	2.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–5.5)	9.1^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–26)
5 (2016–2017)	376	100 (99.9–100)	0.21^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.11–0.40)	0.029^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.0077–0.051)	0.18^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.11–0.25)	2.4^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–7.1)	7.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.86–13)
6 (2018–2019)	332	100	0.24^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.15–0.38)	0.048 (0.036–0.060)	0.20 (0.13–0.26)	1.4^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.38–2.4)	2.7^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1208	98.3 (96.4–99.2)	0.092 (0.073–0.12)	0.018 (0.012–0.024)	0.077 (0.054–0.099)	0.60 (0.42–0.78)	1.2 (0.91–1.5)
2 (2009–2011)	359	99.7 (98.7–99.9)	0.12 (0.089–0.16)	0.024 (0.016–0.031)	0.10^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.054–0.15)	0.64^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.32–0.96)	1.6^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.46–2.7)
5 (2016–2017)	360	100	0.19^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.13–0.27)	0.031^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.0080–0.054)	0.16^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.061–0.26)	0.84^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.089–1.6)	2.2^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–4.6)
6 (2018–2019)	342	100	0.20^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.13–0.31)	0.038^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.017–0.058)	0.19^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.094–0.29)	0.99^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.19–1.8)	2.0^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.34–3.7)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1076	99.1 (94.0–99.9)	0.083 (0.066–0.10)	0.019 (0.015–0.024)	0.067 (0.050–0.083)	0.42^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.25–0.58)	0.75 (0.47–1.0)
2 (2009–2011)	291	98.9 (90.0–99.9)	0.11^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.072–0.16)	0.021 (0.014–0.029)	0.086 (0.064–0.11)	0.92^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.37–1.5)	1.2^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–2.5)
5 (2016–2017)	352	100	0.17^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.11–0.26)	0.024^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–0.044)	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	1.5^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.69–2.3)	2.3^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (<LOD–5.0)
6 (2018–2019)	342	99.5 (94.9–99.9)	0.15 (0.11–0.21)	0.033^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.020–0.046)	0.12^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.061–0.18)	0.91^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.38–1.4)	1.8^{Table 13.2.8 footnote E} (0.17–3.4)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.007, 0.007, 0.0045 and 0.0042 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.2.8 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.8 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.8 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.8 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.8 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.8 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.9: *cis*-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (*cis*-DCCA) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.9 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2543	99.4 (98.0–99.8)	0.12 (0.10–0.15)	0.028 (0.025–0.031)	0.087 (0.072–0.10)	0.83^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.42–1.2)	2.3^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.23–4.3)
5 (2016–2017)	2685	100 (99.9–100)	0.17 (0.13–0.23)	0.036 (0.026–0.045)	0.14 (0.10–0.17)	1.0 (0.71–1.4)	2.3^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–5.1)
6 (2018–2019)	2529	99.8 (99.0–100)	0.20 (0.14–0.29)	0.046 (0.035–0.057)	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	1.2^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.65–1.7)	2.8^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (1.6–4.0)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1273	99.2 (96.8–99.8)	0.088 (0.075–0.10)	0.026 (0.023–0.029)	0.068 (0.053–0.083)	0.41^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.23–0.59)	0.96^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.46–1.5)
5 (2016–2017)	1340	100 (99.9–100)	0.14 (0.10–0.18)	0.029 (0.020–0.038)	0.10 (0.065–0.13)	0.92^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.55–1.3)	1.8^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (1.1–2.5)
6 (2018–2019)	1256	99.9 (99.6–100)	0.17 (0.12–0.24)	0.038 (0.029–0.047)	0.13 (0.087–0.18)	0.99^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.34–1.6)	2.1^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–4.3)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1270	99.6 (97.9–99.9)	0.17 (0.13–0.22)	0.034 (0.029–0.039)	0.11 (0.077–0.14)	1.2^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.056–2.3)	5.0^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–9.5)
5 (2016–2017)	1345	99.9 (99.9–100)	0.21 (0.15–0.30)	0.051 (0.039–0.062)	0.17 (0.13–0.21)	1.1^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–2.5)	6.6^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–14)
6 (2018–2019)	1273	99.7 (97.8–100)	0.25^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.17–0.37)	0.059 (0.051–0.066)	0.17^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.10–0.24)	1.4^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–2.8)	2.8^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.85–4.8)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.9 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	519	98.2 (93.1–99.6)	0.12 (0.085–0.16)	0.031 (0.022–0.040)	0.091 (0.068–0.11)	0.63^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.19–1.1)	0.97^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–4.1)
5 (2016–2017)	544	99.9 (98.7–100)	0.18 (0.15–0.22)	0.048 (0.033–0.062)	0.15 (0.12–0.18)	0.73^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–1.9)	2.0^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–4.1)
6 (2018–2019)	511	99.5 (88.7–100)	0.23 (0.18–0.28)	0.077 (0.055–0.099)	0.18 (0.14–0.22)	0.83^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.43–1.2)	1.5^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.70–2.4)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1023	97.2 (95.0–98.5)	0.083 (0.070–0.098)	0.028 (0.023–0.033)	0.071 (0.063–0.079)	0.30^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.19–0.41)	0.58^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.21–0.95)
2 (2009–2011)	512	99.3 (97.5–99.8)	0.080 (0.069–0.094)	0.026 (0.022–0.031)	0.059 (0.052–0.066)	0.39^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.24–0.54)	0.70^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–1.2)
5 (2016–2017)	528	99.9 (99.2–100)	0.14 (0.12–0.16)	0.045 (0.035–0.056)	0.10 (0.094–0.11)	0.69^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.29–1.1)	1.7^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.82–2.5)
6 (2018–2019)	498	100	0.18 (0.13–0.25)	0.048 (0.036–0.059)	0.13^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.079–0.18)	1.3^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.35–2.3)	2.4^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (1.2–3.6)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	968	98.8 (95.5–99.7)	0.079 (0.062–0.10)	0.022 (0.018–0.025)	0.061 (0.042–0.080)	0.43^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.23–0.63)	0.98^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.55–1.4)
2 (2009–2011)	508	99.8 (99.4–99.9)	0.079 (0.063–0.099)	0.024 (0.020–0.027)	0.060 (0.046–0.074)	0.45^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.24–0.66)	0.88^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.54–1.2)
5 (2016–2017)	531	99.8 (99.2–100)	0.11 (0.088–0.14)	0.030 (0.026–0.034)	0.085 (0.062–0.11)	0.60^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.23–0.98)	1.8^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.56–3.1)
6 (2018–2019)	504	99.7 (94.7–100)	0.12 (0.096–0.14)	0.037 (0.026–0.048)	0.097 (0.068–0.13)	0.34^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.18–0.50)	0.83^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.046–1.6)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1147	98.7 (96.0–99.6)	0.096 (0.080–0.12)	0.026 (0.021–0.031)	0.084 (0.069–0.099)	0.38^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.23–0.53)	0.82^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.40–1.2)
2 (2009–2011)	357	99.2 (93.7–99.9)	0.16^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.10–0.23)	0.028 (0.024–0.033)	0.098 (0.070–0.13)	1.8^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–4.4)	7.0^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–15)
5 (2016–2017)	372	100 (99.9–100)	0.18^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.10–0.32)	0.035 (0.028–0.043)	0.15^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.073–0.22)	1.4^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–3.8)	5.3^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–15)
6 (2018–2019)	332	100	0.22^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.14–0.37)	0.047^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.023–0.071)	0.15^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.089–0.21)	1.5^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.22–2.8)	2.9^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–7.3)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1203	98.3 (96.4–99.2)	0.12 (0.097–0.14)	0.029 (0.023–0.035)	0.097 (0.080–0.11)	0.64 (0.42–0.86)	1.2 (0.97–1.5)
2 (2009–2011)	357	99.7 (98.7–99.9)	0.12 (0.10–0.15)	0.032 (0.023–0.041)	0.084^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.050–0.12)	0.62^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.28–0.96)	1.3^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.51–2.0)
5 (2016–2017)	359	100	0.17 (0.12–0.23)	0.034^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.019–0.049)	0.15 (0.10–0.19)	1.0^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.49–1.5)	1.4^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–4.3)
6 (2018–2019)	342	100	0.24^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.15–0.38)	0.056 (0.043–0.069)	0.18^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.072–0.30)	1.3^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.20–2.5)	3.1^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.33–5.8)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1076	99.1 (94.0–99.9)	0.12 (0.093–0.14)	0.034 (0.031–0.037)	0.093 (0.073–0.11)	0.48^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.18–0.79)	1.2^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.61–1.7)
2 (2009–2011)	290	98.9 (90.0–99.9)	0.12^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.084–0.19)	0.030 (0.019–0.041)	0.095 (0.071–0.12)	0.80^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–2.4)	2.2^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–6.6)
5 (2016–2017)	351	100	0.19 (0.14–0.28)	0.038^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–0.062)	0.15^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.093–0.20)	0.99 (0.67–1.3)	2.0^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (<LOD–5.2)
6 (2018–2019)	342	99.5 (94.9–99.9)	0.18 (0.13–0.25)	0.041 (0.029–0.052)	0.15 (0.11–0.18)	1.0^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (0.19–1.9)	2.7^{Table 13.2.9 footnote E} (1.3–4.1)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.2.9 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.9 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.9 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.9 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.9 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.9 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.10: *trans*-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (*trans*-DCCA) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.10 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2558	99.4 (97.8–99.9)	0.29 (0.23–0.36)	0.051 (0.043–0.059)	0.22 (0.17–0.26)	2.0^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.90–3.2)	6.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (2.1–11)
5 (2016–2017)	2719	99.6 (98.7–99.9)	0.27 (0.20–0.37)	0.038^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.023–0.052)	0.23 (0.18–0.28)	2.2^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.95–3.4)	6.4^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.6–11)
6 (2018–2019)	2536	99.7 (99.1–99.9)	0.29 (0.21–0.38)	0.049 (0.039–0.058)	0.23 (0.16–0.30)	1.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.0–2.8)	4.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (2.2–7.4)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1279	99.3 (96.4–99.9)	0.25 (0.20–0.31)	0.048 (0.036–0.060)	0.21 (0.17–0.25)	1.3^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.82–1.8)	3.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.86–6.1)
5 (2016–2017)	1355	99.7 (99.1–99.9)	0.25 (0.19–0.33)	0.036^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.0098–0.062)	0.21 (0.16–0.26)	2.1^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.3–3.0)	4.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.6–7.3)
6 (2018–2019)	1258	99.8 (99.0–100)	0.28 (0.21–0.39)	0.049 (0.035–0.063)	0.23^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.13–0.32)	1.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.81–2.9)	4.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.6–8.3)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1279	99.6 (97.7–99.9)	0.34 (0.25–0.46)	0.052 (0.040–0.064)	0.22 (0.16–0.28)	3.4^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.76–6.0)	8.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–25)
5 (2016–2017)	1364	99.5 (96.8–99.9)	0.29^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.19–0.43)	0.039 (0.029–0.050)	0.24 (0.17–0.31)	2.4^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–6.2)	9.4^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.23–18)
6 (2018–2019)	1278	99.6 (98.2–99.9)	0.29 (0.21–0.39)	0.049 (0.037–0.061)	0.23 (0.17–0.29)	2.0^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.83–3.2)	4.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.9–7.1)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.10 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	521	99.4 (95.1–99.9)	0.22 (0.16–0.31)	0.055 (0.038–0.071)	0.19 (0.13–0.25)	1.1^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.15–2.0)	2.6^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–7.9)
5 (2016–2017)	553	100 (99.9–100)	0.22 (0.16–0.30)	0.047^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.029–0.064)	0.18 (0.13–0.23)	1.1^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–2.5)	2.4^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–8.1)
6 (2018–2019)	514	99.5 (88.8–100)	0.31 (0.23–0.41)	0.068 (0.046–0.089)	0.24 (0.16–0.32)	1.2^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.15–2.3)	3.1^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–8.2)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1027	99.9 (99.6–100)	0.17 (0.15–0.21)	0.041^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.025–0.057)	0.15 (0.12–0.18)	0.82 (0.57–1.1)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)
2 (2009–2011)	516	99.7 (98.1–100)	0.21 (0.18–0.25)	0.048 (0.037–0.059)	0.17 (0.15–0.19)	1.1 (0.80–1.4)	1.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–4.4)
5 (2016–2017)	538	99.4 (95.5–99.9)	0.23 (0.20–0.26)	0.053 (0.039–0.066)	0.20 (0.16–0.24)	1.3^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.60–2.0)	2.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.2–4.6)
6 (2018–2019)	499	99.8 (97.1–100)	0.32^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.21–0.49)	0.066 (0.045–0.087)	0.25^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.14–0.36)	2.1^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.38–3.8)	5.2^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.2–9.3)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	978	99.9 (99.5–100)	0.24 (0.18–0.33)	0.048^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.030–0.066)	0.20 (0.16–0.24)	1.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.58–2.4)	3.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (2.0–5.6)
2 (2009–2011)	511	100	0.27 (0.21–0.34)	0.057 (0.048–0.067)	0.20 (0.16–0.25)	1.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.0–2.5)	4.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (2.1–7.5)
5 (2016–2017)	538	99.4 (98.3–99.8)	0.26 (0.19–0.35)	0.049^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.020–0.078)	0.21 (0.16–0.26)	1.7^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.80–2.6)	4.6^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.5–7.7)
6 (2018–2019)	505	99.7 (94.7–100)	0.24 (0.18–0.30)	0.050^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.022–0.078)	0.24^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.15–0.33)	1.1 (0.69–1.4)	2.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.4–3.5)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1158	99.3 (97.3–99.8)	0.20 (0.16–0.24)	0.042 (0.031–0.053)	0.17 (0.14–0.21)	1.0 (0.71–1.4)	2.0^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.1–2.8)
2 (2009–2011)	359	100	0.41^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.26–0.66)	0.061 (0.040–0.082)	0.28^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.12–0.43)	5.7^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–15)	27^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–67)
5 (2016–2017)	376	99.3 (93.5–99.9)	0.33^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.17–0.64)	0.036^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.012–0.061)	0.24^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.11–0.37)	4.3^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–12)	13^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.1–25)
6 (2018–2019)	332	99.9 (98.7–100)	0.35^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.22–0.55)	0.059^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.033–0.085)	0.26^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.15–0.36)	2.7^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–5.5)	6.0^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–27)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1216	99.6 (98.8–99.9)	0.21 (0.17–0.26)	0.037 (0.029–0.044)	0.18 (0.13–0.22)	1.6^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.86–2.3)	3.2^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.9–4.5)
2 (2009–2011)	360	98.9 (94.4–99.8)	0.27 (0.20–0.35)	0.041^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.022–0.060)	0.22 (0.15–0.30)	1.8^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.1–2.5)	3.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.82–7.0)
5 (2016–2017)	360	99.9 (99.3–100)	0.26^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.17–0.39)	0.042^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.012–0.072)	0.25^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.14–0.35)	1.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–3.1)	4.0^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–8.0)
6 (2018–2019)	343	99.5 (97.9–99.9)	0.30^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.20–0.46)	0.049^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.025–0.073)	0.23^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.061–0.39)	1.6^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.38–2.8)	4.3^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.69–8.0)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1078	99.6 (98.0–99.9)	0.18 (0.15–0.22)	0.040 (0.032–0.047)	0.15 (0.12–0.18)	1.1 (0.79–1.3)	1.9^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.1–2.6)
2 (2009–2011)	291	99.0 (93.3–99.9)	0.23^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.14–0.39)	0.041^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.026–0.056)	0.17^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.082–0.25)	2.4^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.60–4.1)	3.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–9.7)
5 (2016–2017)	354	99.6 (97.7–99.9)	0.23^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.16–0.34)	0.029^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.011–0.048)	0.18 (0.11–0.24)	2.5^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (1.3–3.7)	5.1^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
6 (2018–2019)	343	99.5 (94.9–99.9)	0.21 (0.15–0.30)	0.037^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.020–0.055)	0.17^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.10–0.23)	1.6^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.37–2.8)	3.0^{Table 13.2.10 footnote E} (0.60–5.5)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LODs for cycles 1, 2, 5 and 6 are 0.01, 0.01, 0.0094 and 0.0094 μg/L, respectively. Table 13.2.10 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.10 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.10 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.10 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.10 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.10 footnote E referrer

Table 13.2.11: *trans*-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (*trans*-DCCA) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 (2007–2009), cycle 2 (2009–2011), cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.2.11 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	2548	99.4 (97.8–99.9)	0.28 (0.23–0.35)	0.062 (0.054–0.070)	0.19 (0.15–0.24)	1.9^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.72–3.1)	7.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.93–13)
5 (2016–2017)	2689	99.6 (98.7–99.9)	0.26 (0.20–0.34)	0.050 (0.038–0.062)	0.21 (0.15–0.26)	2.0^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.1–3.0)	4.3^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–9.5)
6 (2018–2019)	2535	99.7 (99.1–99.9)	0.31 (0.22–0.43)	0.063 (0.047–0.079)	0.22 (0.15–0.29)	2.0^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.22–3.8)	5.6^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (3.3–7.9)
Males, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1275	99.3 (96.4–99.9)	0.21 (0.18–0.25)	0.055 (0.045–0.064)	0.17 (0.13–0.20)	1.0^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.53–1.5)	2.7^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.46–5.0)
5 (2016–2017)	1340	99.7 (99.1–99.9)	0.21 (0.17–0.28)	0.045 (0.030–0.060)	0.17^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.11–0.23)	1.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.60–2.3)	3.5 (2.3–4.8)
6 (2018–2019)	1257	99.8 (99.0–100)	0.26 (0.19–0.37)	0.056 (0.045–0.067)	0.19 (0.14–0.25)	1.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.58–2.4)	5.2^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–11)
Females, 3–79 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	1273	99.6 (97.7–99.9)	0.38 (0.29–0.51)	0.070 (0.058–0.083)	0.24 (0.18–0.30)	3.8^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.21–7.5)	15^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–30)
5 (2016–2017)	1349	99.5 (96.8–99.9)	0.32 (0.22–0.45)	0.058 (0.045–0.070)	0.25 (0.20–0.31)	2.4^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–5.3)	14^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–29)
6 (2018–2019)	1278	99.6 (98.2–99.9)	0.36 (0.25–0.52)	0.079 (0.060–0.098)	0.26 (0.17–0.34)	2.9^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–6.0)	5.6^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (2.3–8.9)
3–5 years
1 (2007–2009)^{Table 13.2.11 footnote b}	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2 (2009–2011)	520	99.4 (95.1–99.9)	0.39 (0.28–0.54)	0.094 (0.065–0.12)	0.32 (0.22–0.41)	1.8^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.17–3.5)	3.8^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–14)
5 (2016–2017)	544	100 (99.9–100)	0.38 (0.31–0.46)	0.087^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.053–0.12)	0.33 (0.29–0.37)	1.9^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–3.2)	3.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–6.8)
6 (2018–2019)	513	99.5 (88.8–100)	0.50 (0.40–0.63)	0.16 (0.12–0.19)	0.43^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.27–0.59)	1.7^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.095–3.2)	4.3^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–10)
6–11 years
1 (2007–2009)	1024	99.9 (99.6–100)	0.27 (0.24–0.31)	0.086 (0.078–0.095)	0.21 (0.19–0.24)	1.0^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.63–1.4)	2.4^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.3–3.6)
2 (2009–2011)	514	99.7 (98.1–100)	0.24 (0.21–0.29)	0.077 (0.067–0.087)	0.18 (0.16–0.20)	1.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.64–1.5)	2.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–4.4)
5 (2016–2017)	530	99.4 (95.5–99.9)	0.27 (0.24–0.30)	0.085 (0.071–0.099)	0.20 (0.17–0.23)	1.6^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.68–2.5)	3.4^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.5–5.4)
6 (2018–2019)	499	99.8 (97.1–100)	0.38^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.26–0.55)	0.090 (0.062–0.12)	0.28 (0.18–0.38)	2.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.57–3.6)	5.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (2.1–8.9)
12–19 years
1 (2007–2009)	976	99.9 (99.5–100)	0.21 (0.17–0.27)	0.056 (0.047–0.065)	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	1.2^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.62–1.8)	2.4^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.2–3.5)
2 (2009–2011)	509	100	0.21 (0.16–0.26)	0.057 (0.049–0.065)	0.15 (0.11–0.19)	1.2^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.50–1.9)	2.4^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.2–3.5)
5 (2016–2017)	531	99.4 (98.3–99.8)	0.20 (0.16–0.25)	0.047 (0.040–0.054)	0.14 (0.096–0.18)	1.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.066–2.1)	3.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.2–5.9)
6 (2018–2019)	505	99.7 (94.7–100)	0.20 (0.16–0.24)	0.052 (0.039–0.066)	0.17 (0.13–0.21)	0.70 (0.51–0.90)	1.6^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.21–2.9)
20–39 years
1 (2007–2009)	1154	99.3 (97.3–99.8)	0.22 (0.19–0.26)	0.058 (0.050–0.067)	0.17 (0.14–0.21)	1.0 (0.75–1.3)	2.3^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.4–3.3)
2 (2009–2011)	357	100	0.35^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.23–0.53)	0.059 (0.040–0.078)	0.22^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.13–0.30)	5.2^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–12)	24^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–49)
5 (2016–2017)	372	99.3 (93.5–99.9)	0.29^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.16–0.52)	0.048 (0.033–0.063)	0.22^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.11–0.33)	2.7^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–10)	14^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–36)
6 (2018–2019)	332	99.9 (98.7–100)	0.33^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.20–0.53)	0.063^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.035–0.090)	0.21 (0.14–0.27)	2.4^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–6.3)	6.0^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–17)
40–59 years
1 (2007–2009)	1211	99.6 (98.8–99.9)	0.27 (0.23–0.32)	0.062 (0.057–0.068)	0.20 (0.17–0.23)	1.7 (1.1–2.3)	3.6 (2.9–4.4)
2 (2009–2011)	358	98.9 (94.4–99.8)	0.27 (0.23–0.32)	0.065 (0.051–0.079)	0.19^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.12–0.27)	1.6^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.89–2.2)	3.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.74–6.3)
5 (2016–2017)	359	99.9 (99.3–100)	0.24 (0.17–0.32)	0.049^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.030–0.068)	0.23^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.14–0.31)	1.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–2.5)	3.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–6.7)
6 (2018–2019)	343	99.5 (97.9–99.9)	0.36^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.23–0.54)	0.071^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.044–0.097)	0.27^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.10–0.43)	2.6^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.13–5.0)	6.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.3–11)
60–79 years
1 (2007–2009)	1078	99.6 (98.0–99.9)	0.25 (0.21–0.31)	0.066 (0.060–0.073)	0.20 (0.16–0.24)	1.3^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.68–1.9)	2.9^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.7–4.2)
2 (2009–2011)	290	99.0 (93.3–99.9)	0.27^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.16–0.44)	0.052 (0.035–0.070)	0.18^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.10–0.27)	1.8^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–7.5)	10^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–25)
5 (2016–2017)	353	99.6 (97.7–99.9)	0.27 (0.19–0.37)	0.047^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (0.029–0.065)	0.20 (0.13–0.27)	2.1^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.0–3.2)	3.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–12)
6 (2018–2019)	343	99.5 (94.9–99.9)	0.25 (0.17–0.35)	0.054 (0.035–0.074)	0.21 (0.14–0.27)	1.5^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (<LOD–3.3)	5.0^{Table 13.2.11 footnote E} (1.6–8.5)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.2.11 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.2.11 footnote a referrer Table 13.2.11 footnote b Data are not available, as participants under the age of six years were not included in cycle 1. Return to first Table 13.2.11 footnote b referrer Table 13.2.11 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.2.11 footnote E referrer

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ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2003). Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Barr, D. and Needham, L. (2002). Analytical methods for biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides: A review. Journal of Chromatography B, 778, 5–29.
Bradberry, S.M., Cage, S.A., Proudfoot, A.T., and Vale, J.A. (2005). Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicological Reviews, 24 (2), 93–106.
Canada (2002). Pest Control Products Act. SC 2002, c. 28. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (2006). Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life – Permethrin. Winnipeg, MB. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (2005). Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (2009). Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Davies, T.G.E., Field, L.M., Usherwood, P.N.R., and Williamson, M.S. (2007). DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB Life, 59 (3), 151–162.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2009a). A Review of the Relationship between Pyrethrins, Pyrethroid Exposure and Asthma and Allergies. Washington, DC. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2009b). Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for permethrin: Case no. 2510. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2020). EPA Addresses Human Health and Ecological Risks Posed by 13 Pyrethroids. Washington, DC. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Fortin, M., Bouchard, M., Carrier, G., and Dumas, P. (2008). Biological monitoring of exposure to pyrethrins and pyrethroids in a metropolitan population of the province of Québec, Canada. Environmental Research, 107, 343–350.
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Saillenfait, A.M., Ndiaye, D., and Sabaté, J.P. (2015). Pyrethroids: exposure and health effects‒an update. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218 (3), 281–92.
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Starr, J., Graham, S., Stout, D., Andrews, K., and Nishioka, M. (2008). Pyrethroid pesticides and their metabolites in vacuum cleaner dust collected from homes and day-care centers. Environmental Research, 108 (3), 271–279.
Vanden Driessche, K.S.J., Sow, A., Van Gompel, A., and Vandeurzen, K. (2010). Anaphylaxis in an airplane after insecticide spraying. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17 (6), 427–429.
Wolansky, M.J. and Harrill, J.A. (2008). Neurobehavioral toxicology of pyrethroid insecticides in adult animals: a critical review. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 30 (2), 55–78.

13.3 Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates

Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) are a group of pesticides used primarily as broad-spectrum organometallic fungicides. Three EBDCs were registered for use in Canada during the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) cycle 6 sampling period (2018–2019), namely mancozeb, metiram and nabam (HC, 2021). Ethylene thiourea (ETU) (CASRN 96-45-7), also known as 2-imidazolidinethione, is a metabolite, an environmental degradation product and a synthesis contaminant of EBDCs. ETU can also be produced commercially and is used primarily in plastic and rubber production (CDC, 2016; ECCC and HC, 2017; EPA, 2000; IARC, 2001; NTP, 2016).

EBDCs enter the environment as a result of their use as fungicides. They break down rapidly to ETU and other metabolites. Conversely, ETU is moderately persistent and more mobile than the parent fungicides; therefore, it may be present in the water column (NTP, 2016). In soil, ETU is highly mobile, but biodegrades rapidly, while in air, it is photochemically degraded. ETU may also be released to the environment during plastic and rubber production. While the curing of rubber converts ETU to other compounds, residual amounts of ETU may be present (IARC, 1974). Therefore, ETU can potentially migrate from rubber surfaces.

EBDCs are used in a range of applications. Nabam is a broad-spectrum biocide registered for use in Canada to control slime-forming microorganisms in process fluids for a number of industries. As a slime-control agent, it is used in air washers, cooling towers, evaporative condensers, pulp and paper mills, drilling fluids for oil field operations, and secondary and tertiary petroleum recovery (HC, 2012). Mancozeb and metiram are protectant contact fungicides with a multi-site mode of action. Historically they have been used to control a broad spectrum of plant diseases in a variety of food and feed crops. Following a 2018 re-evaluation decision, Health Canada cancelled all uses of metiram with the exception of foliar application in potatoes (HC, 2018). Health Canada has also recently completed a re-evaluation decision for mancozeb. It determined that continued registration is acceptable with additional risk mitigation measures (HC, 2020).

Exposure of the general population may occur from the ingestion of food treated with EBDCs. Other routes of exposure include inhalation during activity in areas adjacent to fields treated with EBDCs. ETU exposure results from its presence as a contaminant in the applied fungicide, the degradation of the parent fungicide, or as a product of heating food contaminated with an EBDC (IARC, 2001). As a result of EBDC use, ETU may also be present as a contaminant in food or drinking water. Cigarette smoke may also be an important source of EBDCs and ETU exposure owing to the use of fungicides on tobacco crops (Houeto et al., 1995; IARC, 2001). Exposure to EBDCs and ETU can also occur through dermal contact with pesticide products; direct ETU exposure may result from dermal contact with rubber that contains ETU (ECCC and HC, 2017; EPA, 2000; HC 2012; 2018; HSDB, 2010).

EBDCs are primarily absorbed by ingestion, and to a lesser extent by inhalation or dermal contact, and are metabolized rapidly in the body to produce ETU and other substances (CDC, 2016; Houeto, 1995). ETU itself is readily absorbed following oral exposure and excreted in urine as unchanged ETU and other oxidative metabolites (CDC, 2016; Houeto et al., 1995). Once absorbed, ETU travels throughout the body, with predominant distribution to the thyroid gland (IARC, 2001). ETU can cross the placental barrier and has been measured in the milk of lactating laboratory animals (CDC, 2016; HSDB, 2010). ETU elimination following EBDC exposure has a reported half-life in humans ranging from 32 to 100 hours (Kurttio and Savolainen, 1990). Animal and human studies report that ETU is rapidly eliminated, mainly through urine, with a small amount excreted in feces (CDC, 2016, Houeto et al., 1995). ETU measured in urine reflects recent exposure to EBDCs or ETU (CDC, 2016).

Potential human health risks from exposure to EBDCs and their metabolite ETU include key effects on the thyroid. Of the EBDC fungicides, nabam has the greatest toxicity, possibly due to its higher water solubility and absorbability (Frakes and Hicks, 1993). Overall, the toxicity of parent EBDC compounds is relatively low; most is attributed to the metabolites, particularly ETU (Frakes and Hicks, 1993). Acute oral exposure to ETU has been reported to result in thyroid gland hyperplasia and reduced thyroid hormone levels, while short-term inhalation exposure may irritate the respiratory tract (EPA, 2000; Houeto et al., 1995). Acute exposure to higher levels of ETU can result in symptoms ranging from nausea and sweating to pulmonary edema leading to death. Animal studies show that the target organ for chronic ETU toxicity is the thyroid gland; consequently, several symptoms associated with reduced thyroid hormone may be observed, such as myxedema and goiter. Damage to the liver, kidneys or pituitary gland may also occur (HSDB, 2010).

Experimental animal studies have also shown that ETU is a potential endocrine disruptor, given that it interferes with the synthesis of thyroid hormones; and that it is teratogenic, with effects such as musculoskeletal and central nervous system abnormalities reported in laboratory animals (CDC, 2016; EPA, 1991; Hurley, 1998). Evidence suggests that ETU may be weakly genotoxic. Exposure in laboratory animals has resulted in liver tumours and benign pituitary tumours by a less understood mode of action (IARC, 2001; NTP, 2016). Studies suggest that ETU is carcinogenic; exposed animals have been shown to develop thyroid tumours with a clear non-genotoxic mode of action. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) the carcinogenicity of ETU to humans is not classifiable (Group 3) (IARC, 2001). To date, IARC has not assessed the EBDC fungicides registered for use in Canada for their carcinogenic potential.

The sale and use of EBDC fungicides are regulated in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) under the Pest Control Products Act (Canada, 2002). PMRA evaluates toxicity and potential exposure in order to determine whether a pesticide should be registered for a specific use. As part of this registration process, PMRA specifies maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides in food. MRLs exist for EBDCs, including mancozeb and metiram (HC, 2020). PMRA re-evaluates registered pesticides on a cyclical basis. As part of this process, Health Canada has completed a re-evaluation of nabam, metiram and mancozeb, and granted these products continued registration for certain specified uses (HC, 2012; 2018; 2020).

The Government of Canada conducted a science-based screening assessment of a group of substances known as the Heterocycles Group under the Chemicals Management Plan that determined whether ETU presents or may present a risk to the environment or human health as per the criteria set out in section 64 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999) (Canada, 1999; ECCC and HC, 2017). The draft assessment proposed to conclude that ETU does not meet any of the criteria for being considered toxic under CEPA 1999 (ECCC and HC, 2017). However, ETU was removed from the screening assessment group prior to the final assessment as work was ongoing with the presence of ETU as a metabolite and residual in select pesticides; it will be assessed under CEPA at a later date in a separate screening assessment. The concentration of ETU in specific foods is managed by Health Canada under the Food and Drug Regulations (Canada, 1978). ETU is currently listed in Part 1 of the List of Contaminants and Other Adulterating Substances in Foods, which sets out the prohibitions for certain substances in foods.

Total ETU was analyzed in the urine of CHMS participants aged 3–79 in cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019). Data from these cycles are presented as both μg/L and μg/g creatinine. Finding a measurable amount of ETU in urine is an indicator of exposure to ETU or an EBDC fungicide and does not necessarily mean that an adverse health effect will occur.

Table 13.3.1: Total ethylene thiourea (ETU) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.3.1 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	2704	97.0 (93.5–98.6)	0.42 (0.35–0.51)	0.074^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.043–0.11)	0.44 (0.36–0.51)	2.0 (1.6–2.5)	3.5^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (2.0–4.9)
6 (2018–2019)	2508	98.9 (97.4–99.5)	0.40 (0.36–0.45)	0.085 (0.074–0.096)	0.39 (0.34–0.45)	1.7 (1.3–2.0)	2.7 (2.1–3.2)
Males, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1354	96.8 (91.7–98.8)	0.43 (0.33–0.54)	0.074^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.12)	0.46 (0.38–0.53)	2.1^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (1.1–3.0)	3.9^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (1.9–5.9)
6 (2018–2019)	1242	99.5 (97.8–99.9)	0.47 (0.41–0.53)	0.099 (0.088–0.11)	0.44 (0.37–0.51)	1.9 (1.4–2.5)	2.9^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.84–4.9)
Females, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1350	97.2 (93.6–98.8)	0.41 (0.34–0.49)	0.075^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.047–0.10)	0.41 (0.34–0.49)	1.9 (1.4–2.4)	2.7 (1.7–3.6)
6 (2018–2019)	1266	98.3 (96.2–99.2)	0.34 (0.30–0.40)	0.071 (0.051–0.092)	0.35 (0.27–0.42)	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	2.2 (1.6–2.9)
3–5 years
5 (2016–2017)	553	99.0 (87.7–99.9)	0.54 (0.42–0.70)	0.11^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.050–0.18)	0.47^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.29–0.66)	2.7 (2.0–3.4)	3.7 (3.0–4.4)
6 (2018–2019)	507	98.9 (96.0–99.7)	0.67 (0.54–0.83)	0.14 (0.11–0.16)	0.84 (0.54–1.1)	2.2 (1.7–2.6)	3.8 (2.9–4.8)
6–11 years
5 (2016–2017)	534	96.9 (85.9–99.4)	0.50 (0.40–0.61)	0.094 (0.067–0.12)	0.53 (0.36–0.70)	2.1 (1.7–2.5)	3.7 (2.5–4.9)
6 (2018–2019)	494	98.8 (92.4–99.8)	0.54 (0.45–0.66)	0.098^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.039–0.16)	0.56 (0.48–0.65)	2.3 (1.8–2.8)	3.1 (2.2–4.0)
12–19 years
5 (2016–2017)	537	96.8 (88.9–99.1)	0.49 (0.36–0.68)	0.075^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.034–0.12)	0.53 (0.34–0.72)	2.4 (1.5–3.3)	3.7 (2.8–4.7)
6 (2018–2019)	498	96.7 (87.9–99.2)	0.48 (0.34–0.68)	0.080^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.040–0.12)	0.55^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.33–0.77)	2.6^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (1.6–3.6)	4.3 (2.8–5.8)
20–39 years
5 (2016–2017)	375	97.9 (89.3–99.6)	0.41 (0.32–0.53)	0.076^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.040–0.11)	0.41 (0.31–0.51)	2.1^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.99–3.1)	3.4^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.80–6.1)
6 (2018–2019)	327	99.5 (81.9–100)	0.39 (0.32–0.49)	0.099 (0.068–0.13)	0.36 (0.29–0.43)	1.4^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.86–1.9)	2.3^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.79–3.8)
40–59 years
5 (2016–2017)	355	95.3 (85.0–98.6)	0.38 (0.29–0.49)	0.072^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.11)	0.42 (0.27–0.57)	1.5 (0.95–2.0)	2.7^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.56–4.9)
6 (2018–2019)	343	99.6 (98.0–99.9)	0.37 (0.29–0.46)	0.073 (0.062–0.084)	0.33^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.20–0.46)	1.5 (1.1–2.0)	2.4^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (0.41–4.4)
60–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	350	97.9 (93.7–99.3)	0.42 (0.31–0.56)	0.076^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.12)	0.43 (0.32–0.55)	2.1^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (1.2–3.0)	3.8^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (1.8–5.8)
6 (2018–2019)	339	98.1 (94.9–99.3)	0.36 (0.30–0.44)	0.076 (0.056–0.096)	0.40 (0.31–0.48)	1.4 (0.98–1.9)	2.2^{Table 13.3.1 footnote E} (1.3–3.2)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LOD for cycles 5 and 6 is 0.033 μg/L. Table 13.3.1 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to first Table 13.3.1 footnote a referrer Table 13.3.1 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.3.1 footnote E referrer

Table 13.3.2: Total ethylene thiourea (ETU) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.3.2 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	2677	97.0 (93.5–98.6)	0.41 (0.34–0.50)	0.075 (0.054–0.096)	0.46 (0.37–0.55)	2.0 (1.5–2.5)	3.4 (2.6–4.1)
6 (2018–2019)	2507	98.9 (97.4–99.5)	0.44 (0.38–0.50)	0.10 (0.086–0.11)	0.43 (0.36–0.51)	1.7 (1.4–2.1)	2.6 (1.9–3.3)
Males, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1340	96.8 (91.7–98.8)	0.37 (0.29–0.48)	0.073^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.10)	0.40 (0.28–0.52)	2.0^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (1.2–2.7)	3.5 (2.6–4.4)
6 (2018–2019)	1241	99.5 (97.8–99.9)	0.44 (0.38–0.50)	0.10 (0.089–0.12)	0.40 (0.34–0.46)	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	2.7^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (1.0–4.4)
Females, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1337	97.2 (93.6–98.8)	0.45 (0.37–0.54)	0.086^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.050–0.12)	0.50 (0.43–0.57)	2.0 (1.4–2.5)	3.3 (2.4–4.3)
6 (2018–2019)	1266	98.3 (96.2–99.2)	0.44 (0.37–0.52)	0.089 (0.071–0.11)	0.46 (0.35–0.57)	1.8 (1.3–2.4)	2.5 (1.9–3.2)
3–5 years
5 (2016–2017)	543	99.0 (87.7–99.9)	0.91 (0.65–1.3)	0.20^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.11–0.29)	0.81^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.47–1.2)	4.2 (3.4–5.0)	5.7 (4.1–7.3)
6 (2018–2019)	506	98.9 (96.0–99.7)	1.1 (0.93–1.4)	0.24^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.15–0.33)	1.2 (1.1–1.4)	4.2 (3.3–5.0)	6.8 (4.8–8.7)
6–11 years
5 (2016–2017)	529	96.9 (85.9–99.4)	0.59 (0.46–0.74)	0.13^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.079–0.19)	0.58 (0.39–0.78)	2.5 (2.0–3.1)	3.3 (2.2–4.3)
6 (2018–2019)	494	98.8 (92.4–99.8)	0.65 (0.54–0.79)	0.14 (0.11–0.18)	0.71 (0.45–0.96)	2.5 (2.0–3.0)	3.5 (2.7–4.2)
12–19 years
5 (2016–2017)	531	96.8 (88.9–99.1)	0.38 (0.29–0.49)	0.073^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.028–0.12)	0.42 (0.29–0.56)	1.7 (1.4–2.0)	2.1 (1.8–2.3)
6 (2018–2019)	498	96.7 (87.9–99.2)	0.39 (0.31–0.51)	0.063^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.038–0.089)	0.44 (0.29–0.60)	1.8 (1.2–2.4)	3.0^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (1.7–4.3)
20–39 years
5 (2016–2017)	371	97.9 (89.3–99.6)	0.37 (0.28–0.49)	0.083^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.051–0.12)	0.37^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.23–0.51)	1.8^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.67–3.0)	3.1^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.73–5.5)
6 (2018–2019)	327	99.5 (81.9–100)	0.37 (0.30–0.46)	0.10 (0.078–0.13)	0.37 (0.28–0.45)	1.4 (0.97–1.7)	1.7 (1.3–2.1)
40–59 years
5 (2016–2017)	354	95.3 (85.0–98.6)	0.34 (0.26–0.46)	0.055^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.094)	0.47 (0.31–0.63)	1.3^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.70–1.9)	2.9^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (1.1–4.7)
6 (2018–2019)	343	99.6 (98.0–99.9)	0.44 (0.33–0.57)	0.10 (0.073–0.13)	0.45 (0.29–0.61)	2.1 (1.4–2.7)	2.8^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (1.3–4.4)
60–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	349	97.9 (93.7–99.3)	0.48 (0.36–0.63)	0.090 (<LOD–0.12)	0.51 (0.34–0.68)	2.9^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (1.4–4.3)	3.8 (2.9–4.6)
6 (2018–2019)	339	98.1 (94.9–99.3)	0.43 (0.35–0.53)	0.089 (0.066–0.11)	0.42 (0.31–0.54)	1.5^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.84–2.2)	2.6^{Table 13.3.2 footnote E} (0.89–4.2)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.3.2 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to first Table 13.3.2 footnote a referrer Table 13.3.2 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.3.2 footnote E referrer

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EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2000). Ethylene Thiourea 96-45-7. Washington, DC. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Frakes, R.A. and Hicks, L.R. (1993). Fungicides. In Handbook of Hazardous Materials (ed. Corn, M.) Academic Press, Inc., Toronto, ON.
HC (Health Canada) (2012). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2012-13, Nabam. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2018). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2018-20, Metiram and Its Associated End-use Products. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2020). Re-evaluation Decision RVD2020-12, Mancozeb and Its Associated End-use Products. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
HC (Health Canada) (2021). Pesticide label search. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Houeto, P., Bindoula, G., and Hoffman, J.R. (1995). Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates and ethylenethiourea: possible human health hazards. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(6), 568.
HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank) (2010). Ethylene thiourea. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Hurley, P.M. (1998). Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(8), 437–445.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1974). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man – Volume 7: Some anti-thyroid and related substances, nitrofurans and industrial chemicals. World Health Organization, Lyon. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2001). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans – Volume 79: Some Thyrotropic Agents. World Health Organization, Lyon. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
Kurttio, P., and Savolainen, K. (1990). Ethylenethiourea in air and in urine as an indicator of exposure to ethylenebis dithiocarbamate fungicides. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 16(3), 203–207.
NTP (National Toxicology Program) (2016). Ethylene Thiourea CAS No. 96-45-7. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC. Retrieved March 4, 2021.

13.4 ortho-Phenylphenol

ortho-Phenylphenol (OPP) (CASRN 90-43-7), also known as 2-phenylphenol or biphenyl-2-ol, is a synthetic phenol compound that has the appearance of white- to pink-coloured flaky crystals under ambient conditions (ANSES, 2014; IARC, 1999). OPP can be synthesized by a number of chemical processes. For example, it can be produced from cyclohexanone using a catalyst (ANSES, 2014). OPP and its salts are registered for use in Canada in controlling fungal and bacterial growth on pears (HC 2008b). Sodium ortho-phenylphenate (SOPP) is used as a material preservative agent and active ingredient and formulant in registered pest control products (ECCC and HC, 2020). SOPP is also used in Canada in building and construction materials, products available to consumers (such as tire and rubber lubricants), food packaging, cleaning products, natural health products and non-prescription drugs (ECC and HC, 2020).

OPP, which does not occur naturally, is released into the environment from anthropogenic sources. Entry into the environment may occur when emissions from manufacturing and processing facilities are released into air or water (IARC, 1999). OPP may also potentially be released into the environment from the use of commercial or residential products.

Exposure of the general population to OPP and its salts can occur through environmental media, such as outdoor and indoor air, and through products available to consumers, such as disinfectants and tire and rubber lubricants (CDC, 2017; ECCC and HC, 2020). Children may be exposed via ingestion after touching floors or textiles treated with OPP (HC, 2008a). Exposure can also occur through ingestion of treated food (Appel, 2000; CDC, 2017).

While no human studies of absorption via oral exposure or inhalation were identified, occupational studies have shown that OPP is readily absorbed through dermal contact (Bomhard et al., 2002; INRS, 2016; IARC, 1999; European Commission, 2015). Experimental animal studies have demonstrated absorption following oral and inhalation exposures (ANSES, 2014; INRS, 2016). OPP is rapidly distributed throughout the body following absorption (ANSES, 2014; INRS, 2016). Some evidence from human and animal studies suggests that OPP does not accumulate in the body; this is supported by its short elimination half-life (0.8 hours) (ANSES, 2014; Bomhard et al., 2002; CDC, 2017; European Commission, 2002). In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that OPP is metabolized extensively by cytochrome p450. The main metabolic pathways are conjugation of OPP with glucuronide or sulphate (European Commission, 2002). The 2 major metabolites, OPP-glucuronide and OPP-sulfate, are inactive compounds; in vitro studies also demonstrate that multiple metabolic pathways can produce a variety of OPP metabolites, including active compounds such as phenylhydroquinone and phenylbenzoquinone (ANSES, 2014; Brusick, 2005; INRS, 2016). Elimination is rapid and occurs mainly through urine (90%), but also through feces (5%). Experimental animal studies have shown that 99% of OPP is eliminated as metabolites after 48 hours. Urinary levels of OPP reflect recent exposure (CDC, 2017).

Experimental animal studies have reported minimal toxicity following acute oral and inhalation exposure to OPP; however, OPP is a strong skin irritant and moderate eye irritant (Bomhard et al., 2002; CDC, 2017; Stouten, 1998). No human data evaluating chronic toxicity were identified, but animal studies have reported systemic toxicity following chronic oral exposure to OPP or SOPP, including anemia, weight loss, increased weight of several organs, and detrimental kidney effects (ANSES, 2014; CDC, 2017; ECCC and HC, 2020). Long-term exposure via skin contact showed only local toxicity (skin lesions), but no systemic effects (Stouten, 2018). High doses of OPP and SOPP in animal studies have been associated with bladder and kidney tumours; this finding is supported by in vitro studies reporting mutagenic effects (Bomhard et al., 2002; ECCC and HC, 2020; IARC 1999). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, OPP is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3) based on inadequate evidence in humans and limited evidence in experimental animals; however, SOPP is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals (IARC, 1999).

The sale and use of OPP as a pesticide is regulated in Canada by Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) under the Pest Control Products Act (Canada, 2006). The PMRA registration process also recognizes the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for OPP in food, established under the Food and Drugs Act; the act prohibits the sale of foods containing pesticides that exceed the established MRLs. OPP is currently registered in Canada as a post-harvest treatment for pears and as a material preservative in a wide range of products (HC, 2008b). In 2008, the PMRA re-evaluated OPP and determined that these uses do not present unacceptable risks to humans or the environment when used according to product label directions; it granted them continued registration.

The Government of Canada conducted a science-based screening assessment under the Chemicals Management Plan to determine whether SOPP presents or may present a risk to the environment or human health as per the criteria set out in section 64 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999) (Canada, 1999; ECCC and HC, 2020). The draft assessment proposed to conclude that SOPP does not meet any of the criteria for being considered toxic under CEPA 1999 (ECCC and HC, 2020).

Hard-surface disinfectants are regulated as drugs and subject to the requirements of the Food and Drugs Act and its regulations. In 2014, Health Canada issued guidelines on labelling and the use of products intended for use as hard-surface disinfectants, including OPP (HC, 2014).

Two metabolites of OPP (ortho-phenylphenol-glucuronide and ortho-phenylphenol-sulfate) were analyzed in the urine of Canadian Health Measure Survey participants aged 3–79 in cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019). Data from these cycles are presented as both µg/L and µg/g creatinine. Finding a measurable amount of OPP metabolites in urine can be an indicator of exposure to OPP and does not necessarily mean that an adverse health effect will occur.

Table 13.4.1: *ortho*-Phenylphenol-glucuronide (OPP-glucuronide) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.4.1 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	2620	12.4 (9.3–16.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.18^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.27)	0.38^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (0.18–0.58)
6 (2018–2019)	2488	6.9 (5.4–8.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.24^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (0.15–0.32)
Males, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1303	15.9 (11.1–22.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.25^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.36)	0.43^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (0.18–0.67)
6 (2018–2019)	1235	7.5^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (5.0–11.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.24^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (0.15–0.34)
Females, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1317	8.8^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (5.8–13.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.29^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.60)
6 (2018–2019)	1253	6.3 (4.4–9.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.22^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.34)
3–5 years
5 (2016–2017)	531	14.3^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (8.0–24.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.21^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.50)	0.46^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–1.3)
6 (2018–2019)	488	15.6^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (9.8–23.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.31^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.62)	1.0^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (0.19–1.9)
6–11 years
5 (2016–2017)	521	12.3^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (7.4–19.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.18^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.36)	0.44^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (0.17–0.71)
6 (2018–2019)	491	10.5^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (6.5–16.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.38^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.73)
12–19 years
5 (2016–2017)	507	12.6 (8.8–17.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.22 (0.15–0.28)	0.37 (0.28–0.46)
6 (2018–2019)	500	10.8^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (5.7–19.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.22)	0.23^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.37)
20–39 years
5 (2016–2017)	361	10.2^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (4.6–21.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.55)	0.63^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–1.1)
6 (2018–2019)	330	7.2^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (4.6–10.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.24^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.36)
40–59 years
5 (2016–2017)	351	17.5^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (9.7–29.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.25^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.40)	0.44^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.74)
6 (2018–2019)	339	5.2^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (2.0–13.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.40)
60–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	349	7.6^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (4.3–13.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.21^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (<LOD–0.30)
6 (2018–2019)	340	4.7^{Table 13.4.1 footnote E} (2.0–10.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LOD for cycles 5 and 6 is 0.15 μg/L. Table 13.4.1 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to first Table 13.4.1 footnote a referrer Table 13.4.1 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.4.1 footnote E referrer

Table 13.4.2: *ortho*-Phenylphenol-glucuronide (OPP-glucuronide) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.4.2 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	2599	12.4 (9.3–16.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.29 (<LOD–0.34)	0.39 (0.31–0.47)
6 (2018–2019)	2487	6.9 (5.4–8.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.38 (0.34–0.42)
Males, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1293	15.9 (11.1–22.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.28 (<LOD–0.34)	0.36 (0.31–0.42)
6 (2018–2019)	1234	7.5^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (5.0–11.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.32 (0.22–0.43)
Females, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1306	8.8^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (5.8–13.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.42^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.65)
6 (2018–2019)	1253	6.3 (4.4–9.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.40 (<LOD–0.46)
3–5 years
5 (2016–2017)	524	14.3^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (8.0–24.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.46 (<LOD–0.58)	0.74^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (<LOD–1.6)
6 (2018–2019)	487	15.6^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (9.8–23.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.80^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (<LOD–1.4)	1.6^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (0.63–2.6)
6–11 years
5 (2016–2017)	516	12.3^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (7.4–19.7)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.27 (<LOD–0.31)	0.43 (0.30–0.56)
6 (2018–2019)	491	10.5^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (6.5–16.5)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.66 (<LOD–0.89)
12–19 years
5 (2016–2017)	503	12.6 (8.8–17.8)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.23 (0.17–0.29)	0.33 (0.26–0.41)
6 (2018–2019)	500	10.8^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (5.7–19.3)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.39^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.67)
20–39 years
5 (2016–2017)	358	10.2^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (4.6–21.2)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.39^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.70)
6 (2018–2019)	330	7.2^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (4.6–10.9)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.35 (<LOD–0.46)
40–59 years
5 (2016–2017)	350	17.5^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (9.7–29.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	0.30 (<LOD–0.40)	0.36^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (<LOD–0.64)
6 (2018–2019)	339	5.2^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (2.0–13.1)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
60–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	348	7.6^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (4.3–13.0)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.35 (<LOD–0.41)
6 (2018–2019)	340	4.7^{Table 13.4.2 footnote E} (2.0–10.6)	—	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.4.2 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.4.2 footnote a referrer Table 13.4.2 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.4.2 footnote E referrer

Table 13.4.3: *ortho*-Phenylphenol-sulfate (OPP-sulfate) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/L) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.4.3 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	2694	99.8 (99.1–100)	1.7 (1.5–2.0)	0.42 (0.31–0.53)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	7.0 (4.8–9.1)	13^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (7.8–18)
6 (2018–2019)	2507	99.5 (98.7–99.8)	1.4 (1.3–1.6)	0.35 (0.28–0.42)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	5.5 (4.6–6.3)	7.7 (5.8–9.5)
Males, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1345	99.7 (98.1–99.9)	2.0 (1.6–2.4)	0.51^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.31–0.71)	1.7 (1.3–2.1)	8.9^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (5.1–13)	14^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (8.6–19)
6 (2018–2019)	1243	99.9 (99.7–100)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	0.41 (0.34–0.49)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	5.8 (5.1–6.4)	7.7 (5.0–10)
Females, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1349	100 (99.8–100)	1.6 (1.3–1.8)	0.39 (0.31–0.47)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	6.2 (4.3–8.2)	9.6^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.27–19)
6 (2018–2019)	1264	99.1 (97.4–99.7)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	0.32 (0.25–0.39)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	4.7 (3.6–5.7)	7.5 (5.5–9.4)
3–5 years
5 (2016–2017)	550	100	1.7 (1.3–2.3)	0.48 (0.30–0.65)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	6.2^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (1.0–11)	11^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (<LOD–22)
6 (2018–2019)	509	100	1.9 (1.5–2.5)	0.52 (0.41–0.63)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	8.5^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.50–17)	23^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (6.5–40)
6–11 years
5 (2016–2017)	535	100	1.7 (1.6–1.9)	0.58 (0.50–0.67)	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	5.5 (4.1–6.8)	9.3^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (5.3–13)
6 (2018–2019)	498	97.8 (83.9–99.7)	1.6 (1.3–2.0)	0.56^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.33–0.79)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	6.1^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (2.8–9.5)	10 (6.6–13)
12–19 years
5 (2016–2017)	532	99.8 (99.2–100)	1.9 (1.7–2.1)	0.67 (0.52–0.82)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)	5.2 (4.5–6.0)	8.7 (5.7–12)
6 (2018–2019)	502	98.4 (95.0–99.5)	1.6 (1.3–2.0)	0.41^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.24–0.58)	1.8 (1.4–2.1)	6.3 (5.1–7.6)	9.0 (5.8–12)
20–39 years
5 (2016–2017)	371	100 (99.7–100)	1.7 (1.2–2.4)	0.39^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (<LOD–0.71)	1.6 (1.1–2.2)	6.2^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (<LOD–13)	14^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (<LOD–29)
6 (2018–2019)	325	99.8 (83.2–100)	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	0.38 (0.27–0.49)	1.6 (1.1–2.1)	5.6 (4.7–6.5)	8.6 (5.6–12)
40–59 years
5 (2016–2017)	352	99.6 (95.5–100)	2.0 (1.4–2.7)	0.42^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.23–0.61)	1.7 (1.1–2.2)	9.7^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (5.1–14)	15^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (7.3–23)
6 (2018–2019)	337	100	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	0.34 (0.25–0.44)	1.3 (0.92–1.7)	4.7 (3.2–6.3)	6.8^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (4.3–9.4)
60–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	354	99.8 (98.4–100)	1.5 (1.3–1.7)	0.36 (0.24–0.47)	1.5 (1.3–1.6)	5.5^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (3.2–7.8)	8.7 (6.9–10)
6 (2018–2019)	336	99.5 (93.8–100)	1.1 (0.89–1.4)	0.27^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (0.16–0.37)	0.99 (0.76–1.2)	3.9 (2.9–5.0)	6.2^{Table 13.4.3 footnote E} (3.5–8.9)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Note: The LOD for cycles 5 and 6 is 0.092 μg/L. Table 13.4.3 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.4.3 footnote a referrer Table 13.4.3 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.4.3 footnote E referrer

Table 13.4.4: *ortho*-Phenylphenol-sulfate (OPP-sulfate) (creatinine adjusted) — Geometric means and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (μg/g creatinine) for the Canadian population aged 3–79 by age group, Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 5 (2016–2017) and cycle 6 (2018–2019)
Cycle	n	Detection Frequency (95% CI)	GM^{Table 13.4.4 footnote a} (95% CI)	10^th (95% CI)	50^th (95% CI)	90^th (95% CI)	95^th (95% CI)
Total, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	2673	99.8 (99.1–100)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)	0.62 (0.53–0.71)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	5.4 (4.3–6.5)	8.3^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (5.0–12)
6 (2018–2019)	2506	99.5 (98.7–99.8)	1.6 (1.4–1.7)	0.61 (0.56–0.66)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)	4.6 (3.7–5.5)	7.6^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (4.1–11)
Males, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1335	99.7 (98.1–99.9)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)	0.59 (0.48–0.69)	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	5.4 (4.1–6.7)	7.2^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (4.1–10)
6 (2018–2019)	1242	99.9 (99.7–100)	1.5 (1.3–1.7)	0.59 (0.51–0.67)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	4.0 (3.1–4.9)	5.6^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (1.3–9.9)
Females, 3–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	1338	100 (99.8–100)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)	0.65 (0.53–0.77)	1.4 (1.2–1.5)	5.3 (3.6–6.9)	9.7^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (<LOD–21)
6 (2018–2019)	1264	99.1 (97.4–99.7)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	0.64 (0.58–0.70)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	5.3 (3.9–6.6)	9.0^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (3.9–14)
3–5 years
5 (2016–2017)	543	100	2.9 (2.4–3.6)	1.1 (0.77–1.4)	2.4 (1.9–2.9)	9.5 (7.2–12)	13^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (<LOD–33)
6 (2018–2019)	508	100	3.1 (2.5–3.9)	1.0 (0.74–1.3)	2.3 (1.9–2.7)	16^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (4.4–28)	30^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (11–48)
6–11 years
5 (2016–2017)	530	100	2.0 (1.8–2.2)	0.85 (0.76–0.95)	1.8 (1.5–2.0)	5.3 (3.7–6.9)	7.5 (5.2–9.9)
6 (2018–2019)	498	97.8 (83.9–99.7)	1.9 (1.7–2.2)	0.76 (0.56–0.95)	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	7.5^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (4.5–10)	10^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (5.9–15)
12–19 years
5 (2016–2017)	528	99.8 (99.2–100)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	0.56 (0.45–0.68)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	3.9 (2.8–5.1)	5.8 (4.8–6.7)
6 (2018–2019)	502	98.4 (95.0–99.5)	1.4 (1.2–1.5)	0.59 (0.49–0.68)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	3.6 (2.5–4.8)	5.4^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (3.3–7.5)
20–39 years
5 (2016–2017)	368	100 (99.7–100)	1.5 (1.2–1.9)	0.63 (<LOD–0.79)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	3.4^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (<LOD–6.0)	10^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (<LOD–19)
6 (2018–2019)	325	99.8 (83.2–100)	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	0.64 (0.53–0.75)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	5.1^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (2.7–7.4)	7.8^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (3.6–12)
40–59 years
5 (2016–2017)	351	99.6 (95.5–100)	1.8 (1.4–2.3)	0.60 (0.46–0.75)	1.4 (1.0–1.7)	5.9 (4.0–7.8)	7.3^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (<LOD–16)
6 (2018–2019)	337	100	1.7 (1.4–1.9)	0.64 (0.50–0.77)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	4.5^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (2.3–6.8)	7.7^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (<LOD–16)
60–79 years
5 (2016–2017)	353	99.8 (98.4–100)	1.7 (1.5–2.0)	0.58 (0.48–0.69)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	5.8 (4.5–7.1)	8.5^{Table 13.4.4 footnote E} (5.2–12)
6 (2018–2019)	336	99.5 (93.8–100)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	0.50 (0.40–0.61)	1.2 (0.92–1.4)	3.2 (2.1–4.4)	5.1 (3.4–6.8)
CI: confidence interval; GM: geometric mean; LOD: limit of detection Table 13.4.4 footnote a If >40% of samples were below the LOD, the percentile distribution is reported but means were not calculated. Return to Table 13.4.4 footnote a referrer Table 13.4.4 footnote E Use data with caution. Return to first Table 13.4.4 footnote E referrer

References

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Date modified:: 2021-12-14

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Page 4: Sixth Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada

13 Summaries and results for pesticides

13.1 Organophosphate pesticides

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13.2 Pyrethroids

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13.3 Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates

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13.4 ortho-Phenylphenol

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