Objectif proposé pour la qualité de l’eau potable au Canada pour les substances perfluoroalkylées et polyfluoroalkylées : Références et annexes

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• Références
• Annexe A : Liste des SPFA accompagnées des seuils de déclaration et des limites de détection associés aux méthodes d'analyse 533 et 537.1 de l'U.S. EPA
• Annexe B : Liste des abréviations

Références

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• Appleman, T.D., Dickenson, E.R.V., Bellona, C. and Higgins, C.P. (2013). Nanofiltration and granular activated carbon treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids. J. Hazard. Mater., 260(15): 740–746.
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• Guelfo, J. L. and Adamson, D.T. (2018). Evaluation of a national data set for insights into sources, composition, and concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in US drinking water. Environ Pollut., 236: 505–513.
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• Health Canada (2021b). Guidance for providing safe drinking water in areas of federal jurisdiction. Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No. H144-94/2021E-PDF).
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• Hu, X.C., Andrews, D.Q., Lindstrom, A.B., Bruton, T.A., Schaider, L.A., Grandjean, P., Lohmann, R., Carignan, C.C., Blum, A., Balan, S.A., Higgins, C.P. and Sunderland, E.M. (2016). Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in US Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 3(10): 344–350.
• IARC (2017). Some chemicals used as solvents and in polymer manufacture. Perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 110: 37–98.
• ITRC (2020). Factsheet: Site characterization considerations and media-specific occurrence for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, PFAS Team.
• ITRC (2022a). PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document and Fact Sheets PFAS-1: Chapter 10. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, PFAS Team.
• ITRC (2022b). PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document and Fact Sheets PFAS-1: Chapter 11. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, PFAS Team.
• Kaboré, H.A., Vo Duy, S., Munoz, G., Méité, A., Desrosiers, M., Liu, J., Sory, T.K. and Sauvé, S. (2018). Worldwide drinking water occurrence and levels of newly identified perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Sci. Total Environ., 616–617: 1089–1100.
• Karaskova, P., Venier, M., Melymuk, L., Becanova, J., Vijta, S., Prokes, R., Diamond, M.L. and Klanova, J. (2016). Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in household dust in Central Europe and North America. Environ Int. 94: 315–324.
• Kleywegt, S., Raby, M., McGill, S. and Helm, P. (2020). The impact of risk management measures on the concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in source and treated drinking waters in Ontario, Canada. Sci. Total Environ., 748: 141195.
• Kubwabo, C., Stewart, B., Zhu, J. and Marro L. (2005). Occurrence of perfluorosulfonates and other perfluorochemicals in dust from selected homes in the city of Ottawa, Canada. J Environ Monit. 7(11): 1074–8.
• Kudo N. (2015). Metabolism and pharmacokinetics. In: Dewitt J., editor. Toxicological effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 151–175.
• Lalonde, B. and Garron, C. (2022). Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Canadian freshwater environment. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 82: 581–591.
• Li, J., Cai, D., Chu, C., Li, Q., Zhou, Y., Hu, L., Yang, B., Dong, G., Zeng, X. and Chen, D. (2020). Transplacental transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): Differences between preterm and full-term deliveries and associations with placental transporter mRNA expression. Environ. Sci. Technol., 54: 5062–5070.
• Liu, M., Munoz, G., Vo Duy, S., Sauvé, S. and Liu, J. (2021). Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil and groundwater at airports: A Canadian case study. Environ. Sci. Technol., 56(2): 885–895.
• Mamsen, L.S., Björvang, R.D., Mucs, D., Vinnars, M.T., Papadogiannakis, N., Lindh, C.H., Andersen, C.Y. and Damdimopoulou, P. (2019). Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human embryonic and fetal organs from first, second, and third trimester pregnancies. Environ. Int., 124: 482–492.
• Milley, S.A., Koch, I., Fortin, P., Archer, J., Reynolds, D. and Weber, K.P. (2018). Estimating the number of airports potentially contaminated with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film forming foam: A Canadian example. J. Environ. Manage., 222: 122–131.
• MELCC (2022). Composés perfluorés dans l'eau potable au Québec. Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques.
• NSECC (2022). Personal communication with A. Polegato. Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Climate Change.
• NSF International (2021a). NSF International/American National Standards Institute Standard 53: Drinking water treatment units—health effects. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• NSF International (2021b). NSF International/American National Standards Institute Standard 58: Reverse osmosis drinking water treatment systems. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• NSF International (2021c). Standard 60: Drinking water treatment chemicals-health effects. NSF International/American National Standards Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• NSF International (2022a). Standard 61: Drinking water system components-health effects. NSF International/American National Standards Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• NSF International (2022b). Standard 372: Drinking water system components—lead content. NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• OEHHA (2021). Notice to Interested Parties Chemicals Listed Effective December 24, 2021 As Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer: Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) and Its Salts and Transformation and Degradation Precursors – OEHHA. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
• Ojo, A.F., Peng, C. and Ng, J.C. (2021). Assessing the human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A need for greater focus on their interactions as mixtures. J. Hazard Mater., 407: 124863.
• OMS (2022). PFOS and PFOA in Drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 29 September 2022. Version for Public Review. (seulement en anglais) Organisation mondiale de la Santé.
• Pelch, K.E., Reade, A, Kwiatkowski, C.F., Wolffe, T., Merced-Nieves, F.M., Cavalier, H., Schultz, K., Rose, K. and Varshavsky J. (2021). PFAS-Tox Database. DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/F9UPX
• Reade, A. and Pelch, K.E. (2020). Technical Comments to the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Re: Advance Notice on the Regulation of Perfluoroalkyl, Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) as a Class.
• Rodowa, A.E., Knappe, D.R.U., Chiang, S.D., Pohlmann, D., Varley, C., Bodour, A. and Field, J.A. (2020). Pilot-scale removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and precursors from AFFF-impacted groundwater by granular activated carbon. Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 6(4): 1083-1094.
• Ross, I., McDonough, J., Miles, J., Storch, P., Thelakkat Kochunarayanan, P., Kalve, E., Hurst, J., S. Dasgupta, S. and Burdick, J. (2018). A review of emerging technologies for remediation of PFASs. Remediation, 28(2): 101–126.
• Russell, M.H., Himmelstein, M.W. and Buck, R.C. (2015). Inhalation and oral toxicokinetics of 6:2 FTOH and its metabolites in mammals. Chemosphere, 120: 328–35.
• Tittlemier, S.A., Pepper, K., Seymour, C., Moisey, J., Bronson, R., Cao. X.L. and Dabeka, R.W. (2007). Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J Agric Food Chem. 55(8): 3203–10.
• Sanexen (2021). High-level overview to inform a class approach for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), health hazards and other considerations. Sanexen Environmental Services Inc., Report prepared for and available on request from Health Canada.
• Sanexen (2022). Review of Available Effective Treatment Technologies to Determine a Practical Approach for Removing a Class/Group of PFAS in Drinking Water. Sanexen Environmental Services Inc., Report prepared for and available on request from Health Canada.
• Saskatchewan Water Security Agency (2022). Personal communication with O.S. Thirunavukkarasu, Science & Licensing Division.
• Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Webster, G.M. and Lee, S.C. (2011). Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 45(19): 7999–8005.
• Steinle-Darling, E., Litwiller, E. and Reinhard, M. (2010). Effects of sorption on the rejection of trace organic contaminants during nanofiltration. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(7): 2592–2598.
• Steinle-Darling, E. and Reinhard, M. (2008). Nanofiltration for trace organic contaminant removal: Structure, solution, and membrane fouling effects on the rejection of perfluorochemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(14): 5292–5297.
• U.S. EPA (2019). EPA Method 537.1: Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Version 2.0. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. EPA Document No. EPA/600/R-20/006.
• U.S. EPA (2020). EPA Method 533: Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Isotope Dilution Anion Exchange Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA Document No. 815-B-19-020.
• U.S. EPA (2021a). Human Health Toxicity Values for Hexafluoropropylene Oxide (HFPO) Dimer Acid and Its Ammonium Salt (CASRN 13252-13-6 and CASRN 62037-80-3) Also Known as "GenX Chemicals." United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA Document No. 822R-21-010.
• U.S. EPA (2021b). Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) for Public Water Systems. 40 CFR Part 141 Vol 46 Issue 86 March 11, 2021 p. 13846 ([EPA–HQ–OW–2020–0530; FRL 10019–46–OW] RIN 2040–AF89). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
• U.S. EPA (2022a). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Site Characterization and Analytical Methods. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Innovation and Field Services Division, Washington, D.C.
• U.S. EPA (2022b). EPA Draft Method 1621: Screening Method for the Determination of Adsorbable Organic Fluorine (AOF) in Aqueous Matrices by Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA Document No. 821-D-22-002.
• U.S. EPA (2022c). Managing PFAS containing materials and waste. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science Information Management, Durham, NC.
• U.S. EPA (2022d). Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory: Perfluorooctanoid Acid (PFOA) CASRN 335-67-1. June 2022, United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/822/R-22/003.
• U.S. EPA (2022e). Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory: Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) CASRN 1763-23-1. June 2022, United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/822/R-22/004.
• U.S. EPA (2022f). Drinking Water Health Advisory: Hexafluoropropylene Oxide (HFPO) Dimer Acid (CASRN 13252-13-6) and HFPO Dimer Acid Ammonium Salt (CASRN 62037-80-3), Also Known as "GenX Chemicals." June 2022, United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/822/R-22/005.
• U.S. EPA (2022g). Drinking Water Health Advisory: Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid (CASRN 375-73-5) and Related Compound Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (CASRN 29420-49-3). June 2022, United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/822/R-22/006.
• VanNoy, B.N., Lam, J. and Zota, A.R. (2018). Breastfeeding as a predictor of serum concentrations of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in reproductive-aged women and young children: A rapid systematic review. Curr. Environ. Health Rep., 5(2): 213–224.
• Wang, Z., DeWitt, J.C., Higgins, C.P. and Cousins, I.T. (2017). A never-ending story of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)? Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(5):2508–2518.
• Wang, Y., Han, W., Wang, C., Zhou, Y., Shi, R., Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E.C., Yao, Q., Yuan, T., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2019). Efficiency of maternal-fetal transfer of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26(3): 2691–2698.
• Waterfield. G., Rogers, M., Grandjean, P., Auffhammer, M. and Sunding, D. (2020). Reducing exposure to high levels of perfluorinated compounds in drinking water improves reproductive outcomes: evidence from an intervention in Minnesota. Environ Health. 22;19(1):42.
• WHO (2022). PFOS and PFOA in Drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 29 September 2022. Version for Public Review. World Health Organization.
• Yang, C.H., Glover, K.P. and Han, X. (2010). Characterization of cellular uptake of perfluorooctanoate via organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2, organic anion transporter 4, and urate transporter 1 for their potential roles in mediating human renal reabsorption of perfluorocarboxylates. Toxicol. Sci., 117(2): 294–302.
• Zaggia, A., Conte, L., Falletti, L., Fant, M. and Chiorboli, A. (2016). Use of strong anion exchange resins for the removal of perfluoroalkylated substances from contaminated drinking water in batch and continuous pilot plants. Water Res., 91: 137–146.
• Zeng, C., Tanaka, S., Suzuki, Y., Yukioka, S. and Fujii, S. (2017). Rejection of trace level perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in pure water by loose nanofiltration membrane. J. Water Environ. Technol., 15(3): 120–127.

Annexe B : Liste des abréviations

(Veuillez noter que cette liste ne comprend que les SPFA dont le nom n'est pas écrit au long dans l'annexe A.)

AFFF

mousse à formation de pellicule aqueuse

AIX

échange d'anions

ALARA

niveau le plus bas qu'il soit raisonnablement possible d'atteindre

AOF

fluor organique adsorbable

APFA

acides perfluoroalkylés

CAG

charbon actif granulaire

CAP

charbon actif en poudre

CL-SM/SM

chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem

EPS

extraction en phase solide

FHUEA

acide 2H-perfluoro-2-octénoïque

FOSA ou PFOSA

perfluorooctanesulfonamide

FOUEA

acide 2H-perfluoro-2-décénoïque

FTCA

acide carboxylique fluorotélomérique

FTSA

acide sulfonique fluorotélomérique

LDM

limite de détection de la méthode

NF

nanofiltration

OI

osmose inverse

PFDS

acide perfluorodécane sulfonique

PFECHS

acide perfluoroéthylcyclohexane sulfonique

PFEtS

acide perfluoroéthane sulfonique

PFOSA ou FOSA

perfluorooctanesulfonamide

PFPrS

acide perfluoropropane sulfonique

SPFA

substances perfluoroalkylées et polyfluoroalkylées

TOF

fluor organique total

TOP

précurseurs oxydables totaux

UCMR

Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule

U.S. EPA

Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis

VTR

valeur toxicologique de référence