2025 Progress Report on the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan

Minister’s statement

Climate action is not just a moral obligation, it is an economic imperative. As Canadians experience more frequent and more extreme climate disruption—building our resilience is economically smart, fiscally responsible, and essential to protecting Canadians and the places they call home.

Canadians are resilient, innovative and hard-workers, which is why we’re already seeing measurable emissions reductions across key sectors, tens of billions in new investments and tens of thousands high-paying jobs across the clean economy.

Canada is uniquely positioned to lead the global transition toward clean economies and the next phase of our climate transition will demand even greater effort: building out clean electricity systems, transforming heavy industry, decarbonizing transportation, strengthening domestic clean-technology supply chains, and dramatically improving energy efficiency. Achieving this will require continued leadership from all levels of government, Indigenous partners, private industry and from civil society. 

That is why Budget 2025 outlines our Government’s Climate Competitiveness Strategy, which is creating the conditions for the massive new investment needed to build an affordable, net-zero future in which Canadian businesses and industry can compete and lead in the global economy.

The work ahead will be demanding, and our Government is resolute in our mission to reach net‑zero by 2050, and we’re taking a practical approach to get there. Canada has what it takes to succeed—we have one of the cleanest electricity grids in the world, the critical minerals needed to develop clean technologies, world-class industries, skilled and talented workers, diverse trade partnerships, and a strong domestic market where Canadians can be our own best customers.

The global race to build the clean industries that will power the global economy underscores an incontrovertible truth: climate action and economic growth are inseparable. Canada’s new government has a plan to reduce emissions, drive growth, and increase affordability. We will make Canada a reliable and responsible energy superpower, and a global leader in clean innovation. We will build a sustainable and competitive Canada for decades to come.

We will build Canada Strong.

The Honourable Julie Dabrusin
Minister of Environment, Climate Change and Nature

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 About this report

This Progress Report on the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan (ERP) is the second progress report published under the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act (CNZEAA). It outlines progress made since the publication of the first Progress Report in December 2023, while continuing to improve the way the Government of Canada reports to Canadians on progress towards our climate targets.^{Footnote I}

This report has been developed in accordance with the TACCC principles—transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, and consistency—with the goal of improving the quality of progress reporting under the CNZEAA and maintaining the Government of Canada’s accountability for meeting its climate-related commitments.

Key definitions, acronyms, and references are provided in the annexes.

Unless explicitly stated otherwise, all emissions estimates given in megatonnes (Mt) or kilotonnes (kt) represent emissions of GHGs in megatonnes or kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO₂ eq or kt CO₂ eq, respectively).

1.2 Climate change in an evolving global economy

Canada is facing more frequent and severe weather events that affect the daily lives of Canadians—damaging homes, increasing cost of living, affecting health, and raising insurance costs. In recent years, Canadians have seen firsthand the devastating impact of wildfires, floods, drought, and melting permafrost on communities across the country. These impacts are not abstract—entire communities have been displaced and livelihoods upended by disasters such as the 2021 wildfire that destroyed the village of Lytton, British Columbia, the 2023 wildfire in Upper Tantallon, Nova Scotia, and the 2024 wildfire that forced the evacuation of the town of Jasper, Alberta. At the same time, prolonged drought conditions across the Prairies and in other agricultural regions have reduced crop yields, stressed livestock operations, and increased food prices, underscoring the growing risks climate change poses to Canada’s food security and farming sector. Insured losses related to severe weather in Canada now routinely exceed $3 billion annually, with 2024 setting a record with insured losses reaching $8.5 billion and uninsured losses estimated at roughly three times that amount. The economic impacts of rising global temperatures are expected to continue to increase, with estimates suggesting that economic losses will rise to roughly 6% of Canada’s GDP by the end of the century.

Canada is implementing the National Adaptation Strategy to increase the resiliency of households and communities, but sustained action to reduce emissions is also required as part of the global effort to reduce the magnitude of future climate impacts. Building a cleaner economy is not only a moral obligation; it is an economic imperative. It is necessary to ensure Canada is not left behind as global markets accelerate toward clean technologies, creating sustainable jobs and lowering energy costs for Canadian families.

Over the course of the last year, the geopolitical and economic context has evolved significantly, with profound impacts on Canada. Our government has responded with a series of actions and policies to strengthen and diversify the economy, build resilience, and prepare businesses for the low‑carbon economy of the future. This includes removing barriers to internal trade and labour mobility; protecting workers from US tariffs; and advancing nation-building projects to catalyze our economy and enable Canada to become an energy superpower. It has introduced Buy Canadian policies as well as measures to double residential construction from its current pace in the next decade, support a skilled workforce and build an industrial strategy that will make Canada’s businesses more globally competitive in a world transitioning to net zero.

In Budget 2025, the Government of Canada announced Canada’s Climate Competitiveness Strategy to advance its commitment to fight climate change and create the conditions for investment needed to build an affordable net zero future in Canada. The Strategy focuses on strengthening industrial carbon markets, streamlining regulations, and driving investment in clean energy, innovation, and technology through measures such as Investment Tax Credits, a Sustainable Bond Framework, and Sustainable Investment Guidelines. It will do this in collaboration with provinces and territories, while supporting Indigenous partnerships and advancing responsible resource development.

Canada has made meaningful progress in reducing emissions to ensure we’re on track to achieve net zero by 2050. In 2015, as reported in Canada’s Second Biennial Report to the UNFCCC, Canada’s emissions were projected to reach 9% above 2005 levels by 2030. Since then, the government has effectively bent the curve. Emissions have already fallen by 14% below 2005 levels in 2023 and Canada is currently on track to drive even greater reductions by 2030 and beyond. There is more work to be done, but the government has successfully built the momentum and put in place the building blocks for long-term emissions reduction through foundational measures such as carbon pricing, investment tax credits, and instruments to mobilize private sector finance. Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 is critical for Canada not only to safeguard the environment but also to secure its economic future—by tapping into the rapidly growing global clean-tech market, boosting exports and innovation, and remaining competitive as nations shift to low-carbon economies. Canada is focused on scaling clean industries, unlocking investment, and ensuring that workers and regions share in the benefits of our growing and transforming economy. By fighting climate change and investing in a climate competitive economy, Canada is poised to build the strongest economy in the G7.

Chapter 2: Emissions reporting

This chapter provides an overview of Canada’s most recent emissions reporting, including the most recent official GHG emissions inventory, an explanation of the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) accounting contribution, and the most recently published GHG emissions projections. This chapter also provides an overview of Canada’s recent climate change reporting submitted under its international commitments.

2.1 Canada’s greenhouse gas inventory

Canada’s National Inventory Report (NIR) is prepared and submitted annually under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with the most recent NIR having been submitted in March 2025. The report covers GHG emissions from the Canadian economy from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2023. The data captured in Canada’s 2025 NIR, summarized below, exclude the LULUCF accounting contribution. For information on Canada’s LULUCF accounting contribution, see Section 2.2.

In 2023, Canada’s GHG emissions, excluding LULUCF^{Footnote II}, were 694 Mt CO₂ eq, a decrease of 65 Mt (‑8.5%) from 2005. This was a decrease of 6.0 Mt (‑0.9%) from 2022 and is 53 Mt (‑7.1%) below pre‑pandemic (2019) emission levels. This is all against a backdrop of significant population growth, with Canada’s population increasing from 32 million in 2005 to over 40 million in 2023.¹ While Canada is one of the highest per capita emitters, per capita emissions have declined since 2005 from 24 tonnes (t) of CO₂ eq per capita to 17 t CO₂ eq per capita, a decrease of 29.2%.

The emissions intensity for the entire Canadian economy (GHG per gross domestic product [GDP]) continues to decline; in 2023 it had declined by 45% since 1990 and by 34% since 2005. The decline in emissions intensity can be attributed to factors such as fuel switching, increases in efficiency, the modernization of industrial processes, and structural changes in the economy.

Since 2005, emissions have increased in the Oil and Gas sector (13 Mt or 6.9%) and in the Agriculture sector (3.7 Mt or 5.6%), although the emissions intensity of these activities has improved significantly. These increases have been offset by decreases in other sectors, including notable decreases in the Electricity sector (‑67 Mt or ‑58%), the Heavy Industry sector (‑9.5 Mt or ‑11%), and the Waste and Others sector (‑3.9 Mt or ‑7.2%). Emissions from the Transport sector have increased gradually, except for a decrease between 2019 and 2020 largely due to fewer vehicle passenger kilometers driven and a decrease in air traffic during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Transport emissions in 2023 are slightly above 2005 levels (0.37 Mt or 0.2% since 2005).

Figure 2-1. Breakdown of Canada's GHG emissions by economic sector (2023)

Emissions vary by province and territory due to factors such as population size, energy sources, and economic structure. Between 2005 and 2023, emissions decreased in most provinces and territories, including in Ontario (‑44 Mt or ‑22%), New Brunswick (‑8.4 Mt or ‑42%), Nova Scotia (‑8.4 Mt or ‑38%), Saskatchewan (‑6.5 Mt or ‑8.1%), Québec (‑5.6 Mt or ‑6.6%), British Columbia (‑2.8 Mt or ‑4.5%), Newfoundland and Labrador (‑2.4 Mt or ‑23%), Northwest Territories (‑0.36 Mt or ‑21%), and Prince Edward Island (‑0.30 Mt or ‑16%). Emissions have increased in Alberta (13 Mt or 5.1%), Manitoba (0.59 Mt or 2.8%), Nunavut (0.13 Mt or 22%), and Yukon (0.11 Mt or 19%).

The national GHG inventory relies on the best available scientific methods and data. Inventory inputs are updated annually to incorporate the effects of policies and measures, in addition to the influence of independent, real-world factors such as market conditions or unexpected events. Methods are constantly enhanced as scientific understanding improves.

As with every edition, improvements have been implemented in the most recent NIR, resulting in revisions to previously published data. Relative to the 2024 inventory, this edition incorporates downward revisions of 2.8 Mt in 2005 and 7.9 Mt in 2022. Enhanced methods use Canadian-specific studies and knowledge, facilitate the adoption of new scientific data, and better reflect evolving technologies and industry practices.

See the full version of Canada’s 2025 NIR for more detailed information about Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions.

2.2 Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) reporting and accounting

Compared to other sectors, LULUCF is unique in that both human activities and natural events and processes (for example, wildfire, insect infestations) affect its GHG emissions and removals. LULUCF is also the only sector in the national GHG inventory that can include emissions, removals, and transfers of carbon. For the LULUCF sector, emissions of GHGs from sources, removals by sinks, and transfers between carbon pools are estimated and reported for five categories of managed lands (forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands, and settlements) and for the harvested wood products (HWP) category, which is closely linked to forest land and forest conversion. The net GHG flux for each category is calculated as the difference between CO₂ removals from the atmosphere, emissions from decomposition and disturbance, and fluxes of carbon to the Harvested Wood Products pool.

To focus reporting on human impacts, the GHG flux from forests recovering from natural disturbances beyond the control of human intervention are tracked separately. Nonetheless, natural disturbances can result in substantial emissions and subsequent removals of GHGs in managed forests and in the other subsectors within LULUCF.

The annual NIR reports national totals with and without the net GHG flux from the LULUCF sector. For the purposes of reporting on Canada’s progress towards its 2030 emissions reduction target, the LULUCF sector is included with the national total emissions through the addition of what is called the “LULUCF accounting contribution.”

The LULUCF accounting contribution builds on the LULUCF sector data presented in the NIR. For all LULUCF subsectors except the managed forest and associated HWP, Canada’s accounting approach compares the net GHG flux in the reporting year with the net flux in 2005 (often referred to as the “net-net” approach) to determine the accounting contribution. Given the unique characteristics of Canada’s managed forest, which is significantly impacted by the effects of past management and natural disturbances (that is, the age-class structure legacy effect), Canada uses the reference level (RL) approach for its managed forests (also referred to as the Forest Land remaining Forest Land [FLFL]) and the HWP obtained from it. This approach first involves defining the RL, which is a projection of the net GHG flux from the managed forests and associated HWP that reflects a continuation of recent forest management policies and practices, while actual or projected fluxes are based on historical activity data (or projected activity data, when historical data are not yet available). Accounting then involves calculating the difference between the net GHG flux in the reporting year and the pre-defined RL value for that year. For any given year, the difference between the two (in other words, the accounting contribution) reflects the impact of new or recent management activities on emissions relative to the impact of the management assumed in the RL. In this way, the RL approach focuses accounting on the impacts of recent human activities, in line with the principles of accounting agreed under the UNFCCC.

Table 2-1 presents the aggregate LULUCF accounting contribution (which includes the GHG impact of the 2 Billion Trees program, with projected estimates calculated before Budget 2025 announcements and subject to revision in later reports based on new information) for selected years from 1990 to 2035, as well as the projected GHG impact of nature-based climate solutions (NBCS) and agriculture measures for 2030 and 2035.

Note: Historical estimates include all LULUCF subcategories. Projected estimates include only subsectors for which projections are available (that is, they exclude grassland, settlements remaining settlements and other land subsectors). Access more data on the open data platform.

*NA = Not applicable

Canada’s RL scenario is recalculated annually to ensure consistency with the historical data used in Canada’s latest available NIR. Given the additional analysis required to calculate the LULUCF accounting contribution as well as the established timelines for receiving input on forests from provincial governments, historical emissions associated with Canada’s LULUCF accounting contribution are reported alongside Canada’s emissions projections in the fall of each year.

In fiscal year (FY) 2023-24, Canada conducted a review of its GHG accounting approach for the LULUCF sector, with specific focus on FLFL and associated HWP accounting. As part of this process, Natural Resources Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada sought input from experts and stakeholders to inform Canada’s decision on its LULUCF accounting approach. Based on internal analysis and feedback received from stakeholders and experts, the Government of Canada made the decision to maintain the current approach that applies reference level accounting to FLFL and the associated HWP and net-net accounting to all other land categories, while continuing to monitor developments related to LULUCF accounting. Additional information on LULUCF is available in section 2.3 of Canada’s First Biennial Transparency Report under the Paris Agreement (PDF).

2.3 Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions projections

Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) updates Canada’s GHG emissions projections annually, reflecting the latest historical data and up-to-date assumptions about the future economy and energy market.

Canada’s most recent projections, published in December 2025, are summarized in this section. For more information, see the underlying data through the Government of Canada’s open data portal. The full projections report, providing a comprehensive analysis of the projections, sector-specific and gas-specific projections, additional information on LULUCF, detailed methodological explanations, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, and an extensive review of federal, provincial, and territorial policies and measures influencing emissions trajectories will be released in early 2026.

Canada’s updated projections of GHG and air pollutant emissions are provided to 2035 under two policy scenarios: the With Measures (WM) scenario and the With Additional Measures (WAM) scenario. These projections are developed by ECCC using the Energy, Emissions, and Economy Model for Canada (E3MC), in alignment with international reporting standards and domestic legislative requirements.

The projections reflect the most recent historical data available as of November 2025 and incorporate input from extensive consultations with federal, provincial, and territorial (FPT) partners. They should not be viewed as forecasts of expected outcomes, but rather scenario-based projections that illustrate potential outcomes under defined assumptions and policy conditions.

2.3.1 Summary of projected emissions

Canadian GHG emissions per capita declined by an average of 1.6% per year from 2005 to 2023. It is expected that this pace of improvement will be greater going forward. Emissions intensity is expected to decrease by 3.1% per year between 2023 and 2030 in the WM scenario, and by 4% per year in the WAM scenario.

Figure 2-2. Canadian GHG emissions and indexed trend emissions intensity excluding LULUCF, NBCS, and agriculture measures, WAM scenario, 1990 to 2035

Under the WM scenario, GHG emissions are projected to decline to 625 Mt in 2030. With the LULUCF accounting contribution included, 2030 emissions are projected to be 600 Mt. Post-2030, emissions projected in the WM scenario continue to decline, reaching 577 Mt in 2035, including the LULUCF accounting contribution.

Figure 2-3. Canada’s projected emissions trajectory, including the LULUCF accounting contribution

* Historical Emissions include data from NIR 2025 and the LULUCF accounting contribution.

Under the WAM scenario, including the impact of the LULUCF accounting contribution, NBCS, and agriculture measures, emissions in 2030 decline to 546 Mt. Post-2030, emissions continue to decline, reaching 513 Mt in 2035.

Both the WM and WAM scenarios project continued reductions in emissions across all major sectors:

• Oil and Gas: despite continued increases in production, with methane regulations, industrial carbon price, clean fuel requirements, and increased deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies, emissions are expected to stay flat in the WM scenario.
  • The WAM scenario includes further reductions through enhanced methane regulations, hydrogen substitution, and solvent-based extraction technologies.
• Transportation: emissions will decrease as zero-emission vehicles become more prevalent, supported by the Electric Vehicle Availability Standard. Light-duty and medium-heavy-duty vehicle standards continue to lead to declines in projected emissions over time.
• Electricity: the sector will continue to decarbonize, with clean electricity regulations and increasing adoption of renewable generation and storage technologies.
  • By 2035, wind energy is projected to account for up to 24% of generation.
• Heavy Industry: emissions will decline through fuel switching, electrification, carbon capture and storage, and modernization of facilities.
• Buildings: emissions are projected to fall due to electrification, heat pump adoption, and more stringent building codes.
  • Despite growth in residential and commercial space, efficiency gains will drive reductions.
• Agriculture: emissions remain stable in the WM scenario and decline slightly in WAM due to improved land-use practices and nitrogen
  • NBCS and agriculture measures are projected to contribute up to 12 Mt CO₂ eq in reductions by 2035.
• Waste and Other Sectors: waste diversion programs keep emissions stable in the WM scenario. In the WAM scenario, the implementation of the federal landfill gas regulations reduces emissions.

2.3.2 “With Measures” scenario

Projections in the WM scenario include federal, provincial, and territorial policies and measures that were in place as of November 2025 and assume no further government action. They also include the LULUCF accounting contribution.

To be included in the WM scenario, policies and measures must:

• Reflect current legislative, regulatory and financial conditions.
• Have sufficient quantifiable information available for its impact to be estimated.
• Be expected to produce measurable and material reductions (at least 100 kt CO₂ eq annually).

Where program funding is set to end, the projections assume that the impacts of these programs, other than those embodied in altered behaviour patterns or other lasting impacts, cease when the approved funding terminates.

A comprehensive list of policies and measures included in the WM scenario can be found on the open data portal.

Table 2-2 provides a breakdown of the projected WM trends in GHG emissions by economic sector.

Note: Totals may not match due to rounding. Historical data up to 2023 are sourced from NIR 2025. Data from 2024 to 2035 are modelled projections developed using ECCC’s analytical framework. Access more data on the open data portal.

* Electricity emissions include the contributions of steam generation.

** Additional emissions reductions in the WAM scenario occurring on agricultural lands are represented in the NBCS and Agriculture Measures row.

2.3.3 “With Additional measures” scenario

The with additional measures (WAM) scenario builds on the WM scenario by including all federal, provincial, and territorial policies and measures that have been announced but not yet fully implemented. It also accounts for the effects of NBCS and agricultural measures. However, it excludes measures still in development or planning stages where insufficient information precludes accurate modelling. While no decision has been finalized on the previously announced oil and gas emissions cap (OGEC), in light of the announcement in the Canada–Alberta MOU to not implement OGEC in consideration of the enumerated commitments, and the fact that these commitments are modelled in the WAM scenario (for example, effective carbon pricing reaching $170 per tonne in 2030, Clean Electricity Regulations, and enhanced methane regulations), for modelling purposes, OGEC is excluded from the WAM scenario. If OGEC were included, it is estimated to deliver an additional 3 Mt of reductions in 2030.

A comprehensive list of policies and measures included in the WAM scenario can also be found on the open data portal.

As new measures are developed and implemented, their emissions reductions will be assessed and included in future projections.

From 2017 to 2024, Canada included emissions reductions from the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) in its WAM scenario and counted them toward its 2030 target in both domestic and international reports. The WCI is a regional cap-and-trade program that uses market-based mechanisms to reduce GHG emissions. Currently, Quebec and California operate linked cap-and-trade systems under the WCI, with Washington state considering participation. Since 2013, these jurisdictions have exchanged allowances and offsets, known as WCI credits, as interchangeable compliance units.

Under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, countries can trade emissions reductions as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) if both parties authorize the exchange. However, the recent announcement that the U.S. will withdraw from the Paris Agreement means it can no longer authorize ITMO trades, preventing Canada from establishing a bilateral agreement with the U.S. to count WCI credit flows as ITMOs.

Going forward, Canada will continue working with Québec to monitor and track WCI credit flows but will no longer formally count them towards its emissions reductions target. Instead, Canada will highlight these net flows in public reports to acknowledge their role in a credible and well-documented emissions trading system.

Table 2-3 provides a breakdown of the projected WAM trends in GHG emissions by economic sector.

2.3.4 Modelling excellence and continuous improvement

The Government of Canada possesses long-standing and comprehensive modelling capacity that supports the development of GHG emissions projections. These projections adhere to internationally recognized best practices and rigorous methodologies, aligned with reporting requirements under the UNFCCC. ECCC employs E3MC, an integrated framework combining ENERGY 2020 and the North America Economic Model (NAEM) to simulate energy supply, demand, pricing, and macroeconomic interactions. This market-based approach ensures consistency with international reporting standards and enables robust scenario analysis. The modelling process draws on authoritative data sources, including Statistics Canada, the Canada Energy Regulator, Natural Resources Canada, and ECCC’s NIR, and is informed by expert input on key drivers such as economic growth and energy trends. The ENERGY 2020 model has been peer-reviewed by leading international experts and the model inputs are vetted with stakeholders to ensure transparency and credibility. Canada’s projections have been published regularly since 2011 in federal climate plans, biennial submissions to the UNFCCC, and standalone domestic reports, demonstrating Canada’s proven and internationally aligned modelling capability.

Building on this strong foundation, ECCC is committed to continuous improvement of its modelling framework to enhance transparency, stakeholder engagement, and methodological robustness.

In the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan (released in 2022), ECCC committed to improving transparency in modelling and reporting. ECCC undertook a two-phase consultation process between 2022 and 2023. Phase 1 gathered input from prominent Canadian modelling experts on objectives, scope, and milestones for a formal consultation process, which led to the development of an Independent Modelling Review Action Plan. Phase 2 expanded consultation on the proposed plan. The final version of the action plan was released in Canada's 2023 Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions Projections report. A progress update was later included in Canada’s First Biennial Transparency Report under the Paris Agreement (PDF), submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2024.

The projections presented in this report continue to address items identified in this action plan.

Key technical advancements in 2025 include modernizing the ENERGY2020 model by transitioning it from the legacy PROMULA programming language to the modern, high-performance Julia language. Validation of the new model version confirmed consistency with previous outputs. This transition improves model runtime and maintainability and supports integration with advanced development tools including AI-assisted coding and version control tools. Model documentation will be updated to reflect the changes associated with transition to Julia programming language and will be made publicly available in 2026.

ECCC has also developed a methodology to isolate the contributions to emissions reductions of certain key individual climate policies, enhancing transparency and supporting strategic decision-making. Additionally, scenario analyses have been expanded to include trade uncertainty and tariff impacts, providing a broader understanding of potential emissions trajectories.

Additional details regarding modelling assumptions, provincial-level data for emissions from the LULUCF sector, and sensitivity scenarios have been added to the open data portal. Finally, a Multi-Model Comparison Forum was set up under the umbrella of the Energy Modelling Hub (EMH). Over 2024 and 2025, the Forum established foundational workflows that are poised to enhance collaboration and comparisons across Canadian models. Planned future enhancements focus on optimizing model runtimes, enabling cross-platform functionality, leveraging cloud computing efficiencies, and exploring parallel computing. These efforts aim to support more efficient scenario development and policy analysis.

In the LULUCF sector, ECCC continues to improve data and methods based on peer-reviewed science and international reporting protocols. Planned improvements for forest land and harvested wood products are detailed in the NIR and related improvement plans.

Methodological revisions since the previous report include updates to historical data, policy coverage, and modelling approaches to reflect the latest scientific understanding and policy developments. These will be documented in the full version of the report Canada’s Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions Projections, to be released in early 2026.

These updates ensure that projections remain accurate and relevant for informing Canada’s climate commitments and policy decisions.

2.4 Emissions embodied in trade

In the Climate Competitiveness Strategy, the government committed to develop new metrics to show how companies and households are reducing their carbon footprint, how Canada’s domestic clean economy is growing, and how our exports are tracking to achieve world-leading emissions intensity. This section includes information on Canada’s emissions embodied in trade, as well as consumption-based emissions from Canadian households. 

This information aims to help demonstrate the progress Canada is making in decarbonizing its domestic economy and in reducing the emissions associated with the production of exports.

This information shows important trends that were previously hidden:

• The carbon footprint of Canadian households (domestic consumption and imported goods) shrunk over the past 15 years; and,
• The emissions intensity of oil and gas production has gone down since 2005 and is projected to continue declining even while export value grows. 

2.4.1 Household consumption-based emissions

Figure 2-4 shows GHG emissions per capita from a consumption perspective, which looks at the average emission footprint of Canadians, whether the goods and services consumed by households are produced in Canada or imported. From 2005 to 2020, per capita consumption-based emissions decreased steadily (except for a more significant dip in 2009 following the 2008 financial crisis). Per capita emissions from 2005 to 2019 declined by 18%, followed by a sharp temporary drop in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These improvements result from a number of factors, including the expansion of renewables, decreased coal usage, improved waste diversion practices, and implementation of more energy efficient technologies such as heat pumps.

Figure 2-4. Tonnes of CO₂ eq. per capita in Canada, 2005 to 2020

Data source: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2025) Greenhouse Gas emissions Footprints Indicators

2.4.2 Oil and gas export emissions

Due to methodological complexity and data availability, the publication of the full scope of indicators on export-based emissions will take multiple rounds of reporting before reaching maturity. The first round of reporting contained in this report shows the emissions intensity associated with oil and gas produced to meet international demand: Canada’s largest source of emissions and a major source of exports. Future reports will expand to other sources of traded emissions, such as heavy industries, low-carbon fuels, and electricity generation.

Figures 2-5 and 2-6 show that while the export value of both crude oil and natural gas are expected to increase over the next 10 years, the emissions intensity of production will decline over the same period for both the WM and WAM scenarios.

Figure 2-5. Oil production emissions intensity (t CO₂ eq / 1000 bbl)
and Export Value (Billions 2023 US$), WM and WAM scenarios 

Figure 2-6. Gas production emissions intensity (kt CO₂ eq / Bcf) and Export Value (Billions 2023 US$), WM and WAM scenarios

2.4.3 Other industrial exports

Canada’s economy is unique among advanced economies. It is the only G7 country and one of a few Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries that is a net exporter of emissions, meaning more GHG emissions are embodied in the goods Canada exports than are associated with the production of goods used to meet domestic needs (see Figure 2-7). As an export-oriented economy, Canada must take a carefully calibrated approach to its decarbonization pathway given the influence of international demand on Canada’s economic growth. In 2022, emissions-intensive trade-exposed sectors facing high competitiveness risk accounted for about 40% of Canada’s GHG emissions, over 35% of exports, and 8.5% of GDP.

Figure 2-7. Canada’s production- and consumption-related GHG emissions, relative to other countries, in Mt CO₂ eq., 2005 to 2020

Data source: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2025) Greenhouse Gas emissions Footprints Indicators

The Climate Competitiveness Strategy explains that Canada will continue to meet global demand for carbon-intensive industrial and energy products, notably oil and gas, throughout the global net-zero transition. Canada is working towards reliably supplying global markets with products produced with the lowest possible emissions and the highest possible environmental protections. The government recognizes that global GHG emissions must be addressed on both sides—demand and supply. As Canada advances efforts to reduce its own consumption of carbon-intensive goods, it will work with international partners to reduce emissions on a global scale by reducing global demand for fossil fuels while at the same time working to lower the carbon footprint of its exporting industries through advancements such as carbon capture and storage, methane abatement, fuel switching, electrification of manufacturing, and investments in other clean technologies.

Moving forward, Canada will continue to refine and expand its methodology for reporting on the emissions embodied in trade and will monitor how clean energy and technology exports support global decarbonization.

2.5 International reporting requirements

2.5.1 Submission of Canada’s First Biennial Transparency Report

Under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), Parties to the Paris Agreement are required to submit a BTR every two years. The BTR outlines each Party’s progress toward implementing their emissions reduction targets and is the primary avenue for Parties to communicate information on their participation to national, regional, and global climate efforts under the Paris Agreement. Information gathered through the ETF feeds into the Global Stocktake, which aims to assess collective progress towards long-term climate goals.

In December 2024, Canada submitted its First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR1) (PDF). The report was developed following adopted guidelines and processes of the ETF, with a focus on reporting on progress to achieve Canada’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for 2030. Other information included a summary of the national inventory report released earlier in 2024 and updates on policies and measures, climate change impacts and adaptation, and levels of financial, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building support. The report was developed with input across the federal government and provincial and territorial governments.

The BTR has replaced the Biennial Report, which Canada last submitted in December 2022 through its joint Eighth National Communication and Fifth Biennial Report (NC8/BR5). With BTR1, Canada introduced new procedures to better align domestic and international reporting. For example, measure IDs found in the implementation tables in section 6.2 are also found in Canada’s BTR1 to allow for tracking of policies and measures across international and domestic reporting.

2.5.2 Technical Expert Review and Facilitative Multilateral Consideration of Progress

Within two years of submitting a BTR, countries are required to take part in a two-step UNFCCC Secretariat-led review. The first step involves an in-country Technical Expert Review to assess whether countries fulfilled reporting requirements, consider the implementation and achievement of the NDC, and identify areas for improvement in the report. In April 2025, Canada hosted a team of international experts for the Technical Expert Review of BTR1. A final report will be published on the UNFCCC’s website. The international team of experts acknowledged the strong transparency and completeness of Canada’s reporting and provided recommendations for continued improvement.

Canada is expected to undergo the second step of UNFCCC Secretariat-led review in June 2026 through the Facilitated Multilateral Consideration of Progress. This will provide an opportunity to showcase and analyze Canada’s activities related to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as support provided, through a short presentation and live question and answer session.

Chapter 3: Progress update

Section 3.2 provides an update on progress toward the 2026 interim objective and 2030 target with reference to Canada’s most recent NIR and most recently published emissions projections. Section 3.3 provides a summary of the status of ERP measures, an overview of some of the key measures that are crucial for progressing towards Canada’s climate objectives and consideration of potential additional measures to push our progress further. Finally, Section 3.4 provides an assessment of the 2030 target, as required by section 14(1.2) of the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act.

3.1 How Canada assesses progress

Canada’s established methodology for reporting on progress toward emissions reduction targets includes both historical greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas emissions projections, which are both indicators within the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program, indicators under the Federal Sustainable Development Strategy (FSDS), and consistent with UNFCCC reporting guidelines. This approach for assessing progress is consistent with the CNZEAA, which further specifies that the most recently published data must be used.

3.1.1 Indicators of progress

The primary means through which Canada will assess achievement of its target is through emissions in the target year. This 2025 ERP Progress Report includes several measures to assess progress toward Canada’s GHG emissions reduction target, including:

• Emissions trajectory: The emissions trajectory combines historical and projected emissions. Historical emissions describe the path we have taken. Emissions projections indicate where we think emissions will be in the future, based on the best available information. The emissions trajectory, including historical and projected emissions, illustrates the expected peak of emissions and the pattern of emissions change. In other words, it shows if we are headed in the right direction and where we expect emissions to be in the target year.
• GHG emissions intensity: The ratio of GHG emissions and unit of GDP. GHG emissions intensity indicates how closely linked emissions are to economic growth. The decoupling of emissions from economic growth is an essential step toward achieving emissions reductions while maintaining economic prosperity.
• Implementation of measures: The assessment of implementation status for each ERP measure, using an assessment grid.
• Secondary sector-level indicators: The secondary indicators track progress relevant to emissions reductions in each economic sector. The indicators aim to capture timely insight into trends and results of climate actions across the Canadian economy, and reflect the efforts of government, civil society, businesses, and households to meet Canada’s climate goals.

3.2 Progress towards Canada’s 2026 interim objective and 2030 target

Canada’s emissions target is 40% to 45% below 2005 levels by 2030, with an interim objective of 20% below 2005 levels by 2026. Based on the most recent inventory of GHG emissions, and including the calculated LULUCF accounting contribution, Canada’s emissions were 655 Mt in 2023, or 14% below 2005 levels. The emissions intensity for the entire Canadian economy (GHG per GDP) in 2023 had declined by 45% since 1990 and by 34% since 2005. Based on data from Canada’s most recent NIR and the most recently published emissions projections, Canada’s GHG emissions peaked in 2007 and are projected to continue trending down.

Based on the 2025 “With Measures” emissions projections scenario, which models measures that are currently in place, and including the LULUCF accounting contribution:

• In 2026, Canada will reduce emissions by 16% below 2005 levels
• In 2030, Canada will reduce emission by 21% below 2005 levels

Based on the 2025 “With Additional Measures” emissions projections scenario, which models measures that are currently in place and those that have been announced but not yet fully implemented, and including the LULUCF accounting contribution:

• In 2026, Canada will reduce emissions by 16% below 2005 levels
• In 2030, Canada will reduce emission by 28% below 2005 levels

These data are used as Canada’s official assessment of progress towards our economy-wide emissions reduction targets. The secondary indicators that follow provide additional nuance to the story of how we have reached this point and may provide an indication of where we are headed.

3.2.1 Secondary indicators

This report is the first to include secondary indicators for each economic sector to, where possible, track progress relevant to Canada’s emissions reductions, independent of historical emissions. Drawing from existing data, the secondary indicators aim to capture timely insight into trends and results of climate actions across the Canadian economy, and reflect the efforts of governments, civil society, businesses, and households to meet Canada’s climate goals.

The addition of secondary indicators to Canada’s progress reports on GHG emissions reductions follows recommendations from the CESD to improve transparency by developing a framework that includes multiple performance indicators for sectors, with targets and interim milestones.² The Government of Canada will provide progress updates on these indicators in this and future reports on the 2030 ERP. Several indicators have specific targets; however, these do not constitute performance requirements for the sector, industries, or other economic actors involved. They serve only to provide information about the progress and/or impact of climate actions and may help inform whether adjustments are needed to ensure Canada achieves its climate objectives.

The secondary indicators were developed from March to October 2025. ECCC coordinated the process, in collaboration with other federal departments.

The reporting departments contributed to the development of the indicators, taking into account the following inclusion criteria:

• Relevance: Reflects progress relevant to emissions reductions within the given economic sector independent of historical emissions. Ideally reflects actions and efforts across the sector, beyond government programs and measures.
• Credibility: Is accurate and published by a reputable source.
• Accessibility: Is derived from existing data (with an existing target if possible) that is ideally publicly available.
• Timeliness: Presents recent data (no older than the most recent NIR reporting year) and is updated regularly (ideally at least once a year) to easily monitor progress and correct course as needed, and ideally is expected to be reported until 2030.
• Transparency: Is easy to understand.

The development of secondary indicators encountered several challenges and limitations. The primary challenge was data availability and timeliness. The CESD specifically recommended reporting on indicators that could fill the 16-month time gap from when Canada’s National Inventory Report (NIR) is published to better monitor progress and correct course as needed.^{Footnote III} Much of the Government of Canada’s publicly available data, however, is two to three years old; some data requiring more complex analysis is up to four or five years old. As a result, the timeliness criterion for the secondary indicators includes data from the most recent NIR reporting year. For this report, for example, this means only including indicators for which a progress update was available from 2023, 2024, or 2025. A similar challenge was the lack of accurate, recent data (from 2023 or newer) that reflected each sector beyond federal programs, and beyond emissions data from the NIR. Much of the relevant sector-wide data was three to four years old or did not exist at the time of this report’s publication. In these cases, indicators reflecting federal programs are used.

Including milestones and targets for each indicator proved to be another challenge. Some indicators drawn from existing frameworks have established targets; very few had interim milestones. Some of the existing targets are currently under review, and many indicators in this list did not have a pre-existing target. Due to time constraints that would not allow for sufficient research, analysis, and stakeholder engagement to develop new, evidence-based targets or interim milestones, it was decided to only use existing targets and interim milestones and not create anything new at this time. While not ideal, tracking indicators without targets and/or interim milestones over the next five years can still provide valuable information on trends and progress.

Below, each Canadian economic sector is introduced with its primary indicator of progress— annual GHG emissions—and a summary of major trends within the sector over time. This is followed by the secondary indicators of progress for that sector, presented individually with a discussion of their respective target (where available), progress, and trends. The Government of Canada is working to contribute to the desired outcomes of these indicators through several measures and strategies included in the Implementation Table (see Section 6.2).

3.2.2 Economy-wide progress

In 2023, Canada’s total GHG emissions were 694 Mt CO₂ eq, excluding the Land Use, Land‑Use Change and Forestry sector (LULUCF). Canada’s GHG emissions decreased 8.5% (‑65 Mt CO₂ eq) between 2005 and 2023, largely attributed to reduced emissions from the Electricity and Heavy Industry sectors. The Buildings and Waste sectors also reduced emissions. Emissions from the Transport sector in 2023 were similar to 2005 levels. Sectors that increased emissions over this period were Agriculture and Oil and Gas (see Section 2.1 for more details).³ The secondary indicators of economy-wide progress provide insights into trends relevant to emissions reductions across more than one economic sector.

Secondary Indicator 1.1 Number of active, new, and completed major (over $10 million) clean technology projects in natural resources sectors

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Increase the number of new, active, and completed clean energy projects introduced each year to support Canada’s transition to clean technology.

Progress update

In 2024, there were 215 energy and forest projects.

From 2023 to 2024, there were 67 new projects, and 28 completed projects.

Trend summary: Clean power and low-carbon fuels are essential for Canada to meet its climate goals. The clean technology market presents opportunities to assist with the transition to low-carbon economies, both domestically and abroad. In recent years, Canada has had a steady flow of initiatives meeting minimum capital thresholds (over $10 million) for clean technology projects in natural resources sectors. In 2021, there were 178 qualifying projects, rising to 233 in 2023. Clean technology projects in 2024 are found in the energy and forest sectors and are primarily comprised of renewable electricity or non-emitting energy projects, including carbon capture and storage, representing $194.2 billion in potential investment.⁴ Although the number of projects dipped slightly in 2024 to 215, the overall trend reflects sustained investment across key sectors supporting economic growth and environmental goals.

Figure 3-1. Number of active, new, and completed major clean technology projects in natural resources sectors, 2021 to 2024

Data source: Natural Resources Canada: Major Projects Planned or Under Construction 2024 to 2034. Table 4. Updated 2025-09-11.

Unit of measurement: Number of projects

Data source: Natural Resources Canada. Major Projects Planned or Under Construction 2024 to 2034. Table 4: Clean Technology Project Trends, 2021 to 2024. Updated 2025-09-11.

Parallel reporting: NA

Secondary Indicator 1.2 Number of jobs in environmental and clean technology

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Increase the number of environmental and clean technology jobs to support Canada’s transition to a net-zero economy.

Progress update

In 2023, there were 354,257 environmental and clean technology jobs across all industries.

Trend summary: The number of environmental and clean technology jobs across all industries has generally trended upward in recent years, increasing 9.8% between 2019 and 2023. After a slight dip in 2020 to 296,596 jobs—a decrease of 8.1% from 2019, likely due to pandemic‑related impacts—employment rebounded in 2021 and has continued to rise. By 2023, there were 354,257 environmental and clean technology jobs in Canada. This sustained growth reflects rising demand for green skills and sustainable practices, and the expanding role of clean technology in the broader economy.

Figure 3-2. Number of environmental and clean technology jobs, 2019 to 2023

Data source: Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0632-01. Environmental and Clean Technology Products Economic Account, employment. Updated 2024-12-20.

Unit of measurement: Number of jobs

Data source: Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0632-01. Environmental and Clean Technology Products Economic Account, employment. Updated 2024-12-20.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal Results Framework for Climate Change Mitigation

Secondary Indicator 1.3 Number of Canadian businesses that joined the Net-Zero Challenge

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Increase the number of Canadian businesses and organizations transitioning their facilities and operations to net-zero emissions by 2050.

Progress update

As of October 2025, 308 businesses have taken on the Net-Zero Challenge, including 230 small and medium enterprises and 78 large businesses.

Trend summary: Since its launch in 2022, the Net-Zero Challenge has seen steady growth in participation. Starting with just 12 founding companies at launch, the number of participants rose to 130 by November 2023.⁵ By October 2025, 308 businesses and organizations had joined the initiative.⁶

Figure 3-3. Number of participants in Canada’s Net-Zero Challenge, 2022 to 2025

Data source: Environment and Climate Change Canada: “Launching the Net-Zero Challenge to recognize and support businesses transitioning to cleaner operations”; Environment and Climate Change Canada: “Canadian businesses continue to join the Net-Zero Challenge to drive climate action”; SAS: “SAS joins Government of Canada’s Net-Zero Challenge”; Government of Canada. The Net-Zero Challenge.

Unit of measurement: Number of businesses

Data source: Government of Canada. The Net-Zero Challenge. Updated 2025-10-07.

Parallel reporting: NA

Secondary Indicator 1.4. Number of research, development, and demonstration projects for carbon capture, utilization and storage supported by the Energy Innovation Program

Target

80 projects supported by March 31, 2026.

Desired outcome

Increase the number of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) projects to help meet Canada’s net-zero goals.

Progress update

99 projects supported as of March 31, 2025.

Trend summary: Between April 2022 and March 2025, the Energy Innovation Program supported 99 research, development and demonstration (RD&D) projects for CCUS, surpassing the target of 80 projects supported by March 2026 a year early. While the primary focus of the Energy Innovation Program is decarbonisation of Canada’s industrial sector, benefits are also expected for oil and gas, energy production, and other sectors.

Unit of measurement: Number of projects

Data source: Natural Resources Canada. Office of Energy Research and Development. Internal reporting. Updated 2025-03-31.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal Results Framework for Climate Change Mitigation

3.2.3 Progress in the Buildings sector

The Buildings sector represents emissions arising directly from residential homes and commercial buildings. In 2023, the Buildings sector contributed 83 Mt CO₂ eq (12%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions. Since 2005, the sector’s emissions have remained relatively stable, dropping by 2.3%, despite population growth and commercial development.⁷ Energy intensity of buildings—the amount of energy used per square meter of building stock—has improved, going down 24.7% between 2005 and 2022; from 0.85 gigajoules per square meter (GJ/m²) to 0.64 GJ/m².⁸ Almost all buildings’ operating emissions (over 96%) come from space and water heating from the use of equipment that runs on fossil fuels.⁹ The Government of Canada is working with provinces and territories, communities, and Indigenous Peoples to transition away from fossil fuels for space and water heating, such as switching to heat pumps.

Figure 3-4. Buildings sector GHG emissions, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

Secondary Indicator 2.1. Number of heat pumps shipped to Canada

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Increase the number of heat pumps in Canada’s residential buildings to reduce emissions from residential homes.

Progress update

In 2024, 31,642 residential heat pumps were shipped to Canada.

Trend summary: Shipment data provides an early indication of heat pump uptake, as more Canadians buy heat pumps to install them in their homes.10 Between 2020 and 2024, the number of heat pumps shipped to Canada has increased by an average of 5% annually while furnaces shipped have declined by an average of 3.4% annually, suggesting that the gap between heat pumps and furnaces in Canada is narrowing, according to analysis by the Canadian Climate Institute.¹⁰ Between 2023 and 2024, however, the number of residential heat pumps shipped to Canada decreased by 17%, while the number of furnaces shipped increased 6%.¹¹ This does not necessarily represent a trend, since long-term data is needed to determine the pattern over time.

The number of Canadian households that have installed a heat pump is growing. In 2023, the last year for which data is available, 9% of Canadian households had heat pump systems as their main source of heating, compared to 6% in 2021 and 3% in 2015.¹² According to the Canadian Climate Institute, to achieve net-zero emissions, heat pumps are projected to represent over 10% of total home heating in Canada by 2030, and 99% of home heating in 2050 is projected to be entirely or mostly powered by electricity, including, in some cases, heat pumps backed up by gas in a hybrid system.¹³

Unit of measurement: Number of heat pumps shipped to Canada per year

Data source: Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute. Mixed Trend in Shipments for 2024 vs 2023 (PDF). 2025-01-11.

Parallel reporting: NA

3.2.4 Progress in the Electricity sector

The Electricity sector represents all emissions from electric utility generation and transmission for residential, industrial, and commercial users. In 2023, the Electricity sector contributed 49 Mt CO₂ eq (7%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions. Since 2005, the sector’s emissions have dropped by 58% despite an 8% increase in demand, mainly driven by national progress phasing out unabated coal power.¹⁴

Focusing on electricity generated by utilities, electricity from coal decreased 76.8% between 2005 and 2023, while electricity from natural gas increased 139.6%.^{Footnote IV} In 2022, combustion from natural gas—a lower emitting fossil fuel—replaced coal as the leading source of GHG emissions from electricity generation. In 2023, natural gas combustion produced 12.8% of Canada’s electricity and 57.8% (33.6 Mt CO₂ eq) of GHG emissions from utility-generated electricity. The shift away from unabated coal power toward natural gas has improved the environmental efficiency of Canada’s electricity generation: emissions intensity (the amount of emissions produced per unit of electricity generated) fell 52.9% between 2005 and 2023.¹⁵

To reduce GHG emissions from the Electricity sector, federal, provincial, and territorial governments have taken significant steps, such as strengthening emissions regulations. The federal government has committed more than $60 billion in potential financial support to provinces and territories in the transition to clean electricity.¹⁶

Figure 3-5. Electricity sector GHG emissions, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

Secondary Indicator 3.1. Proportion of electricity generated from renewable and non-greenhouse gas-emitting sources in Canada

Target

By 2030, 90% of Canada's electricity is generated from renewable and non-emitting sources.^{Footnote V}

Desired outcome

Canadians have access to clean and renewable energy.

Progress update

In 2024, 79.4% of electricity generated in Canada was from renewable and non-GHG-emitting sources.^{Footnote VI} By energy source:

• Hydro sources: 56.1%
• Nuclear sources: 13.4%
• Wind sources: 7.5%
• Biomass sources: 1.5%
• Solar sources: 0.9% (may be underrepresented)

Trend summary: Since 2015, the proportion of electricity generated from renewable and non‑GHG-emitting sources in Canada has hovered around 80.5%, fluctuating mildly year over year.¹⁷ The decline since 2023 is due to persistent dry conditions that reduced hydroelectricity generation.¹⁸

Reducing GHG emissions from the Electricity sector is an area of shared cooperation with provinces and territories. Provinces and territories hold jurisdiction over electricity planning and operations within their borders, while the federal government regulates emissions, nuclear energy and international power lines. The choice of electricity generation technology rests with provinces and territories.

Figure 3-6. Proportion of electricity generated from renewable and non-greenhouse gas-emitting sources in Canada, 2015 to 2024

Data source: CIF-SDGs Indicator 7.2.1.

Unit of measurement: Percentage

Data source: Statistics Canada. Table 25-10-0015-01 Electric power generation, monthly generation by type of electricity. Updated 2025-09-17.

Parallel reporting:

• CIF-SDG Indicator 7.2.1
• Horizontal Results Framework for Climate Change Mitigation
• NRCan Departmental Results Report

Secondary Indicator 3.2. Number of coal-fired electricity units in operation

Target

Phase out unabated coal-fired electricity by 2030.

Desired outcome

Phase out unabated coal-fired electricity to reduce emissions from the Electricity sector.

Progress update

As of December 2024, 17 coal-fired electricity units were still operating in Canada.

Trend summary: Between 2005 and 2023, coal-fired electricity generation in Canada decreased 76.8%. In 2023, coal generated only 3.9% of Canada’s utility-generated electricity (down from 16.9% in 2005) but produced 36.7% of GHG emissions from the Electricity sector.¹⁹ The reduction in electricity generated from coal has been replaced by electricity from natural gas (a lower emitting fossil fuel) and non-emitting energy sources including nuclear, hydro, and non-hydro renewables. Canada’s remaining active coal-fired generating stations are located in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have plans to cease coal-fired power generation by 2030, replacing it with imports from other provinces as well as wind, solar, nuclear, and biomass sources within the two provinces.²⁰ The Saskatchewan First Energy Security Strategy and Supply Plan (PDF), released in October 2025, confirms that coal-fired generation will continue to serve as a bridge to meet Saskatchewan’s energy needs as the province aims for a carbon-neutral Electricity sector by 2050.²¹

The Government of Canada first introduced regulations to limit GHG emissions from coal-fired power plants in 2012. Federal regulations now require all coal-fired electricity generating units to comply with an emissions performance standard of 420 tonnes of carbon dioxide per gigawatt hour of electricity produced (t of CO₂/GWh) by January 1, 2030 at the latest, which means that operating a coal-fired power plant in Canada will require the use of abatement technology.

Unit of measurement: Number of generating units

Data source: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Environmental Protection Branch. See also: Government of Canada. Powering Past Coal Alliance: phasing out coal. Updated 2024-12-03.

Parallel reporting: NA

3.2.5 Progress in the Heavy Industry sector

The Heavy Industry sector represents emissions arising from metal and non-metal mining activities, smelting and refining, and the production and processing of industrial goods such as paper or cement. In 2023, the Heavy Industry sector contributed 78 Mt CO₂ eq (11%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions. Within the sector, metals (iron, steel, and smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals; 31.8%) and chemicals and fertilizers (29.6%) were the largest sources of GHG emissions. Between 2005 and 2023, emissions from the Heavy Industry sector fell 11% (-9.5 Mt CO₂ eq). In more recent years, Heavy Industry emissions have fallen as a result of reduced economic activity and the continued evolution of Canadian production towards other sectors and services.²² The Government of Canada supports businesses in their efforts to decarbonize their industrial processes and remain competitive in the global economy, in particular by encouraging the development and adoption of clean technologies.

Figure 3-7. Heavy Industry sector GHG emissions, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

 Secondary Indicator 4.1. Number of funding agreements for industry projects with a clean technology component under the Strategic Response Fund – Net Zero Accelerator

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Increase the number of Canadian companies that contribute to meeting Canada’s target of reducing GHG emissions by 40% to 45% by 2030 and achieve net zero by 2050.

Progress update

As of September 2025, the Strategic Response Fund (SRF) has executed 26 funding agreements with a clean technology component in the industry sector.

Trend summary: The SRF supports large-scale investments in key industrial sectors, including iron and steel, aluminum and metals refining and processing. In March 2023, 13 contribution agreements had been signed under the SRF - Net Zero Accelerator initiative, including two with large emitters in heavy industry. By March 2024, 21 contribution agreements had been signed. As of September 2025, the SRF had executed a total of 26 funding agreements involving a clean technology component. The trend is advancing toward the desired outcome of increasing the number of Canadian companies that contribute to reducing GHG emissions.

Unit of measurement: Number of funding agreements

Data source: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada.

Parallel reporting: NA

Secondary Indicator 4.2. Emission intensity per dollar of GDP of Canada’s industrial processes – total manufacturing

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Decrease the emission intensity of Canada’s industrial processes to support emissions reductions in Canada’s Heavy Industry sector.

Progress update

2023: 340 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent, adjusted to 2017 dollars (gCO₂ eq/$2017)

Trend summary: The emissions per dollar of GDP (total intensity) of the Canadian manufacturing industry fell by 25.8% between 2015 and 2023, from 458 gCO₂ eq/$2017 to 340 gCO₂ eq/$2017.²³ The trend is advancing toward the desired outcome of decreasing emission intensity of Canada’s industrial processes.

Figure 3-8. Emission intensity per dollar of GDP of Canada’s industrial processes (total intensity), 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 to 2023

Data source: CEEDC | NAICS Database. 2023.

Unit of measurement: grams of carbon dioxide equivalent, adjusted to 2017 dollars (gCO₂ eq/$2017), total intensity

Data source: Canadian Energy and Emissions Data Centre (CEEDC). (2023). CEEDC Database on Energy, Emissions, and Production for Canadian Industry. (NAICS code: 31-33: Total Manufacturing). Simon Fraser University.

Parallel reporting: NA

3.2.6 Progress in the Oil and Gas sector

The Oil and Gas sector represents all emissions that are created in the extraction, distribution, refining and upgrading of oil and gas products. In 2023, the Oil and Gas sector contributed 208 Mt CO₂ eq (30%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions, the largest share of GHG emissions in Canada. The oil sands subsector accounted for 89 Mt CO₂ eq (43%) of the sector’s total emissions, followed by natural gas production and processing (52 Mt CO₂ eq, or 25%), conventional oil production (38 Mt CO₂ eq, or 18%) and petroleum refining (17 Mt CO₂ eq, or 8%).²⁴

Between 1990 and 2023, GHG emissions from this sector increased by 91 Mt CO₂ eq (77%), during which total crude oil production more than doubled in Canada. Most of this increase is due to expansion in Canada’s oil sands, which increased production by 800% and increased emissions by around 480% (over 73 Mt CO₂ eq) over this period. Despite such growth, the sector has delivered marked improvements in environmental performance: emission intensity in the oil sands (defined as the average amount of GHG emissions generated per barrel of oil equivalent) decreased by nearly 40% between 1990 and 2023, from 126 kg to 76 kg CO₂ eq per barrel, and conventional heavy oil saw a reduction of over 44% during the same time period, from 136 kg to 76 kg CO₂ eq per barrel. These trends highlight significant progress in reducing the carbon emissions intensity of Canada’s crude oil production even as output has grown.²⁵

Natural gas production and processing also increased between 1990 and 2023, with corresponding growth in emissions of 37% (38 Mt CO₂ eq in 1990 to 52 Mt CO₂ eq in 2023). Emissions associated with natural gas production and processing peaked in 2007, and have been in decline since, falling 33% (-26 Mt CO₂ eq) by 2023, despite a 16% increase in production over the same period. This resulted in an overall decrease in the emissions intensity of natural gas production, largely achieved through advances in leak detection technologies, reduced flaring and venting, increased electrification of the productions process, and stricter emissions regulations.²⁶

Between 2019 and 2023, the Oil and Gas sector’s GHG emissions declined 6.5% (14 Mt CO₂ eq), which coincides with federal and provincial regulations to reduce methane emissions from the upstream oil and gas industry. These regulations came into effect in 2020.²⁷

According to the International Energy Agency, Canada has the lowest upstream methane intensity in the region, while the United States and Mexico perform close to the global average.²⁸ As of 2023, methane emissions from the Oil and Gas sector declined 39.9% relative to 2012 levels.²⁹ This indicates that Canada is on track to meet the federal target to reduce methane emissions by 40% to 45% below 2012 levels by 2025 from the oil and gas sector.³⁰ Methane intensity of total oil and gas production also decreased significantly between 2012 and 2023, by 57%.³¹

Canada was the world’s third largest exporter of crude oil in 2023 and the fourth largest producer of crude oil in 2024.³² Between 1990 and 2023, Canadian crude oil exports increased over 522%.³³ In 2024, over 80% of the crude oil that Canada produced was exported: 4.1 million barrels per day (MMb/d) of the 5.1 MMb/d produced. While increasing exports, Canada also imports crude oil, bringing in 0.7 MMb/d of crude oil in 2024.³⁴

In 2024, 47% of the natural gas that Canada produced was exported.³⁵ Between 1990 and 2023, Canadian natural gas exports increased by approximately 100%.³⁶ In 2024, Canada also imported about 2.6 Bcf/d of natural gas.³⁷

The United States is Canada’s primary trading partner for oil and gas. In 2024, the United States received 96% of Canada’s crude oil exports, and 100% of Canada’s natural gas exports. Of the crude oil and natural gas that Canada imported in 2024, 76% and 98%, respectively, originated in the United States.³⁸

Figure 3-9. GHG Emissions from the Oil and Gas sector, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

Secondary Indicator 5.1. Annual lifecycle carbon intensity of gasoline and diesel: Compliance under Canada’s Clean Fuel Regulations

Target

14 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per megajoule (gCO₂eq/MJ) (15%) below the baseline reference for gasoline and diesel (2016) by 2030. Regulatory requirement will increase by 1.5 gCO₂eq/MJ each year, reaching 14 gCO₂eq/MJ in 2030.

Indicator tracks compliance with annual requirement among reporting organizations.

Desired outcome

Reduce the life cycle carbon intensity of gasoline and diesel, thereby reducing emissions under the Clean Fuel Regulations, building on the Renewable Fuels Regulations.

Progress update

Compliance with 2023 requirement of 3.5 gCO₂e/MJ reduction in carbon intensity from 2016 levels, as of September 2025:

• Gasoline: 100% compliance from primary suppliers that have submitted a report (15 organizations)
• Diesel: 96% compliance from primary suppliers that have submitted a report (22 of 23 organizations)

Trend summary: The carbon intensity of a fuel is a measure of the GHG emissions from the extraction, refining, distribution, and use of the fuel. To help reduce emissions from oil and gas, the Clean Fuel Regulations aim to make the gasoline and diesel that Canadians use every day progressively cleaner over time. The baseline carbon intensity of Canada’s gasoline is 95 gCO₂e/MJ and the baseline carbon intensity of diesel is 93 gCO₂e/MJ, based on 2016 levels.³⁹ Because the regulations came into effect in 2023, historical data is not yet available to establish a trend.

Unit of measurement: Percentage of reporting organizations in compliance with annual requirement.

Data source: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environmental Protection Branch, Carbon Markets Bureau.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal Results Framework for Climate Change Mitigation

3.2.7 Progress in the Transport sector

The Transport sector represents all emissions arising from domestic passenger transport, freight transport, as well as recreational, commercial and residential off-road equipment. In 2023, the Transport sector contributed 157 Mt CO₂ eq (23%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions, the second largest share of GHG emissions in Canada. Since 2005, the sector’s emissions have generally increased, with a notable decrease in 2020. Transport sector emissions in 2023 were similar to 2005 levels. In 2023, the majority of emissions from the Transport sector came from cars, light trucks, and motorcycles for passenger transport (52.5%).⁴⁰ Since 1990, the number of light trucks increased more rapidly than the increase of other passenger on-road vehicles. While fuel efficiency of both passenger cars and light trucks has improved, it has not improved enough to offset the increases in emissions due to the change in composition of the vehicle fleet.⁴¹

To reduce GHG emissions from the Transport sector, the federal government has committed to several strategies such as encouraging adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and reducing emissions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles.

Figure 3-10. Transport sector GHG emissions, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

Secondary Indicator 6.1. Market share of new light-duty zero-emission vehicles

Target

By 2035, 100% of new light-duty zero-emission vehicle sales will be zero-emission; including an interim target of 60% by 2030.^{Footnote VII}

Desired outcome

Increase adoption of zero-emission on-road vehicles to reduce emissions from on-road transportation.

rogress update

In 2024, the percentage of new light-duty vehicle registrations that were zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) was 15.4%.

Trend summary: Passenger transport is a major contributor to Canada’s GHG emissions, with cars, light trucks and motorcycles averaging 11.5% of total national emissions, and 52.6% of Transport sector emissions between 2005 and 2023.⁴² Wider adoption of ZEVs will play a leading role in reducing Canada’s emissions by 2050.⁴³

Light-duty vehicles (LDVs) include most personal vehicles, like cars, sport utility vehicles, and light pick-up trucks.⁴⁴ Overall adoption of light-duty ZEVs in Canada has steadily increased since 2020, reaching 15.4% of all new light-duty vehicle sales in 2024. Battery electric vehicle (BEV) adoption rose from 2.7% of new vehicle sales in 2020 to 11.4% in 2024. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) rose more modestly, from 1.1% in 2020 to 3.9% in 2024.⁴⁵ However, ZEV demand has fallen in 2025,⁴⁶ following the pause or elimination of federal and provincial EV incentive programs, and in conjunction with other factors, such as US tariffs, significant changes to the US ZEV policy, and Canada’s 100% surtax on Chinese electric vehicles.

Figure 3-11. Percentage of zero-emission vehicles as a share of new light-duty vehicle registrations in Canada, 2020 to 2024

Data source: Transport Canada. ZEV Council Dashboard. Updated 2025-07-29.

Unit of measurement: Percentage of new LDV registrations in Canada per year

Data source: S&P Global Mobility. New Registration Data. Updated 2025-08-31.

Transport Canada shares data on Canada’s ZEV adoption on the ZEV Council Dashboard. Updated 2025-07-29.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal Results Framework for Climate Change Mitigation

Secondary Indicator 6.2. Market share of new medium- and heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles

Target

By 2030, 35% of new medium- and heavy-duty vehicle sales are zero emission, and 100% by 2040 for a subset of vehicle types based on feasibility.^{Footnote VIII}

Desired outcome

Increase adoption of zero-emission on-road vehicles to reduce emissions from on-road transportation.

Progress update

In 2024, the percentage of new medium- and heavy-duty vehicle registrations that were zero emission was 1.4%.

Trend summary: Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs) include trucks, cargo vans, shuttles, and other commercial vehicles.⁴⁷ Since 2021, the share of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) in new MHDV sales has shown an overall upward trend, despite some year-to-year fluctuations. In 2021, ZEVs made up just 0.2% of total new MDV and HDV sales. This figure rose to 1.9% in 2023, reflecting growing momentum in the adoption of cleaner transportation technologies, following the introduction of the Incentives for Medium- and Heavy-duty Zero-Emission Vehicles (iMHZEV) Program. In 2024, the percentage dipped slightly to 1.4%,⁴⁸ which suggests that while progress continues, several challenges remain that are preventing a swift transition to zero-emission vehicles in the commercial and heavy-duty vehicle market.

Figure 3-12. Percentage of medium- and heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles as a share of new medium- and heavy-duty vehicle registrations in Canada, 2021 to 2024

Data source: Transport Canada. ZEV Council Dashboard. Updated 2025-07-29.

Unit of measurement: Percentage of new MHDV registrations in Canada per year

Data source: S&P Global Mobility. New Registration Data. Updated 2025-08-31.

Transport Canada shares data on Canada’s ZEV adoption on the ZEV Council Dashboard. Updated 2025-07-29.

Parallel reporting: NA

Secondary Indicator 6.3. Number of publicly available electric vehicle and alternative fuelling stations

Target

Annual increase of 30% of publicly available electric vehicle charging and alternative fueling stations in Canada.

Desired outcome

Increase access to publicly available electric vehicle chargers and hydrogen refueling stations.

Progress update

As of September 2025, there were 13,869 electric vehicle charging stations and 8 hydrogen stations.

Trend summary: Since 2010, the number of electric vehicle charging and fueling stations in Canada has grown dramatically, reflecting strong infrastructure development to support the transition to cleaner transportation. Starting with just 109 electric vehicle stations in 2010, the network expanded steadily over the next several years, reaching 1,367 by 2017. Growth accelerated significantly after 2018, with the station count jumping 229% by 2021, from 1,823 to 5,989.⁴⁹ This momentum has carried through recent years, reaching 13,869 electric vehicle charging stations and eight hydrogen stations by September 2025.

According to historical data reported in the Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (CIF-SDGs) for Indicator 9.6.1 (number of publicly available electric vehicle charging and alternative fuelling stations in Canada), between 2011 and 2024, the average annual increase in number of stations was 43.6%, which exceeds the target of an annual increase of 30% of publicly available stations.⁵⁰

Figure 3-13. Number of publicly available electric vehicle charging and alternative fuelling stations, 2010 to 2024

Data source: CIF-SDG Indicator 9.6.1.

Unit of measurement: Number of stations

Data source: Natural Resources Canada. Electric Charging and Alternative Fueling Station Locator.

Parallel reporting:

• CIF-SDG Indicator 9.6.1

3.2.8 Progress in the Agriculture sector

The Agriculture sector is comprised of three subsectors: crop production, animal production, and on farm fuel use. In 2023, the Agriculture sector contributed 69 Mt CO₂ eq (10%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions.^{Footnote IX} Between 2005 and 2023, emissions from this sector increased 5.6%. Though emissions from animal production (enteric fermentation, manure storage, manure deposited by grazing animals, and application of manure to managed soils) have always represented at least half of the sector’s total emissions, emissions from animal production declined 20.2% between 2005 and 2023. Over the same period, emissions from crop production increased by 76.9%. Between 2005 and 2023, the proportion of the sector’s emissions from crop production increased from 16% (11 Mt CO₂ eq) to 26.9% (19 Mt CO₂ eq).⁵¹ The drivers of these changes are decreasing cattle populations combined with increasing crop production and fertilizer use.⁵² The federal government is supporting net GHG emissions reductions from the Agriculture sector through programs such as Agricultural Climate Solutions and the Agricultural Clean Technology Program.

Figure 3-14. Agriculture sector GHG emissions, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

Secondary Indicator 7.1 Number of clean technologies adopted under the Agricultural Clean Technology Program – Adoption Stream

Target

1,200 adopted agricultural clean technologies by March 31, 2026.

Desired outcome

Increase adoption of agricultural clean technologies.

Progress update

As of March 2025: 478 clean technologies adopted.

Trend summary: Since the launch of the Agricultural Clean Technology Program in 2021 to March 2025, 481 projects have been funded, leading to the adoption of 478 clean technologies reported by completed projects as of March 2025. This represents progress to date of 39.8% toward the target of 1,200 adopted agricultural clean technologies by March 31, 2026. The technology adoption projects support ongoing efforts to help farmers reduce GHG emissions and develop climate-smart technologies. According to AAFC, the estimated emissions reductions resulting from the adoption of clean technologies through the program are 0.1602 Mt CO₂ eq as of March 31, 2025. This information is collected from performance reports for completed projects. Results are expected to increase with the completion of projects and more performance reporting.

Unit of measurement: Number of adopted agricultural clean technologies

Data source: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Programs Branch.

Parallel reporting:

• 2023 to 2027 Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Horizontal Results Framework for Climate Change Mitigation

Secondary Indicator 7.2 Number of beneficial management practices developed or improved that increase carbon sequestration and/or reduce GHG emissions

Target

By March 31, 2031: 336 beneficial management practices (BMPs) that increase carbon sequestration and 271 BMPs that reduce GHG emissions.

Desired outcome

Producers co-develop, test, and adopt technologies and practices, including beneficial management practices, that sequester carbon and/or mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Progress update

As of March 2024: 87 BMPs are being developed or improved that are intended to increase carbon sequestration; 71 BMPs are being developed or improved that are intended to reduce GHG emissions.^{Footnote X}

Trend summary: As of March 2024, 87 BMPs are being developed or improved with the goal of increasing carbon sequestration, while 71 BMPs are being developed or improved to reduce GHG emissions. This represents progress to date of 25.9% towards the target of 336 BMPs that increase carbon sequestration, and 26.2% towards the target of 271 BMPs that reduce GHG emissions by March 31, 2031. These BMPs are being developed through Agricultural Climate Solutions - Living Labs, which brings together farmers, scientists, and other participants to co-develop, test, and monitor BMPs and technologies in a real-life context on Canadian farms. Since the program launched in 2021, a Canada-wide network of 14 Living Labs has been established, spanning all provinces. Budget 2025 announced that AAFC will wind down the Agricultural Climate Solution Living Labs.

Unit of measurement: Number of beneficial management practices

Data source: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Programs Branch.

Parallel reporting:

• 2023 to 2027 Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Horizontal Results Framework for the Natural Climate Solutions Fund

Secondary Indicator 7.3 Number of unique producers implementing new beneficial management practices (BMPs) or expanding BMP adoption on new acres of land with support of the On-Farm Climate Action Fund (OFCAF)

Target

14,000 unique producers by March 31, 2028.

Desired outcome

Farmers adopt beneficial management practices that store carbon and reduce greenhouse gases, specifically in the area of nitrogen management, cover cropping and rotational grazing.

Progress update

As of March 2024, 8,211 unique producers have implemented new BMPs or expanded BMP adoption on new acres of land with support of the OFCAF since 2022.

Trend summary: As of March 2024, 8,211 unique producers had implemented new BMPs or expanded BMP adoption on new acres of land with support of the OFCAF since the Fund’s start in 2022. This represents progress to date of 58.7% toward the target of 14,000 unique producers by March 31, 2028. The OFCAF supports farmers in adopting BMPs that store carbon and reduce GHGs, specifically in the areas of nitrogen management, cover cropping, and rotational grazing practices. AAFC estimates that the OFCAF has led to GHG emissions reductions of 0.46 Mt CO₂ eq for 2022-23 to 2023-24.

Unit of measurement: Number of unique producers

Data source: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Programs Branch.

Parallel reporting:

• 2023 to 2027 Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Horizontal Results Framework for the Natural Climate Solutions Fund

3.2.9 Progress in the Waste sector

The Waste sector represents emissions from solid waste, wastewater, and waste incineration. In 2023, the Waste sector contributed 23 Mt CO₂ eq (3.3%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions. Between 2005 and 2023, emissions from this sector decreased slightly, by 2.34% (‑0.55 Mt CO₂ eq). Since 2005, the vast majority (on average around 88%) of emissions from the Waste sector have come from solid waste, which includes municipal landfills, dedicated wood waste landfills, and other treatment of municipal solid waste. In Canada’s reporting of GHG emissions by economic sector, emissions from waste are accounted for in the broader “Waste and Others” category, which in 2023 contributed 50 Mt CO₂ eq (7.2%) to Canada’s total national GHG emissions.⁵³

Figure 3-15. Waste sector GHG emissions, 2005 and 2018 to 2023

Data source: NIR 2025, Table A10-2.

Secondary Indicator 8.1 Total solid waste diversion per person

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Divert more waste from landfills (increase waste diversion) to reduce emissions from Canada’s waste sector.

Progress update

In 2023, total solid waste diversion per person was 245.5 kilograms.^{Footnote XI}

Trend summary. Around 88% of GHG emissions from Canada’s Waste sector comes from solid waste, which includes municipal landfills, dedicated wood waste landfills, and other treatment of municipal solid waste. Between 2018 and 2023, total solid waste diversion per person shows a modest decrease of 4.7%. In 2018, the diversion rate was 257.64 kilograms (kg) per person, slightly increasing in 2020 (1.1%) to 260.41 kg per person. Since then, solid waste diversion per person has decreased nearly 15 kg, to 245.5 kg per person in 2023. Canadians are thus diverting less solid waste on average, while the goal is to divert more waste from landfills.

Figure 3-16. Total solid waste diversion per person, 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2023

Data source: CIF-SDG Indicator 12.3.1.

Unit of measurement: Kilograms diverted per person per year

Data sources:

• Statistics Canada. Table 38-10-0179-01. Waste materials diverted by type and by source. Updated 2025-04-04.
• Statistics Canada. Table 17-10-0005-01. Population estimates on July 1, by age and gender. Updated 2025-09-24.

Parallel reporting:

• CESI. Solid waste diversion and disposal per person
• CIF-SDG Indicator 12.3.1

Secondary Indicator 8.2 Total organic waste diverted from landfills

Target

No explicit target.

Desired outcome

Divert more biodegradable waste from landfills (increase waste diversion) to reduce GHG emissions.

Progress update

In 2023, 3,060,604 tonnes of organic waste were diverted from landfills.

Trend summary: Food is the largest type of waste that Canadians send to landfills annually. When disposed of in landfills, food and other organic waste produce methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Reducing food and other organic waste disposal is an effective way to lower landfill methane emissions.⁵⁴ Between 2018 and 2023, total organic waste diversion in Canada increased modestly, by 6.3%. It peaked in 2020 at 3,152,774 tonnes, followed by a gradual decline to 3,060,604 tonnes in 2023 (-2.9%).⁵⁵ While the overall trend is positive, the declining rate of diversion over the last three years suggests that Canada may be moving away from the goal of diverting more organic waste from landfills.

Figure 3-17. Total organic waste diverted from landfills, 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2023

Data source: Statistics Canada Table 38-10-0179-01. Updated 2025-04-04.

Unit of measurement: Tonnes diverted per year

Data source: Statistics Canada. Table 38-10-0179-01. Waste materials diverted, by type and by source. Updated 2025-04-04.

Parallel reporting:

• CESI. Solid waste diversion by type of material

Secondary Indicator 8.3. Percent of wild capture commercial fisheries with licences revised for ghost gear best practices based on gear type

Target

20% of wild capture commercial fisheries have revised licences for ghost gear best practices based on gear type by March 31, 2026.

Desired outcome

Improve ghost gear management to reduce its impacts on the ocean’s capacity to regulate the climate.

Progress update

As of March 2025, 8% of wild capture commercial fisheries had licences revised for ghost gear best practices based on gear type.

Trend summary: Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), also known as “ghost gear,” affects the climate by reducing marine ecosystems’ ability to sequester carbon. Ghost gear and other types of marine plastic waste also directly emit GHGs through their production and decomposition.⁵⁶ Reducing gear loss decreases the number of fuel-intensive trips harvesters make to retrieve lost gear, thus directly reducing GHG emissions from fishing operations. Addressing the problem of ghost gear will help mitigate its detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems, livelihoods, and the climate.

Between March 2023 and March 2025, 8% of wild capture commercial fisheries in Canada had revised their licences for ALDFG best practices based on gear type. This represents progress of 40% toward the target of 20% of wild capture commercial fisheries with revised licences by March 2026. In 2019, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) established the Ghost Gear Program to address this source of marine pollution. As of January 2025, a total of 2,475 tonnes of ghost gear (including fishing gear and aquaculture debris) had been retrieved from Canadian Fisheries.⁵⁷

Unit of measurement: Percent of wild capture commercial fisheries

Data source: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Fisheries Resource Management Directorate.

Parallel reporting:

• 2023 to 2027 Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy: Fisheries and Oceans Canada

3.2.10 Progress on Nature-based solutions

Nature-based solutions are an important part of Canada’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions, though they are not tracked like economic sectors such as Transport or Electricity. The Government of Canada supports nature-based solutions such as increasing conservation areas and planting trees.

Secondary Indicator 9.1 Proportion of terrestrial area (land and inland water) conserved

Target

Conserve 30% of Canada’s land and inland waters by 2030.

Desired outcome

Conserve 30% of Canada’s land and inland waters by 2030.

Progress update

As of December 2024, Canada had conserved 13.8% of its land and inland waters.

Trend summary: The federal government set the goal of conserving 30% of Canada’s land and water by 2030 to reverse the decline of biodiversity, better fight climate change, and maintain a strong, sustainable economy.⁵⁸ The proportion of Canada’s land and inland waters conserved has steadily increased, rising from 4.4% in 1990 to 13.8% in 2024.⁵⁹ Overall progress is advancing toward the target of conserving 30% of Canada’s land and inland waters, but not at the rate necessary to achieve the target by 2030.

Figure 3-18. Proportion of Canada’s land and inland waters conserved, 2015 to 2024

Data source: 2015 to 2023: CIF-SDG Indicator 15.4.1; 2024: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Canadian protected and conserved areas database. Updated 2025-06-10.

Unit of measurement: Percentage of area conserved

Data source: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Canadian protected and conserved areas database. Updated 2025-06-10.

Parallel reporting:

• CIF-SDG Indicator 15.4.1
• CESI. Canada’s conserved areas: National conserved areas

Secondary Indicator 9.2 Proportion of marine and coastal areas conserved

Target

Conserve 30% of Canada’s oceans by 2030.

Desired outcome

Conserve 30% of Canada’s oceans by 2030.

Progress update

As of December 2024, Canada had conserved 15.5% of its marine territory.

Trend summary: The ocean is central to reducing GHG emissions and stabilizing the climate. Marine protected areas offer one of the best options to maintain the ocean’s health.⁶⁰ In 2010, Canada committed to conserving 10% of its coastal and marine areas by 2020 as a Party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Starting with 0.9% of its marine and coastal areas conserved in 2010, Canada surpassed the 10% target by 2019, having conserved 13.8% of its marine and coastal areas. Canada then committed to working towards conserving 30% of its marine and coastal territory by 2030.⁶¹ The proportion of marine and coastal areas conserved has continued to grow, reaching 15.5% in 2024. While progress has slowed in recent years, the overall trend is advancing toward the target of conserving 30% of Canada’s oceans by 2030.

Figure 3-19. Proportion of marine and coastal areas conserved, 2015 to 2024

Data source: 2015 to 2023: CIF-SDG Indicator 14.1.1; 2024: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Canadian protected and conserved areas database. Updated 2025-06-10.

Unit of measurement: Percentage of area conserved

Data source: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Canadian protected and conserved areas database. Updated 2025-06-10.

Parallel reporting:

• CESI. Canada’s conserved areas: National conserved areas
• CIF-SDG Indicator 14.1.1
• Canada’s 2030 Nature Strategy. Coverage of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measure (PDF)

Secondary Indicator 9.3 Cumulative total number of trees planted (that would not otherwise have been planted through existing plans or requirements) with support of federal programs

Target

Plant cumulative total of 2 billion incremental trees^{Footnote XII} by 2031.^{Footnote XIII}

Desired outcome

Increase the number of trees planted to help reduce GHG emissions by capturing and storing carbon from the atmosphere.

Progress update

2021–2024: 262,852,472 trees planted (cumulative total), including:

• 2 Billion Trees program (2BT): 173,852,472 trees (2021-2024 inclusive)
• Low Carbon Economy Leadership Fund (LCELF) program: 89,000,000 trees (2021-2023)

Trend summary: Trees help capture and store carbon from the atmosphere, improve air and water quality, help to restore nature and biodiversity, cool urban centres, and create and support thousands of green jobs. The Government of Canada provides support for planting trees that would not otherwise be planted through existing plans or requirements (incremental trees) through two programs: the 2BT and the LCELF. Over the first planting season of the 2BT Program (2021), 28.9 million trees were planted, nearly meeting (97%) its projected planting goal for that year.⁶² By 2024, between the 2BT program and LCELF, over 262 million trees had been planted, reaching nearly 13% of the target of two billion trees by 2031. Additional trees are committed to be planted in future years through signed agreements administered by the 2BT program. Budget 2025 announced that the government will wind down the 2 Billion Trees program. Existing contribution agreements and commitments will be honoured, and uncommitted funds will be returned.

Unit of measurement: Number of trees planted

Data sources:

• Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service.
• Environment and Climate Change Canada, Programs Directorate.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal Initiative – Natural Climate Solutions Fund

Secondary Indicator 9.4 Cumulative total area planted with trees (that would not otherwise have been planted through existing plans or requirements) with support of federal programs

Target

Plant incremental trees^{Footnote XIV}  on a cumulative total area of 1.1 million hectares by 2031.^{Footnote XV}

Desired outcome

Increase the number of trees planted to help reduce GHG emissions by capturing and storing carbon from the atmosphere.

Progress update

2021–2024: 142,981 hectares planted with incremental trees, including:

• 2 Billion Trees Program (2BT): 95,981 hectares (cumulative total) planted with incremental trees (2021‑2024)
• Low Carbon Economy Leadership Fund (LCELF) Program: 47,000 hectares planted with incremental trees (2021-2023)

Trend summary: Since its launch in 2021, the 2BT program has cumulatively planted across 95,981 hectares as of the 2024-25 fiscal year. Through the LCELF, 47,000 hectares were planted between 2021 and 2023. The combined total of 142,981 hectares represents progress of 13% toward the target of 1.1 million hectares planted with incremental trees by 2031. Budget 2025 announced that the government will wind down the 2 Billion Trees program. Existing contribution agreements and commitments will be honoured, and uncommitted funds will be returned.

The trees planted as measured in Secondary Indicator 9.3 were planted on the hectares measured in this indicator; it is the same result expressed in different units.

Unit of measurement: Number of hectares planted

Data sources:

• Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service.
• Environment and Climate Change Canada, Programs Directorate.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal Initiative – Natural Climate Solutions Fund

Secondary Indicator 9.5 Cumulative total area of aquatic habitat in marine and coastal areas restored through the Aquatic Ecosystems Restoration Fund

Target

700,000,000 square meters (m²) restored by March 31, 2027.

Desired outcome

Support aquatic restoration projects in coastal and upstream inland communities that protect and restore Canada’s coastal areas.

Progress update

March 2024: 11,824,818 m² of aquatic habitat restored since 2022.

Trend summary: The ocean plays a central role in regulating Earth’s climate: it absorbs over 90% of the excess heat and around 30% of the carbon dioxide generated by human activities, helping stabilize the climate and slow global warming.⁶³ Restoring aquatic habitats helps maintain the health of marine ecosystems so they can more effectively protect coastlines, sustain aquatic life, store carbon, and regulate the climate. These efforts also help coastal communities adapt to climate change while delivering social and environmental benefits.⁶⁴        

Since its launch in 2022, the Aquatic Ecosystems Restoration Fund has committed $75 million in funding to 45 projects. As of March 2024, a total of 11,824,818 square meters were restored with the support of the Fund, which represents progress of 1.7% toward the target of 700 million square meters restored by March 31, 2027. In the previous phase of the Aquatic Ecosystems Restoration Fund (2017-2022), approximately 739,864,792 square meters of aquatic habitat were restored across Canada’s coastlines.

Unit of measurement: square meters (m²) restored

Data source: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystems Management Directorate, Aquatic Ecosystems.

Parallel reporting:

• Horizontal initiative - Oceans Protection Plan
• 2023 to 2027 Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy: Fisheries and Oceans Canada

3.3 Implementing the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan

Canada’s first climate plan under the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act (CNZEAA), the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan (ERP), was established in 2022, providing a sector-by-sector pathway towards achieving Canada's 2030 emissions reduction target and the road to net-zero by 2050.

The 2023 Progress Report on the 2030 ERP provided updates on 149 measures. With the evolution of measures and a revision to the methodology for counting ERP measures (see Section 6.1), this number has increased to 164 measures in 2025. The majority (92.7%) are being actively implemented (ongoing) or have reached a final state (adopted or concluded).^{Footnote XVI}

3.3.1 Priority measures

While all measures identified in the 2030 ERP play a key role in the holistic approach on the path to a low-carbon future, some will have a more significant impact towards achieving this transition in terms of emissions reductions.

Priority measures have been identified to provide a more focused list of federal measures that are considered foundational in achieving Canada’s climate goals.^{Footnote XVII}  While the primary criteria for priority measures are the delivery of emissions reductions, Canada’s climate goals include outcomes beyond emissions reductions, such as technological advances, economic transformation, and supporting everyday Canadians in making cost-effective climate-conscious changes. Therefore, the criteria for identifying priority measures are divided into “core criteria” and “supplementary criteria” that capture the broad scope of Canada’s climate goals.

Core criteria

• Mitigation Potential: Measure is expected to result in an annual contribution to GHG emissions reductions in 2030.^{Footnote XVIII} 
  1. Measures that reduce annual emissions by 4.5 Mt or more in 2030: Default priority measure due to its contribution towards meeting the 2030 emissions reduction target and creating the foundation for Canada’s transition to a net-zero economy by 2050.
  2. Measures that reduce annual emissions between 1.0 Mt and 4.5 Mt in 2030: Must meet at least one of the supplementary criteria.
  3. Measures that reduce annual emissions between 0.1 Mt and 1.0 Mt in 2030: Must meet at least two of the supplementary criteria.

Supplementary criteria

• Relationship Building: Supports provincial, territorial, and/or Indigenous climate action.
• Technological Advances and Infrastructure Development: Provides cost-reducing support for provincial/territorial partners and industry stakeholders to pursue high-potential technologies, such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage, and/or the development of infrastructure, both of which will support Canada’s transition towards a net-zero economy.
• Affordability for Canadians: Supports Canadians through a cost-effective transition to low-carbon alternatives.

Each ERP measure was assessed under these criteria, resulting in the following list of 18 priority measures in order from greatest mitigation potential.^{Footnote XIX}

List of priority measures

An implementation update on these measures is provided in Section 6.2.

3.3.2 Updates from the 2023 Progress Report

The 2023 Progress Report on the 2030 ERP included a list of opportunities for additional action, the majority of which were strategic enhancements of existing ERP measures. Progress is well underway on that work, and detailed implementation updates on ERP measures can be found in Chapter 6 of this report. This section provides updates on the two actions noted as under exploration in the 2023 Progress Report that are not included in the list of ERP measures.

Electricity sector

The 2023 Progress Report included the following commitment:

• Building on the release of Powering Canada Forward: Building a Clean, Affordable and Reliable Electricity System for Every Region of Canada, Canada remains committed to releasing its first Clean Electricity Strategy in 2024.

Update: Natural Resources Canada published Powering Canada's Future: A Clean Electricity Strategy in December 2024. The Strategy identifies key guiding principles to guide federal action. It also articulates the federal government’s role in advancing clean electricity, focusing on three key areas: growing the grid and managing demand; providing policy certainty and smoothing the path; and collaborating on tailored approaches for every region.

Transport sector

The 2023 Progress Report also included the following commitment:

• Examine options for the development of a new blueprint for a sustainable, net-zero transportation system by 2050 that takes an integrated transport sector approach, ensures coordination across governments and stakeholders, and supports low-emitting modes where appropriate.

Update: Transport Canada, in collaboration with other federal departments, has been engaging with the transportation industry and other stakeholders to identify a comprehensive approach to reducing emissions for on-road, aviation, rail and marine sectors. The goal is to identify opportunities across the entire value chain to reduce emissions from each transportation mode—while at the same time promoting greater economic growth across Canada—to ensure our transportation system remains innovative, efficient, and sustainable in support of Canada’s Climate Competitiveness Strategy.

Measures with a strong enabling potential for additional emission reductions over the medium term are being considered for further exploration, such as opportunities to bring clarity on (1) expanding Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies; (2) approaches to minimize the risk of carbon leakage, including instruments to level the playing field internationally; and (3) growing production, use and commercialization of advanced solid biofuels that can substitute carbon intensive fuels.

3.3.3 Advancing mitigation efforts

The Government of Canada will continue to explore the full suite of tools available to reduce emissions. An example is exploratory work to consider the development of a federal policy on authorization, transfer, and use of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) to consider circumstances under which ITMOs could be purchased by governments to help meet emissions reduction targets.

Strengthening Carbon Markets

The government is committed to improve the effectiveness of carbon markets to provide confidence that credit prices will be predictable and sufficient to support clean growth investments without adversely affecting competitiveness or leading to carbon leakage. Canada will improve the benchmark – the criteria to ensure all industrial pricing systems provide a common, strong price signal. The government will also promptly and transparently apply the federal backstop whenever a PT system does not align with the benchmark.

Clean Electricity

The transition to net-zero by 2050 will require clean, reliable power, and a substantial increase in energy supply is required to support the growth of Canada’s population and economy. To meet this growing demand for clean energy, Canada will need to modernise its electrical grids. The government will work with provinces and territories to advance these goals and ensure that Canada’s grid is clean as electricity demand grows, facilitated by the rapid technological improvements and global price declines being experienced in renewables such as solar, wind and battery.

Major Projects and Infrastructure

The Government of Canada will also build new infrastructure and will support projects that support the clean economy. Infrastructure is needed to be built at speeds and scale not seen in generations. This includes the infrastructure to diversify Canada’s trading relationships, and to help Canada become an energy superpower in both clean and conventional energies. Budget 2025 committed the government to explore initiatives such as nuclear energy, electricity grid interties, and investments in low-carbon fuels, renewable energy projects, high-speed rail, and critical mineral development. Key projects included in Budget 2025 hold significant potential for emissions reductions, including the Pathways carbon capture and storage network and pipeline project, the Alto High-Speed Rail from Toronto to Quebec City, the Wind West Atlantic Energy Project, and the Darlington New Nuclear Project.

Budget 2025 proposed to strengthen the Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) by increasing its statutory capital envelope from $35 billion to $45 billion and enabling it to invest in nation-building projects that align with its mandate. Within its existing framework, the CIB must direct at least $25 billion toward green infrastructure, clean power, and public transit, and the amendment broadens its flexibility to support a wider range of strategic infrastructure investments. Additionally, Budget 2025 announced the government’s intention to launch a new Build Communities Strong Fund to support a wide range of community infrastructure projects, including community energy systems and public transit. Canada’s commitment to Build Canada Homes will increase the demand for clean housing technologies.

Driving Investment in the Clean Economy

The government announced further changes to the clean economy investment tax credits (ITC). The Clean Electricity ITC will support investments in equipment related to low-emitting electricity generation, electricity storage, and the transmission of electricity between provinces and territories.

New support for critical minerals projects proposed in the Budget would create the Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund and the First and Last Mile Fund.

The Productivity Super Deduction will help support clean energy generation and energy conservation equipment, and zero-emission vehicles. Additionally, investments in energy, such as the Biofuels Production Incentive, will support the stability and resiliency of domestic producers of biodiesel and renewable diesel.

To promote sustainable investment decisions, the Government has proposed legislative amendments to Greenwashing legislation and is supporting the development of Sustainable Investment Guidelines.

3.4 Assessment of the 2030 target

As per the CNZEAA, this report must contain an assessment of the 2030 target.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified that achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and achieving deeper near-term emission reductions by 2030 are key to limiting warming to 1.5°C. When combined with the reality of new and intensified climate related disasters that Canadians and people around the world are collectively experiencing, the imperative to reduce emissions led to Canada’s announcement in 2021 of its enhanced 2030 GHG emissions reduction target of 40% to 45% below 2005 levels. This represented a significant increase from the previous target of 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. The enhanced target continues to be an ambitious target for Canada serving as an important milestone on the path to net-zero by 2050.

Based on the most recent developments in science, technology, and greenhouse gas emissions management reflected in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of this report, and in accordance with the Paris Agreement and the importance of striving for the highest ambition possible, the Government of Canada will maintain its 2030 economy-wide emissions reduction target of 40% to 45% below 2005 levels.

Chapter 4: Working together to achieve our climate objectives

Effective action to combat climate change requires concerted effort across society, by all orders of government, and working closely with civil society and the private sector to make the changes needed to halt and reverse the worst effects of climate change and achieve lasting emissions reductions.

This chapter provides an overview of what others are doing to advance climate action in Canada, including the actions being taken by each province and territory, continued collaboration with Indigenous partners, the advice being provided by the Net-Zero Advisory Body (NZAB), and efforts underway with the international community. Section 3.1 of the 2023 Progress Report contains a high-level overview of the key roles and responsibilities held by the federal, provincial, and territorial governments, Indigenous Peoples, municipalities, the private sector, and civil society in fighting climate change.

4.1 Indigenous Climate Leadership

Indigenous Peoples across Canada are leading efforts to monitor climate risks, respond to climate impacts, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis experience firsthand the risks that climate change poses to their communities and are uniquely positioned to lead climate action guided by Indigenous Knowledge and science.

The Government of Canada acknowledges the importance of self-determined, locally led climate solutions and recognizes that the leadership of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis on the frontlines of climate change is key to Canada achieving its climate objectives. That is why, in the 2030 ERP, Canada committed to working collaboratively with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis partners and announced an investment of $29.6 million over three years, starting in fiscal year 2022-23, to advance an Indigenous Climate Leadership (ICL) Agenda. The ICL Agenda seeks to empower and advance self-determined climate action; leverage the transition to a net-zero economy in a way that supports self-determination; and enable the inclusion of diverse Indigenous Knowledge Systems in national climate policy.

In July 2023, Canada reconfirmed this commitment in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act Action Plan, which includes a measure (#46) to advance an ICL Agenda with the goal of implementing a model of partnership for climate action between the federal government and Indigenous Peoples. In September 2024, the Government of Canada released its 2023 ERP Progress Report, providing a measure-by-measure update on the implementation status of federal and cooperative measures, including the ICL Agenda.

4.1.1 The Indigenous Climate Leadership Agenda

Since late 2023, the Government of Canada continues to work in collaboration with First Nations, Inuit, Métis, and Modern Treaty and Self-Governing Nations towards the development of a distinctions-based ICL Agenda, establishing partnerships with over 50 Indigenous governments, treaty organizations, and representative organizations. Canada provided a total of over $25 million in contribution funding over three years (2022-23 to 2024-25) to support First Nations, Inuit, and Métis partners to design and deliver self-determined approaches to engagement, which included over 100 Indigenous-led engagement sessions with their respective rightsholders, communities, and political leadership.

Informed by this engagement, Indigenous governments and representative organizations developed national and regional distinctions-based climate strategies and recommendations that identify priority actions for emergency management; clean energy; infrastructure; economic development; cultural revitalization and land stewardship; adaptation, including health, wellness, and food security; and long-term partnership with the federal government on climate change. In addition, Indigenous partners prepared and submitted 35 sets of unique, Nation-specific policy recommendations to Canada, providing roadmaps for long-term, distinctions-based approaches to partnership on climate action. While each set of recommendations reflects the unique needs of the specific region and Indigenous distinction, common elements across all recommendations include:

• Rooting federal climate action in the recognition, protection, and implementation of Indigenous constitutionally protected, inherent, and Treaty rights;
• Streamlining the delivery of climate funding to Indigenous partners;
• Offering long-term and flexible investments in self-determined climate action; and
• Strengthening Crown-Indigenous dialogue on climate policy and programs.

Throughout the process, Canada also convened national, distinctions-based meetings with First Nations, Modern Treaty and Self-Governing First Nations, Inuit, and Métis partners and rightsholders. These meetings provided opportunities to discuss distinctions-based priorities of national interest, share updates on regional-led engagement processes, and monitor joint progress by Canada and Indigenous partners towards the development of the ICL Agenda. In parallel to these efforts, ECCC and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC) worked with federal departments with responsibilities related to climate change^{Footnote XX} to explore opportunities to implement best practices for meaningful engagement with Indigenous partners and increase Indigenous Peoples’ access to federal programming through flexible and equitable program design and implementation. Throughout the three-year engagement process, three senior official interdepartmental committees were established and met regularly to provide whole-of-government strategic direction to the ICL Agenda process. Presentations by First Nations, Inuit, and Métis partners were also made to these interdepartmental committees that highlighted the Indigenous-led engagement processes and showcased distinctions-based priorities and recommendations. While these interdepartmental mechanisms enabled federal coordination and socialization of best practices, Indigenous partners continue to stress that substantive changes to federal climate-related programming and engagement are required to respond to Indigenous recommendations.

As part of this process, ECCC and CIRNAC also led an interdepartmental review of federal climate funding to Indigenous recipients (governments, representative organizations, businesses, etc.) since the 2016 launch of the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change. The purpose of this exercise was to undertake the first quantitative and comprehensive analysis of how much funding has gone to Indigenous recipients, respond to longstanding calls from Indigenous partners to access this information, and help inform the development of the ICL Agenda. In winter 2024, distinctions-based data from fiscal years 2016‑17 to 2022-23 was shared and discussed transparently with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis partners. Overall, this exercise demonstrated that while the quantum of federal climate funding accessed by Indigenous recipients increased between 2016-17 and 2022-23, significant gaps between Indigenous-identified needs and federal funding remained.

ECCC and CIRNAC supported integration of the Decision-Making Guidance for federal programs to implement best practices in support of Indigenous self-determined climate leadership (“Decision-Making Guidance”) into the Climate, Nature, and Economy Lens template under the Cabinet Directive on Strategic Environmental Assessment. Developed in collaboration with First Nations, Inuit and Métis partners, the Decision-Making Guidance aims to make federal policy and programs more inclusive and accessible by providing direction for federal officials to better respond to the experiences and challenges of Indigenous communities, governments, and organizations who are engaging in climate policy and accessing federal climate funding. While early in its implementation, the integration of this Guidance into the mandatory Climate, Nature and Economic Lens reference template as part of the Strategic Environmental Assessment process should help integrate Indigenous considerations into the early stages of federal policy and program development.

In fall 2024, Indigenous partners submitted recommendations to Canada, outlining proposed approaches to streamline the delivery and administration of federal programs, reduce duplication, and strengthen collaboration at the regional level. The Government of Canada continues to seek opportunities to advance Indigenous climate priorities.

In parallel to the ICL Agenda engagement process, between late 2023 and 2025, the Government of Canada continued to meet bilaterally with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis through the distinctions-based Senior Bilateral Tables on Clean Growth and Climate Change. These tables, established in 2016, provide unique spaces to discuss climate change priorities, help foster a collaborative approach to engaging with Indigenous Peoples, and support Indigenous climate leadership. Key highlights from these tables are outlined in the below subsections.

The First Nations–Canada Joint Committee on Climate Action

Throughout 2024, the Joint Committee on Climate Action (JCCA) met three times and made progress on several key priorities, including approaches to deepen the consideration and mainstreaming of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) National Climate Strategy with federal departments and agencies, launching a new JCCA website, making space for First Nations youth at JCCA meetings, and encouraging intergenerational and intersectional dialogue on climate change. The Committee also established two new standing working groups, focused on policy and reporting/outreach, in order to maintain momentum between table meetings. In October 2024, the AFN held its third National Climate Gathering in Calgary, AB, bringing together First Nations experts, leadership, youth, women, Knowledge Keepers, 2SLGBTQQIA+ individuals and other professionals from across the country to work collectively to address the climate crisis. This gathering featured participation from the AFN Portfolio Holder for Climate Change, Environment and Water Stewardship, former Regional Chief Kluane Adamek, and remarks from the Minister of Environment and Climate Change. In August 2025, the AFN and the Government of Canada released the table’s seventh Annual Report, which highlights the priorities of the committee for 2025. These forward-looking priorities include uplifting First Nations Climate Leadership in federal policy and programs, monitoring progress and delivering results for First Nations, strengthening dialogue through long-term relationship-building, and improving communication and broadening the reach of the JCCA.

The Inuit–Canada Table on Clean Growth and Climate Change

In September 2024, the Inuit-Canada Table on Clean Growth and Climate Change met in Ottawa, ON with the primary goals of strengthening partnerships between Inuit organizations and the Government of Canada and exploring opportunities to advance Inuit priorities articulated in the National Inuit Climate Change Strategy as well as the regional Inuit climate change strategies and action plans. Featuring addresses by Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) President Natan Obed and the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, table participants examined how federal climate change programming can best support regional climate change priorities and identified opportunities, gaps, challenges, and solutions in aligning federal policies to Inuit climate change priorities and plans. In 2024 and 2025, Inuit Treaty Organizations also celebrated the launch of two regional climate strategies (Nunavik Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in April 2024; and Adapt Nunatsiavut: An Inuit Approach to Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Nunatsiavut in March 2025). These strategies complement the existing National Inuit Climate Change Strategy and Inuvialuit Settlement Region Climate Change Strategy. A Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.-led regional climate change strategy is also in development.

Métis Nation–Canada Goose Moon Table on Clean Growth and Climate Change

The Goose Moon Table on Clean Growth and Climate Change (Goose Moon Table) met four times throughout 2024 and 2025, featuring opening remarks from former Métis National Council leadership and the Minister of Environment and Climate Change on three occasions. During these meetings, Métis Nation Governing Members shared the numerous climate-related initiatives they have advanced with federal capacity and project-based funding, while underscoring the persistent funding gaps faced in some areas. In September 2024, the Goose Moon Table released its first annual progress report, highlighting key priorities for the table, including efforts to work together to improve Métis access to federal programs and engage on federal climate policy, advance Métis Nation climate priorities as articulated in the Métis Nation Climate Strategy launched in April 2024, and explore opportunities to advance Métis self-determined climate action through the Métis Nation Climate Leadership Agenda.

The Goose Moon Table and ICL funding have resulted in increased capacity across Métis Nation Governing Members to provide programs and initiatives resulting in emissions reductions and economic opportunities for Métis citizens. This involvement has resulted in Métis-led renewable energy projects, Métis community-focused energy efficiency programming, in-depth engagement with Métis communities on climate, long-term energy and sustainability planning, advocacy for Indigenous-led climate action on a provincial, federal, and international scale, and improvements to the administration of federal programming for Métis climate leadership.

4.1.2 Next steps

The Government of Canada remains committed to taking climate action in partnership with Indigenous Peoples in ways that uplift Indigenous leadership, priorities, and Knowledge and contribute to Canada's prosperity, resilience, and security. By working together, the Government of Canada and Indigenous Peoples can meet our shared environmental goals and tackle today’s economic challenges to build a greener, healthier future for generations to come.

Indigenous partners have shared their concern that without concrete funding commitments, progress made over the last several years will not result in the tangible outcomes required to meet Canada’s climate and reconciliation commitments. 

Further opportunities will be explored to support the implementation of self-determined climate strategies by First Nations, Inuit, and Métis and to align with the recommendations and best practices submitted by Indigenous partners as part of the ICL process.

4.2 Provinces and territories

Provincial and territorial governments have an important role in climate action given the shared responsibilities between federal and provincial and territorial governments in areas of the economy and jobs, energy, and the environment. Provinces and territories hold responsibilities over many important sources of emissions. They manage resource ownership, royalties, land-use planning, and allocations as well as exploration, development, conservation, and use of natural resources within their boundaries. Each province and territory is responsible for the planning and operation of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution within their boundaries. Provinces and territories are also responsible for the adoption of building codes and have authority over municipal government affairs.

4.2.1 British Columbia

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 5,719,961⁶⁵
• Median income (2023): $49,300⁶⁶
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $313.1 billion, with largest contributions from real estate (19.2%), construction (9.2%), and professional, scientific, and technical services (8%)⁶⁷
• GHG emissions (2023): 60.42 Mt CO₂ eq or 8.71% of the national total⁶⁸
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 10.8 t CO₂ eq⁶⁹
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (37%), oil and gas (21%), and buildings (14%)⁷⁰
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 86.9% from hydro, 7.1% from biomass, 3.1% from wind, 1.6% from natural gas, 1.0% from petroleum, and 0.2% solar.⁷¹ British Columbia has electricity interconnections with Alberta and the northwestern United States.

Figure 4-1. British Columbia emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

British Columbia released its CleanBC climate plan in 2018 and its CleanBC Roadmap to 2030 in October 2021, setting out a strengthened plan to meet the province’s legislated climate action targets.

British Columbia has committed to a series of emissions reduction targets, most of which are legislated targets: 16% below 2007 levels by 2025; 40% below 2007 levels by 2030; 60% below 2007 levels by 2040; and 80% below 2007 levels by 2050.

The CleanBC Roadmap to 2030 states the intention to reach net zero by 2050 and that British Columbia’s commitment to a net-zero future will be backed by legislation.

Recent mitigation actions

British Columbia continues to regulate emissions from large industrial emitters through a new Output-Based Pricing System (OBPS), introduced in April 2024 to replace the CleanBC Industrial Incentive Program. The BC OBPS is a mandatory system for large industry which ensures there is a carbon price incentive for industrial emitters to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while promoting innovation and protecting competitiveness.

The BC OBPS maintains a carbon price for industry within British Columbia following the cancellation of its consumer carbon tax in alignment with the federal government’s removal of the requirement for provinces and territories to have a consumer-facing carbon price in place. The province ceased collection of the tax at the retail level for fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and natural gas starting on April 1, 2025.

In June 2024, British Columbia released Powering our Future: BC’s Clean Energy Strategy, outlining actions and commitments to accelerate the transition to clean energy. The strategy prioritizes energy efficiency, innovation, safety, affordability, sustainable economic growth, reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples, and healthy and resilient communities. The plan emphasizes the importance of building an economy powered by clean energy and creating opportunities for communities across the province, including First Nations.

The province released Energizing our Economy: BC’s Clean Power Action Plan in May 2025, outlining five initiatives aimed at accelerating economic growth, while securing long-term energy sustainability. These initiatives include acquiring additional clean energy by working with First Nations and independent power producers; exploring baseload and backup energy projects; boosting energy efficiency through innovation; investing $12 million in local clean technologies; and, streamlining access to grid connections for new users.

The province strengthened the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) by expanding the scope to include jet fuel and some non-transportation uses of gasoline and diesel fuels, such as certain types of cargo handling equipment at marine terminals and ground support equipment at airports. The new jet fuel category requires suppliers to reduce the average carbon intensity of aviation fuel by 2% in 2026, increasing to 10% by 2030. It also requires suppliers to meet minimum renewable jet fuel requirements, starting at 1% in 2028, 2% in 2029, and 3% in 2030 onward. The renewable fuel target for diesel also increased from 4% to 8% beginning in 2025. The BC LCFS remains among the largest contributors to the CleanBC emissions reduction goals.

Upcoming mitigation actions

British Columbia has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Yukon to explore and advance the planning of a future connection between their electrical grids. This will enable a two-way transmission of renewable electricity, creating new opportunities to supply clean power to remote and resource-rich areas in northwestern British Columbia and the Yukon.

4.2.2 Alberta

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 4,980,659⁷²
• Median income (2023): $50,670⁷³
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $353.3 billion, with largest contributions from mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (24.6%), real estate (11%), and construction (7%)⁷⁴
• GHG emissions (2023): 263.38 Mt CO₂ eq or 37.96% of the national total⁷⁵
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 55.5 t CO₂ eq⁷⁶
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): oil and gas (59%), transport (9%), and buildings (8%)⁷⁷
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 67.1% from natural gas, 12.7% from wind,10.7% from coal, 3.0% from solar, 2.1% from hydro, 2.1% from biomass, 1.6% from petroleum, and 0.8% from other sources.⁷⁸ Alberta is a net importer of electricity. The province has electricity interconnections with British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Montana.

Figure 4-2. Alberta emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

Alberta released its Emissions Reduction and Energy Development Plan in April 2023. The plan details actions, opportunities, and new commitments to reduce emissions and maintain energy security through collaboration and partnerships; clean technology and innovation; and finance and policy frameworks. It also confirms Alberta’s commitment to achieve a carbon-neutral economy by 2050.

Alberta’s Renewable Electricity Act includes a legislated target to produce 30% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030, and the Methane Emission Reduction Regulation sets a target to reduce methane emissions from oil and gas operations by 45% by 2025. The province has already achieved its methane reduction target, cutting emissions by 52% from 2014 levels by 2023, surpassing its 45% reduction goal ahead of schedule.

Recent mitigation actions

In mid-2024, Alberta completed its phase-out of coal-fired electricity generation. The province achieved this target more than six years ahead of schedule, with the last coal‑fired power plant in Alberta transitioning to natural gas fuel in June 2024. Alberta first announced its plan to eliminate emissions from coal power generation in 2015.

Alberta’s Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction (TIER) regulatory system remains the province’s central industrial carbon pricing mechanism, covering approximately 60% of provincial emissions.

Through Emissions Reduction Alberta, the province is investing nearly $55 million towards 15 projects to help businesses develop new technologies that will reduce emissions, lower costs, and create jobs. Projects include: reducing costs and environmental impacts in the oil sands; improving wildfire monitoring through AI-enabled drones; diverting hard-to-recycle plastics and advancing renewable energy technologies. In total, the projects are projected to reduce emissions by 120,000 tonnes annually, to over 390,000 tonnes by 2030, and over 2.2 million tonnes by 2050.

Alberta is investing $5 million from the industry-led TIER fund to help Deep Sky (a Canadian-based carbon removal project developer) design, build and operate the worlds first direct air capture innovation and commercialization centre in Innisfail, Alberta. This provincial funding is in addition to $40 million in funding from Bill Gates’ Breakthrough Energy Catalyst Fund and commitments from companies like Microsoft and the Royal Bank of Canada to purchase carbon removal credits.

Upcoming mitigation actions

In May 2025, Alberta launched the 2025 Industrial Transformation Challenge, offering up to $65 million to support large-scale emissions reduction technologies across key sectors such as oil and gas, agriculture, and manufacturing. This funding aims to accelerate the adoption of transformative solutions that enhance economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability. Selected projects will be announced in January 2026.

Alberta has announced the development of its Carbon Capture Incentive Program, expected in late 2025, which will support and accelerate the development of new carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) infrastructure by providing incentives for facilities to incorporate this technology into their operations. The program will help hard-to-abate industries by providing a grant of 12% for new eligible CCUS capital costs.

In November 2025, Canada and Alberta announced the Canada-Alberta Memorandum of Understanding (PDF) (MOU) to diversify export markets, make Canada an energy superpower, and build a stronger, more sustainable, more competitive economy. The MOU advances multiple ambitious clean energy projects and measures. This includes a strong industrial carbon pricing agreement for the province. Canada and Alberta will work collaboratively to design and commit to globally competitive, long-term carbon effective prices, carbon levy recycling protocols, and sector-specific stringency factors for large Alberta emitters in both the oil and gas and electricity sectors through Alberta’s TIER system. The TIER system will ramp up to a minimum effective credit price of $130/tonne. Canada and Alberta will conclude an agreement on industrial carbon pricing on or before April 1, 2026.

4.2.3 Saskatchewan

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 1,253,569⁷⁹
• Median income (2023): $45,880⁸⁰
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $80.5 billion, with largest contributions from mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (16.8%), real estate and rental and leasing (10.9%), and healthcare and social assistance (8.0%)⁸¹
• GHG emissions (2023): 73.91 Mt CO₂ eq or 10.65% of the national total⁸²
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 60.1 t CO₂ eq⁸³
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): oil and gas (35%), agriculture (22%), and electricity (19%)⁸⁴
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 47.7% from natural gas, 31.7% from coal, 11.1% from hydro, 7.9% from wind, 0.5% from solar, and 1.0% from other sources.⁸⁵ Saskatchewan is a net importer of electricity. The province has electricity interconnections with Alberta, Manitoba, and North Dakota.

Figure 4-3. Saskatchewan emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

Saskatchewan’s Prairie Resilience: A Made-in-Saskatchewan Climate Change Strategy, released in 2017, includes more than 40 commitments designed to make Saskatchewan more resilient to the effects of a changing climate. The strategy provides a practical, balanced approach that employs natural systems and technological innovation to manage GHG emissions while prioritizing affordability, protecting competitiveness, and enhancing sustainable economic growth.

Saskatchewan’s southern croplands, northern forests, stable geological formations and technological innovation support the adoption of a wide range of emissions management solutions that contribute to reducing the overall emissions intensity of the provincial economy. These solutions have been applied effectively to enhance sustainable production across a variety of emissions-intensive sectors including agriculture, oil and gas production, and electricity generation.

Saskatchewan’s Output-Based Performance Standard’s Program regulates all major industrial sectors, requiring facilities to reduce their emissions intensity by 15% to 20% from an established baseline. Facilities that do not meet reduction requirements must purchase or retire credits or pay compliance into the Saskatchewan Technology Fund.

The province’s Methane Action Plan (2019) includes a target to reduce GHG emissions from venting and flaring in Saskatchewan’s upstream oil and gas sector by 45% from 2015 levels by 2025. Saskatchewan exceeded this target ahead of schedule with a 71% reduction achieved in 2024.

SaskPower has committed to reducing electricity sector emissions by 50% below 2005 levels by 2030 and increasing renewable electricity generation capacity by 50% by 2030. SaskPower has also set a target of achieving a net-zero emissions electricity grid by 2050, to be achieved through a combination of renewable and nuclear generation. As work continues toward these goals, the province will maintain an energy mix that ensures reliable baseload power and affordable rates for businesses and households.

SaskPower pioneered the development of carbon capture and storage through its Boundary Dam 3 project, the world’s first industrial-scale carbon capture and storage system to capture CO₂ from power generation. Boundary Dam 3 has captured over 6.9 Mt CO₂ eq since the system began operating in 2014. A portion of the captured CO₂ is used at the Aquistore research project, a world-class operation that develops and tests international standards for the permanent sequestration of CO₂ in deep geological formations. The remainder of CO₂ captured at Boundary Dam is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Saskatchewan continues to be a world leader in EOR, which emits 37% fewer emissions than traditional oil extraction methods. Over the last 25 years, Saskatchewan’s EOR projects have sequestered more than 50 Mt CO₂ eq.

Saskatchewan’s uranium exports fuel nuclear power plants around the world that prevent the emission of 471 Mt CO₂ eq. If operating at full licensed capacity, Saskatchewan’s existing uranium mines and mills could produce enough uranium to offset almost all of Canada's emissions.

Saskatchewan was one of the first jurisdictions to convert to no-till farming in the 1980s. Today, 95% of the land seeded to annual crops is done using zero or minimum tillage, minimizing soil disturbance and increasing carbon dioxide sequestration. This is the highest percentage of any province in Canada—an increase from just 36% in 1991. 

As reported in the 2025 National Inventory Report, Saskatchewan’s cropland has sequestered an average of 11.7 Mt CO₂ eq per year from 1990 to 2023, while the agricultural sector has emitted approximately 13.1 Mt annually from cropping, livestock, and on-farm fuel use from 1990 to 2023. Therefore, Saskatchewan's agricultural producers are sequestering approximately 95% of the emissions they generate.

Recent mitigation actions

In September 2024, the first intake of the Saskatchewan Technology Fund awarded approximately $25 million to industry-led emission reduction projects that are expected to eliminate 4.5 Mt CO₂ eq emissions and support energy savings of nearly five million gigajoules. A second intake of the fund launched in January 2025, with $50 million available.

In FY 2024-25, Saskatchewan issued a $140 million Clean Electricity Transition Grant to SaskPower to fund renewable power purchase agreements, demand-side management programs, and renewable power imports. The grant supported 3,737,117 megawatt-hours (MWh) of renewable electricity, 1,754 efficiency retrofits in households across the province, and over 30 business in implementing energy saving measures.

In FY 2024-25, SaskPower invested a record $1.5 billion to modernize and expand the province’s electricity system. Key milestones included the commissioning of the Great Plains natural gas power station in December 2024; initiation of construction of the Aspen natural gas power station; commissioning of Saskatchewan’s first community microgrid in Descharme Lake; expansion of wind generation capacity by 200 megawatts (MW) through the Bekevar Wind Facility; and the advancement of small modular reactor planning through the creation of SaskNuclear.

In May 2025, SaskPower signed two agreements with Potentia Renewables for the development of the 100‑MW Southern Springs solar project and the 200‑MW Rose Valley wind project, both expected to come online in 2027. Work continues on the 200‑MW Seven Stars wind project, expected to come online in 2027, and the 100-MW Turning Sun (previously named Iyuhána) solar project expected to come online in 2026. These projects are undertaken in partnership with Indigenous communities and advance clean energy development, while fostering Indigenous economic participation and reconciliation.

In agriculture, emerging modelling analysis highlights the lower emissions intensity of irrigated crops compared to the already carbon-efficient dryland agriculture. This finding promotes continued expanded irrigation as an emissions management approach that enhances economic growth while supporting food security and climate resilience. 

Upcoming mitigation actions

Saskatchewan is advancing plans to deploy small modular reactors (SMRs) as part of its long-term strategy to achieve a net-zero electricity grid by 2050. SaskPower is currently in a multi-year planning phase and has identified two potential sites in the Estevan region to host its first SMR. As of March 2025, the province has allocated $568.4 million to a Small Modular Reactor Investment Fund to support future SMR deployment. The Government of Saskatchewan is open to exploring the option of large nuclear reactors and advanced reactors to achieve net-zero electricity production by 2050.

The Government of Saskatchewan has committed significant resources in the fiscal year 2025‑26 provincial budget to support energy infrastructure. The budget includes the largest capital plan in the province’s history, with over $4.6 billion allocated to infrastructure across government and Crown corporations, including investments that will enable energy system transformation.

The province continues to advance its Critical Minerals Strategy, which supports the extraction and processing of minerals essential for the global energy transition. In 2025, Saskatchewan is expected to attract more than $7 billion in mining investments, with exploration spending projected to account for 15% of all Canadian mineral exploration, surpassing its 2030 target ahead of schedule.

Even though Saskatchewan accounts for only 0.17% of annual global emissions, the province acknowledges the need to responsibly manage global emissions. Saskatchewan’s economy relies on industries like agriculture, mining (for example, potash and uranium), and oil and gas—sectors that are inherently emissions-intensive but produce goods the world needs and demands. As the largest per capita exporter in Canada, Saskatchewan is exploring application of the established method of consumption-based emissions accounting (that is, measuring emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they are consumed rather than where they are produced) to present a holistic picture of provincial emissions embodied in trade within the integrated global economy. By raising awareness and sharing the responsibility for emissions mitigation among producers and consumers, this method provides a balanced perspective on provincial emissions that accounts for the global demand for goods prompting heightened generation of domestic emissions, and the efforts made by the province to increase the carbon-efficiency of its products and sequester carbon.

4.2.4 Manitoba

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 1,507,330⁸⁶
• Median income (2023): $42,810⁸⁷
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $71.3 billion, with largest contributions from real estate (13.8%), manufacturing (10%), and health care and social assistance (9.8%)⁸⁸
• GHG emissions (2023): 21.28 Mt CO₂ eq or 3.07% of the national total⁸⁹
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 14.5 t CO₂ eq⁹⁰
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): agriculture (33%), transport (31%), and buildings (13%)⁹¹
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 96.8% from hydro, 2.5% from wind, 0.2% from solar, 0.2% from natural gas, 0.2% from biomass, less than 0.1% from petroleum, and less than 0.1% from other sources.⁹² The province has electricity interconnections with Ontario, Saskatchewan, and the midwestern United States.

Figure 4-4. Manitoba emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

Manitoba established its Made-in-Manitoba Climate and Green Plan in 2017, which builds on four pillars: climate, jobs, water, and nature. Keystones for the climate change pillar include clean energy, sector emissions reductions, and adaptation.

Manitoba’s Climate and Green Plan Implementation Act (2018), requires emissions reduction goals for the 2018 to 2022 period and for every five-year period after that. Manitoba met its first Carbon Savings Account (CSA) goal of reducing cumulative GHG emissions by 1 Mt over the 2018 to 2022 period. In 2023, Manitoba introduced its second five-year CSA target of at least 5.6 Mt for the period of 2023 to 2027, with any shortfall carried forward to the next period to ensure continuous progress toward long-term emissions reductions.

Recent mitigation actions

The Climate Action Fund (formerly known as the Conservation and Climate Fund) continues to support projects in Manitoba aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing climate resilience, and increasing the adoption of affordable, clean energy technologies. In April 2025, the province announced $1.86 million in grants through the Fund, supporting 35 projects focused on strengthening climate resilience, developing community-based climate plans, expanding electric vehicle infrastructure, and improving home energy efficiency.

Manitoba launched its Affordable Energy Plan in September 2024, aimed at ensuring affordable, reliable, and clean energy for Manitobans. Highlights of this plan include: expansion of wind energy development; Indigenous participation in energy projects; enhanced energy efficiency and building standards; electric vehicle infrastructure; and, refurbishing Hydro generating stations.

In 2025, as part of the Affordable Energy Plan, Manitoba launched its Affordable Home Energy Program to assist upgrading to energy-efficient heat pumps, potentially lowering energy bills by up to 30% in the first year.

The Growing Outcomes in Watersheds program continues to support emissions reduction and sequestration. The program helps producers establish projects that improve on-farm water management, enhance sustainable agricultural production, improve biodiversity and habitat, and increase carbon sequestration and storage. Projects include restoring wetlands, planting windbreaks, and balancing drainage with water retention.

Upcoming mitigation actions

Efficiency Manitoba is actively rolling out several new and enhanced initiatives to advance energy efficiency across the province. As noted above, the Affordable Home Energy Program is supporting homeowners in transitioning to energy-efficient heating by providing financial assistance and flexible options, with a focus on installing ground-source heat pumps.

Additionally, a continued partnership with Raven Outcomes will invest up to $18.9 million into First Nations communities through the Community Heat Pump Program by 2029. This funding will be used for energy efficiency measures (including the installation of energy-efficient heat pumps) and supporting community-led training and workforce development initiatives.

Manitoba Hydro’s Integrated Resource Plan is a long-term strategy for meeting the province’s growing electricity needs over the next two decades. It will support the transition to a net-zero electricity grid by 2035, with a focus on expanding renewable energy capacity, modernizing infrastructure, and developing new technologies.

4.2.5 Ontario

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 16,176,977⁹³
• Median income (2023): $48,160⁹⁴
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $876.6 billion, with largest contributions from real estate (13.1%), manufacturing (10%), and finance and insurance (9.9%)⁹⁵
• GHG emissions (2023): 158.73 Mt CO₂ eq or 22.87% of the national total⁹⁶
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 10.0 t CO₂ eq⁹⁷
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (32%), buildings (22%), and heavy industry (18%)⁹⁸
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 49.9% from nuclear, 25.1% from hydro, 13.8% from natural gas, 7.8% from wind, 2.5% from solar, 0.8% from biomass, less than 0.1% from petroleum, and less than 0.1% from other sources.⁹⁹ Ontario is a net exporter of electricity. The province has electricity interconnections with Manitoba, Québec, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York. Natural gas plays a critical role in supporting the grid during peak demand and as many nuclear and hydroelectric fleet undergoes scheduled refurbishments.

Figure 4-5. Ontario emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

In its 2018 climate plan, Preserving and Protecting Our Environment for Future Generations: A Made-In-Ontario Environment Plan, Ontario set an emissions reduction target of 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. The plan focuses on understanding the impacts of climate change; updating policies and building partnerships to improve climate resilience; implementing emissions performance standards for large emitters; encouraging investments in clean technology and green infrastructure; improving energy efficiency in homes and buildings; and, increasing access to clean and affordable energy.

Recent mitigation actions

Responding to an anticipated substantial increase in demand for electricity over the next 25 years, Ontario released Energy for Generations in June 2025. As the province’s first Integrated Energy Plan, Energy for Generations outlines Ontario’s coordinated strategy to ensure access to secure, affordable, reliable, and clean energy over the next 25 years. Under the plan, the province will invest in energy infrastructure including competitive procurements and the largest nuclear buildout (SMRs and large-scale nuclear) on the continent, modernize Ontario’s grid, grow expertise and exports in clean energy, and meet the growing demand for power. When fully implemented, Ontario will reach 99% emission-free grid by 2050.

In May 2025, the Ontario government approved a plan by Ontario Power Generation (OPG) to start construction on the first of four Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) at the Darlington nuclear site. Once complete, this first SMR would provide 300 MW of non-emitting power, enough to supply 300,000 homes. OPG estimates that the reactor will be built and connected to the grid in 2030. OPG’s full Darlington SMR fleet, consisting of four units, will be able to produce 1,200 megawatts (MW) of clean electricity, equivalent to powering 1.2 million homes, supporting Ontario’s long-term electrification as well as promoting the expansion of Canada’s nuclear supply chain.

In March 2025, Ontario announced a new $30 million round of the province’s Hydrogen Innovation Fund (HIF), with an expanded focus and double the budget of the $15 million 2023 funding call. The 2025 HIF will support projects with direct electricity system benefits and those enabling broader energy and other sector applications. The 2025 HIF highlights the province’s support for hydrogen as a flexible, low-carbon solution that can contribute to economic development and enhance energy security, while providing a pathway to reduce emissions, particularly in sectors where electrification is less feasible.

The Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) is currently undertaking the first of four annual procurement windows for the second Long-Term Request for Proposals (LT2 RFP) targeting three terawatt hours (TWh) of energy and 600 MW of capacity. The energy procurement closed on October 16, 2025, and the capacity procurement will close on December 18, 2025. The LT2 RFP is open to all resource types including wind, solar and storage, and will build on Ontario’s already diverse supply mix, with resources expected to be in-service beginning in 2030.

Ontario announced on December 12, 2024, that construction was complete on the Watay Transmission Project, the largest Indigenous-led grid connection project in Ontario’s history. Supported by a $1.34 billion loan from the Ontario government, Wataynikaneyap Power (a First Nations-led company made up of 24 communities) built 1,800 kilometers of new transmission lines to connect more than 18,000 people in 16 remote communities to the provincial grid. The project offers community members safe and clean energy, ending their dependence on diesel generators, and offering a reliable source of power on which to plan for growth. The province has estimated that the project will help remove roughly 6.6 Mt of CO₂.

The Ontario government and the IESO completed the largest battery storage procurement in Canadian history in May 2024, securing a total of 2,195 MW of capacity. In combination with previous rounds of procurement and the Oneida Battery storage facility, this brings Ontario’s total storage capacity to 2,916 MW, helping to ensure a reliable supply of clean energy for manufacturers and to support continued growth in Ontario. In June 2025, the province continued to build on these procurements by launching its largest competitive energy procurement for new resources that can enter service as early as 2030.

Reducing energy use is one of the most cost-effective and immediate ways to meet Ontario’s growing energy needs. The cheapest form of energy is the energy we do not use in the first place. That is why Ontario is making the largest investment in energy efficiency programs in Canadian history with $10.9 billion over 12 years. These programs are designed to reduce both energy consumption and peak demand without negatively impacting economic growth and job creation. In doing so, they will help to avoid or defer the need for new electricity generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure, lowering system costs and easing long-term pressures on ratepayers.

This expansion of energy efficiency programs is projected to reduce the province’s peak demand by 3,000 MW and electricity consumption by 18 TWh in 2036 – the equivalent of taking three million homes off the grid. Families and businesses are expected to save $12.2 billion in nominal system costs over 24 years.

Ontario also has natural gas energy efficiency programs in place to help residential and business consumers reduce their usage and manage their bills through the installation of energy-saving measures. From 2007 to 2023, natural gas energy efficiency programs delivered total savings of 2.14 billion cubic metres of natural gas – equivalent to 4.2 million tonnes of GHG emissions reductions.

Ontario is also giving residents and businesses more control over their energy use, helping to lower bills, boost reliability, and make homes and business part of a more modern and efficient electricity system. Distributed energy resources (DER) – technologies like rooftop solar panels, batteries, smart thermostats and electric vehicles – enable customers to generate, store and manage their own electricity consumption to meet their needs. Ontario’s existing DER-related initiatives have already led to more than 6,000 megawatts of DER deployed in Ontario, and by expanding policies and programs to better integrate these assets into the electricity system, the province can guide investment to where it is most cost-effective and beneficial to local and system-wide needs, helping to relieve constraints, defer costly infrastructure, and improve overall efficiency.

In January 2024, new regulations came into effect under Ontario’s Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Act to facilitate carbon storage demonstration projects in Ontario. This follows the lifting of the province’s prohibition of carbon storage in early 2023 and the amendment in 2022 of its Emissions Performance Standards program, adding long-term carbon capture and storage projects to the list of emissions reduction tools for industrial facilities. Projects under the new regulations could lead to the further expansion of carbon storage projects and support the province’s transition to a low-carbon economy.

Upcoming mitigation actions

The Ontario government is supporting OPG’s plan to proceed with the next steps toward refurbishing Pickering Nuclear Generating Station’s “B” units (units 5-8). Pending final approvals and confirmation of scope and budget, refurbishment of Pickering, which is one of the country’s best run nuclear generating stations and a critical source of clean power for two million homes, would provide more than 2,000 MW of reliable, emissions-free electricity and is anticipated to be complete by the mid 2030s.

Ontario is preparing the groundwork today for large-scale new nuclear projects that may be needed in the 2030s and beyond. The province launched pre-development work to site the first large-scale nuclear build in Ontario since 1993 at its existing Bruce nuclear site. If approved, the proposed expansion—referred to as Bruce C—could add up to 4,800 MW of reliable, emissions free generation at the site, enough to power 4.8 million homes. OPG is also advancing early-stage planning for new large scale nuclear generation at their existing site in Port Hope. OPG is engaging with the Municipality of Port Hope and the Williams Treaties First Nations to explore the potential for new nuclear at the site. Early assessments suggest the site could host up to 10,000 MW of new clean nuclear generation, enough to power approximately 10 million homes.

To help ensure Ontario can continue to plan and diversify its electricity supply mix with assets that support long-term reliability, system flexibility and low-emissions electricity, Ontario is evaluating the IESO’s report back on options for a separate procurement stream for strategic long-lead projects with the intention of launching the procurement in the immediate future. This would include resources such as certain new hydroelectric generation and long-duration energy storage—projects that may offer long-term system value but require more time to develop and bring into service.

To help ensure Ontario’s transmission network has sufficient capacity to support the connections of communities and industry to Ontario’s clean electricity grid, the IESO is developing a competitive Transmitter Selection Framework (TSF) that would introduce transparency, competition, and cost-effective investment for new large transmission network infrastructure in the province. The IESO launched the TSF Registry in summer 2025 as a critical first step—ensuring a pool of pre-qualified, capable transmitters is in place so that competitions can proceed efficiently as projects are identified for competitive selection.

Ontario is continuing to invest in technology innovation and the development of alternative energy sources such as low-carbon hydrogen to advance a clean economy. In Fall 2025, Ontario opened a new, expanded funding call of the Hydrogen Innovation Fund. The new call has $30 million in funding, double the budget of the previous call, and broadened eligibility, including both electricity grid-focused and broader applications, such as transportation and industry. The government is also exploring new initiatives to advance the provincial hydrogen economy, including an electricity pricing pilot for hydrogen producers (Hydrogen Interruptible Rate Pilot) and the potential expansion of the OEB’s mandate to include the regulation of dedicated hydrogen pipelines.

4.2.6 Québec

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 9,110,616¹⁰⁰
• Median income (2023): $47,300¹⁰¹
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $442.9 billion, with largest contributions from manufacturing (12.9%), real estate (11.3%), and healthcare and social assistance (9.2%)¹⁰²
• GHG emissions (2023): 78.93 Mt CO₂ eq or 11.37% of the national total¹⁰³
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 8.8 t CO₂ eq¹⁰⁴
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (40%), heavy industry (23%), and agriculture (11%)¹⁰⁵
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 93.9% from hydro, 5.0% from wind, 0.7% from biomass, 0.2% from petroleum, less than 0.1% from natural gas, less than 0.1% from solar, and less than 0.1% from other sources.¹⁰⁶ Québec has electricity interconnections with Ontario, New Brunswick, and the northeastern United States.

Figure 4-6. Québec emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

In 2020, Québec released its 2030 Plan for a Green Economy, providing a framework for the province to reach its emissions reduction target of 37.5% below 1990 levels by 2030. Québec is currently implementing the fourth implementation plan (PDF), covering 2025 to 2030, released June 19, 2025. The current plan focuses on reducing the province’s emissions, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and transforming society and the economy.

Recent mitigation actions

In its most recent budget (PDF), Québec allocated $10.2 billion over five years to the 2030 Plan for a Green Economy 2030, representing an increase of approximately $200 million compared to the previous plan. This funding aims to support the province's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 37.5% below 1990 levels by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

Under Québec’s 2025 to 2030 implementation plan, the province has committed $3.9 billion over five years to decarbonize transportation. Specific investments include $974 for public transit systems; $459 million for the electrification of school buses; $709 million for the electrification of city buses; $57 million for expanding charging infrastructure; $50 million for marine, air, and rail transportation electrification; and, $85 million for the Écocamionnage program, supporting the electrification of freight transportation.

Québec has also committed $1.7 billion to reduce emissions and increase energy productivity. Within this funding, the ÉcoPerformance program, with nearly $862 million over five years, supports the implementation of energy management systems in industry, targeting large energy consumers to optimize usage. The Bioenergies program, with a $416 million budget, funds projects that convert residual biomass into energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting growth in this sector.

The province is investing $1.6 billion to reduce emissions from the building sector. Additionally, Québec also plans to introduce two draft regulations: starting in 2026, Québec will require large institutional, commercial, municipal, and multi-residential buildings to report energy use and GHG emissions, while a second regulation will assign ratings to assess their energy and environmental performance and set related standards.

Québec is in the process of revising its cap-and-trade system to enhance its effectiveness in achieving the province's greenhouse gas reduction targets for 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.

Upcoming mitigation actions

Québec plans to continue and expand its investments in the electrification of transportation, including additional funding for electric vehicles, charging infrastructure, and public transit systems. The province aims to achieve the following targets: 65% electrification of school bus fleets, 55% electrification of city buses, and 40% electrification of taxis by 2030, and 90% of new vehicles to be electric or plug-in hybrid by 2035.

Future initiatives will focus on further reducing emissions in the industrial sector through advanced technologies, stricter regulations, and increased support for clean energy projects. This includes continued funding for programs like ÉcoPerformance, Bioenergy, and the GHG Challenge Program.

Québec aims to implement more stringent energy efficiency standards for buildings, promote the adoption of renewable energy sources, and support the retrofitting of existing structures to meet low-carbon objectives. The province plans to phase out fossil fuel natural gas in residential, commercial, and institutional buildings by 2040, with consultations on related regulations expected in 2025.

4.2.7 New Brunswick

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 859,839¹⁰⁷
• Median income (2023): $41,610¹⁰⁸
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $35.8 billion, with largest contributions from real estate (13.9%), public administration (11.3%), and health care and social assistance (10.2%)¹⁰⁹
• GHG emissions (2023): 11.47 Mt CO₂ eq or 1.65% of the national total¹¹⁰
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 13.6 t CO₂ eq¹¹¹
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (27%), electricity (23%), and oil and gas (23%)¹¹²
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 5% from hydro, 34.2% from nuclear, 15.2% from natural gas, 9.3% from coal, 7.2% from petroleum, 4.8% from wind, 3.8% from biomass, and less than 0.1% from solar.¹¹³ New Brunswick is a net importer of electricity. The province has electricity interconnections with Maine, Québec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.

Figure 4-7. New Brunswick emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

New Brunswick’s emissions reduction targets are established under the 2018 Climate Change Act.

• 14.8 Mt CO₂ eq in 2020 (equivalent to approximately 25% below 2005 levels);
• 10.7 Mt CO₂ eq in 2030 (equivalent to approximately 46% below 2005 levels); and,
• 5.0 Mt CO₂ eq in 2050 (equivalent to approximately 75% below 2005 levels).

The Climate Change Act also requires that the province release a Climate Change Action Plan every five years and a progress report annually.

In September 2022, New Brunswick released its 2022–2027 Climate Change Action Plan: Our Pathway Towards Decarbonization and Climate Resilience (PDF). The plan outlines the province’s approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building climate resilience and establishes the province’s commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.

Recent mitigation actions

New Brunswick continues to implement its 2022 to 2027 Climate Change Action Plan with 18 actions completed and 32 in progress. Key accomplishments from the action plan include:

• Establishing a Climate Change Working Group with Indigenous communities and organizations in 2023 with the goal of strengthening collaboration on climate change between the provincial government and First Nation communities.
• Releasing a Clean Energy Strategy titled Powering our Economy and the World with Clean Energy, Our path forward to 2035 (PDF), in 2023 which commits to investing in clean and renewable energy sources for our electricity grid, and supporting the growth of hydrogen and biofuels.
• Increased funding to help homeowners to switch from oil heating systems to energy-efficient heat pumps. The initiative, announced in February 2025, aims to make the switch more accessible and affordable for residents, contributing to the province’s climate action goals. This support will help low-to-medium income households by providing them with up to $15,000 in financial support.
• Adopting the 2020 National Building Code and the 2020 National Energy Code for Buildings at tier 2, effective April 1, 2025. A tier adoption roadmap has been developed and New Brunswick is on track to progressively adopt more stringent building codes with the goal of achieving net-zero energy ready construction by 2030.
• As part of New Brunswick’s agricultural funding initiatives and supported by the Climate Change Fund, the province has launched a $1.5 million program to reduce GHG emissions and improve farm sustainability. The funding will help offset the costs of feasibility studies for developing anaerobic digester projects. The initiative seeks to create new revenue streams for farmers by converting farm-based organic waste into energy.
• Releasing a web portal for local governments to report on the status of their community GHG reduction plans. By the end of March 2025, approximately 60% of local governments and rural districts had GHG reduction plans covering all or part of their territory.
• Completing a clean technology skills gap assessment in 2025, which will inform the development of new programs to support workforce and skills readiness.
• Delivering an EV incentive program between 2021 and 2025 to support the targets in the Climate Change Action Plan to have 6% of light-duty vehicle sales be electric by 2025 and 50% by 2030. The incentive program was a great success, with demand for the program growing every year. The government has exceeded its 2025 goal, reaching 8.3% of light-duty vehicle sales as electric in 2024.
• Releasing New Brunswick’s Strategic Action Plan for Solid Waste Management in 2023 which establishes pathways to reduce the amount of solid waste being disposed and to create opportunities to transform it into materials for tomorrow.

The Climate Change Fund released its list of project (PDF) recipients for the 2024-25 fiscal year, amounting to a total of $54.6 million. The Climate Change Fund serves as a dedicated funding vehicle to support province’s Climate Change Action Plan goals through initiatives that reduce GHG emissions, prepare for the impact of climate change, and foster educational opportunities.

New Brunswick’s OBPS has continued to demonstrate progress in reducing emissions and supporting the province’s climate goals. The 2023 compliance period annual report shows that total regulated emissions amounted to 6.21 Mt CO₂ eq, compared to a regulated emissions limit of 5.89 Mt CO₂ eq. This resulted in $21 million in compliance payments directed to the Climate Change Fund, further supporting climate-related projects and initiatives across the province. The 2024 compliance period reporting will be due by December 15, 2025.

Upcoming mitigation actions

In New Brunswick’s Climate Action Plan, Our Pathway Towards Decarbonization and Climate Resilience (PDF), the province outlines several future mitigation actions that will support its transition to a low-carbon economy.

To support the province’s commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050, New Brunswick’s Net-Zero Blueprint is expected to be released in 2025 which will establish key pathways to reaching net zero emissions across all key sectors and establish interim emission reduction goals for the province.

The province is committed to improving the understanding and management of its forest and wetland carbon stocks to support sustainable forest management and more accurate emissions accounting. In April 2024, New Brunswick published an updated forest carbon stock assessment, phase 1 of the Forest Carbon Inventory with three more phased reports expected to be completed by 2027. Future plans include developing a tool to quantify wetland carbon stocks and prioritize high-functioning wetlands by 2026 and releasing a full wetland carbon report by 2030.

To support the province’s goal of phasing out heating oil by 2030, a roadmap to transition residential and commercial buildings in New Brunswick off of heating oil is under development. A provincial Climate Change Agriculture Strategy is expected to be released in 2025 which will support a low-carbon, climate-resilient, and economically sustainable agriculture sector. The strategy will include goals to reduce GHG emissions from agricultural activities, enhance carbon sinks, and promote sustainable land management practices.

4.2.8 Nova Scotia

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 1,080,418¹¹⁴
• Median income (2023): $42,490¹¹⁵
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $45.6 billion, with largest contributions from real estate (17.7%), public administration (12.5%), and health care and social assistance (10.7%)¹¹⁶
• GHG emissions (2023): 13.54 Mt CO₂ eq or 1.95% of the national total¹¹⁷
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 12.7 t CO₂ eq¹¹⁸
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (36%), electricity (36%), and buildings (13%)¹¹⁹
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 40.2% from coal, 21.3% from natural gas, 15.2% from wind, 10.7% from hydro, 8.3% from petroleum, 3.2% from biomass, and 1.1% from solar.¹²⁰ Nova Scotia is a net importer of electricity. The province has electricity interconnections with New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador through the Maritime Link.

Figure 4-8. Nova Scotia emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

Nova Scotia legislated its emissions reduction targets in the Environmental Goals and Climate Change Reduction Act (PDF) in 2022. This act aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 53% from 2005 levels by 2030 and reach net-zero by 2050. The Act outlines several other goals related to climate-change mitigation and emissions reduction, including to have 80% of electricity in the province supplied by renewable energy by 2030, to phase out coal-fired electricity generation by 2030, and to decrease GHG emissions across government-owned buildings by 75% by 2035.

Nova Scotia’s climate plan, Our Climate, Our Future: Nova Scotia’s Climate Change Plan for Clean Growth (PDF), released in December 2022, also includes a new pledge to achieve a 90% reduction in GHG emissions from the electricity sector by 2035 and reduce home heating oil use by at least 20% by 2030.

Recent mitigation actions

In Nova Scotia’s most recent budget, Unlocking Our Potential, the province dedicated a section to growing their green economy and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Initiatives include: $6.1 million to construct and renovate net-zero homes and apartments; $5.2 million to increase clean electricity through the Community Solar Program; $1.3 million to support businesses and communities to become more energy efficient; and $1.25 million for the Advancing Clean Technologies Program to allow more farmers to adopt clean technologies that support more sustainable farming.

In Nova Scotia’s 2025 progress report, Powering the Transition: Clean Economy, Climate Action, Sustainable Prosperity (PDF), the province highlights progress on its Environmental Goals and Climate Change Reduction Act and Our Climate and Our Future: Nova Scotia’s Climate Change Plan for Clean Growth. Key achievements include:

• 40.5% of Nova Scotia’s energy is renewable energy;
• over $11.1 million has been invested in community-led climate action projects to date; and
• the Clean Fuels Innovation Fund invested $3 million in seven projects in 2025.

In addition, the province proposed five offshore wind zones designation, giving the province the potential to produce enough energy to power nearly 27% of Canada’s needs.

Nova Scotia’s Low Carbon Communities (LCC) grant program awarded 27 recipients (PDF) funding during the 2024-25 fiscal year, totaling just over $1.5 million. LCC is a provincial grant program which provides funding for community projects that support cost-effective clean energy and low carbon solutions in the buildings, electricity, and transport sector. These initiatives include a range of activities, including feasibility studies, energy-efficient retrofits, and the development of renewable energy systems such as solar power installations.

During the 2024-25 fiscal year, Nova Scotia’s Climate Change Fund invested $35.6 million to over 60 projects to support climate action, with nearly $33.5 million allocated directly to programs and initiatives that advance the province’s climate goals. The fund is fully financed through the provincial budget and revenue from the province’s Output-Based Pricing System, which places a carbon price on large industrial emitters.

Upcoming mitigation actions

As outlined in Nova Scotia’s 2025 climate change progress report, the province will continue to advance action on climate change through various initiatives. These include responsible advancements in offshore wind projects and continuing to invest in the clean energy sector.

The province also plans to update the Provincial Climate Risk Assessment to better understand and respond to climate-related threats. Support will continue through the Sustainable Communities Challenge Fund, which funds local initiatives that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance community resilience. In addition, Nova Scotia will continue to support low-income households through energy efficiency programs and home improvement.

4.2.9 Prince Edward Island

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 180,029¹²¹
• Median income (2023): $38,660¹²²
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $7.6 billion, with largest contributions from real estate (15%), manufacturing (12.1%), and public administration (11.8%)¹²³
• GHG emissions (2023): 1.59 Mt CO₂ eq or 0.23% of the national total¹²⁴
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 9.1 t CO₂ eq¹²⁵
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (45%), agriculture (22%), and buildings (17%)¹²⁶
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 82.9% from wind, 3.0% from solar, 0.6% from biomass, and 0.8% from petroleum.¹²⁷ Prince Edward Island is a net importer of electricity. In 2021, nearly 60% of the province’s electricity was imported.

Figure 4-9. Prince Edward Island emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

In 2020, Prince Edward Island (PEI) adopted the Net-Zero Carbon Act (PDF), setting Canada’s most ambitious GHG emissions reduction target to become net-zero by 2040. Additionally, PEI plans to reduce their GHG emissions by 40% below 2005 levels by 2030. The Act requires annual reporting on the province’s GHG emissions, climate change risks, and progress made towards established targets.

In February 2022, Prince Edward Island released its 2040 Net Zero Framework. This economy-wide framework provides a roadmap to reach Prince Edward Island’s 2040 net-zero target while contributing to national targets and priorities. The framework focuses on six pillars: transportation; buildings; agriculture; carbon sequestration; clean industry and waste; and leadership and engagement.

Recent mitigation actions

In April 2025, PEI released its 2025-26 Budget, noting that it will continue offering programs that reduce emissions, with a primary focus on affordability and easing financial pressures on households and individuals. Some notable highlights include: $32.7 million to support the transition of oil to electric heating for 2,000 households (with support from federal government); $7.6 million annually to expand the Home Heating Assistance Program; and $3.8 million investment for upgrades to residential buildings through the Free Home Insulation Program.

PEI updated several rebate programs to prioritize net-zero initiatives aimed at reducing emissions and lowering costs. Starting in June 2025, rebates for home insulation, windows and doors increased by 40%, and incentives for new home construction were boosted and aligned with national building code tiers. Commercial rebate amounts also rose, while some rebates, such as for heat pumps and residential solar panels, were reduced or capped to reallocate funding toward higher-impact measures. The updates also expanded incentives for business, industry, and agriculture, and continued support for energy audits, appliance rebates, active transportation projects, and electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

In July 2025, with support from the Climate Change Fund, PEI announced ten new projects aimed at addressing climate change and advancing PEI’s net-zero and adaptation goals. This year’s projects will support the development of a community energy and emission plan, sustainable energy, coastal nature-based solutions, climate change risk assessment in tourism and climate action engagement. Since 2020, the Climate Challenge Fund has provided $1 million annually to support organizations developing solutions to address climate change.

A new funding program, the Cleantech Research and Innovation Fund, was launched in March 2024. The fund will provide up to $500,000 to businesses, educational institutions, or Indigenous communities for research and development that contributes to the cleantech industry in Prince Edward Island. Eligible projects aim to improve energy efficiency, transition to renewable or non-emitting energy, enhance grid resiliency, promote sustainable resource use, and strengthen environmental protection.

Upcoming mitigation actions

PEI announced the development of a five-year Net-Zero Action Plan to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. Building on the 2040 Net Zero Framework, the plan will outline climate mitigation actions for the provincial government to take to ensure it meets its 2030 and 2040 GHG emission reduction targets. It will include actions to reduce emissions and enhance climate resilience and integrate with other provincial strategies such as energy, housing, and poverty reduction.

4.2.10 Newfoundland and Labrador

Provincial profile

• Population (2025): 545,464¹²⁸
• Median income (2023): $40,000¹²⁹
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $29.6 billion, with largest contributions from mining, quarrying, and extracting (25.2%), real estate (10.1%), and health care and social assistance (9.2%)¹³⁰
• GHG emissions (2023): 7.92 Mt CO₂ eq or 1.14% of the national total¹³¹
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 14.6 t CO₂ eq¹³²
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (41%), oil and gas (16%), and heavy industry (13%)¹³³
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 97.0% from hydro, 2.0% from petroleum, 0.6% from natural gas, 0.4% from wind, less than 0.1% from biomass, and less than 0.1% from solar.¹³⁴ Newfoundland and Labrador is a significant net exporter of electricity. In 2023, net interprovincial trade and international electricity outflows accounted for about 77% of generation.¹³⁵

Figure 4-10. Newfoundland and Labrador emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

In 2019, Newfoundland and Labrador released The Way Forward on Climate Change (PDF), setting a target to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. In 2020, the province committed to achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.

The province achieved its 2020 GHG reduction target – 10% below 1990 levels – in 2021 and maintained this progress in subsequent years. By 2023, emissions had declined to 16.4% below 1990 levels, representing a 22.9% reduction compared to 2005 levels.

In June 2025, Newfoundland and Labrador released its Climate Change Mitigation Action Plan (PDF), introducing a more ambitious target - a 60% reduction in GHG emissions below 2005 levels by 2040. The Plan also reaffirms that the 2030 target is on track to be achieved.

Recent mitigation actions

In its most recent budget, Smarter. Stronger. Better., Newfoundland and Labrador announced investments to accelerate climate action and support the province’s transition to a low-carbon economy. A total of $14.3 million was allocated to the Green Transition Fund, aimed at advancing innovative projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Other notable investments include: $40 million to continue the Oil to Electric Rebate Program, helping households switch to cleaner heating sources; $3.7 million to expand electric vehicle rebates and charging infrastructure, supporting the growth of zero-emission transportation; Nearly $4 million to enhance disaster emergency preparedness, strengthening climate resilience; and $4.2 million to support the Atlantic Wildfire Centre, improving regional wildfire response and management.

In June 2025, Newfoundland and Labrador released two new climate action plans for 2025-2030. The Climate Change Mitigation Action Plan (PDF) sets out twenty-three actions to strengthen governance, regulatory frameworks, financial measures, and public awareness – supporting the province’s 2030 GHG reduction target and laying the groundwork for achieving the 2040 target. The plan focuses on primary GHG-emitting sectors, including transportation, building and residential heating, industry, waste, and electricity generation, along with renewable energy, forestry, and agriculture. The province also released the Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (PDF) which emphasizes building resilience through partnerships, infrastructure and economic planning, health and wellbeing, emergency preparedness, and sustainable land and nature use.

In 2025, Newfoundland and Labrador invested $4.6 million through its Green Transition Fund, supporting 12 projects that promote sustainable business practices and clean technologies. To date, over $8.3 million has been approved for 32 projects, reflecting strong interest in the fund. These initiatives span research and development, manufacturing, and resource development. This complements $3 million awarded through the Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Innovation Challenge, supporting cutting-edge emissions-reducing technologies.

In 2025, Newfoundland and Labrador announced $12 million in new funding for the Climate Change Challenge Fund, an application-based grant program open to the private sector, not-for-profit organizations, public sector bodies or boards, municipal governments, and Indigenous organizations to undertake emissions reduction projects. Eligible projects must deliver cost-effective GHG reductions through energy efficiency, fuel switching, low-emission technologies, and carbon sequestration in agriculture and forestry.

In December 2024, Newfoundland and Labrador signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Quebec to develop Gull Island and expand capacity of the Churchill Falls hydroelectric plant. The deal includes an estimated $225 billion in provincial revenue over the lifetime of the project and 3,900 MW of new renewable electricity capacity.

Upcoming mitigation actions

Newfoundland and Labrador will report on its 2025 climate action plans in 2028 and 2030. By 2027, $110 million is expected to be invested through federal-provincial agreements to enhance climate programs. An additional $91.7 million remains available under the Green Transition Fund. As part of the new Adaptation Plan, a climate and health vulnerability assessment has already been completed.

4.2.11 Yukon

Territorial profile

• Population (2025): 47,111¹³⁶
• Median income (2023): $59,950¹³⁷
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $3.3 billion, with largest contributions from public administration (25%), real estate (14.6%), and construction (10.8%)¹³⁸
• GHG emissions (2023): 0.67 Mt CO₂ eq or 0.10% of the national total¹³⁹
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 14.6 t CO₂ eq¹⁴⁰
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (58%), heavy industry (20%), and electricity (6%)¹⁴¹
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 85.8% from hydro, 6.4% from natural gas, 5.6% from petroleum, and 2.1% from solar.¹⁴²

Figure 4-11. Yukon emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

Building on its 2020 climate plan, Our Clean Future: A Yukon strategy for climate change, energy and a green economy, Yukon’s Clean Energy Act (2022) (PDF) legislated the territory’s GHG reduction targets of 45% of total 2010 emissions for 2030 and subsequent years (not including mining sector emissions), and net-zero emissions by 2050 (including mining).

In November 2024, Yukon passed amendments to the Clean Energy Act, legislating a mining intensity target of 45% by 2035 for placer, quartz (hard rock) mining, and the post-production and abandoned mines sectors.

Recent mitigation actions

Yukon continues to commit funding to climate change work in the territory. Highlights from the 2025-26 Budget (PDF) include $6.4 million for energy retrofits and renewable energy projects through the Green Infrastructure Program; $5.8 million for building retrofits to minimize energy loss; $12.4 million for renewable energy incentive programs; and $1.5 million for Innovative Renewable Energy Initiative program funding.

The Budget also provided $876,000 in additional funding for the Affordable Heat Pump Program (AHPP). Under the program, low- to medium-income homeowners could claim rebates of up to $24,000 to install high-efficiency heat pumps, and homeowners with oil-heated homes were eligible to receive an additional upfront payment of $250 for a heat pump. Launched initially in December 2024 with joint territorial-federal funding of $2.4 million, the first phase of the program was fully subscribed within three weeks. The second phase of the AHPP was fully subscribed by June 2025. A total of 84 households received heat pumps through the program since its launch in 2024.

Collaborating with Indigenous governments on the planning, development, and permitting of renewable energy projects remains a key priority for Yukon. In June 2025, the governments of Yukon and Canada, together with First Kaska Utilities LP (the Liard First Nation’s economic development corporation) announced a joint investment of $28.6 million in the Sādę Solar Initiative project. The project will see the construction of a 2.85-megawatt solar power plant and battery energy storage system that will connect to Watson Lake’s existing micro-grid. Solar energy from the project is expected to replace more than 24% of the diesel-generated power in Watson Lake, reducing diesel consumption by approximately 1,020,300 litres and cutting GHG emissions by 3,509 tonnes annually.

Upcoming mitigation actions

In May 2025, the governments of the Yukon and British Columbia signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to guide intergovernmental collaboration through the exploration and planning phases of connecting the Yukon and British Columbia electrical grids. The Yukon-British Columbia Grid Connect aims to unlock energy security and economic prosperity by facilitating two-way electricity transmission between the two jurisdictions. Shared principles in the MOU include: strengthening Canadian self-sufficiency, security, and resilience through development of economic and clean energy corridors; advancing reconciliation with affected First Nations; promoting mutual economic prosperity through the delivery of cost-effective renewable energy; other industrial development; and meeting net-zero emission goals for 2050.

4.2.12 Northwest Territories

Territorial profile

• Population (2025): 45,242¹⁴³
• Median income (2023): $41,770¹⁴⁴
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $4.2 billion, with largest contributions from public administration (25%), mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (17.9%), and real estate (10.6%)¹⁴⁵
• GHG emissions (2023): 1.36 Mt CO₂ eq or 0.20% of the national total¹⁴⁶
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 30.6 t CO₂ eq¹⁴⁷
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (45%), heavy industry (25%), and buildings (9%)¹⁴⁸
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 63.5% from petroleum, 14.7% from natural gas, 19.2% from hydro, 2.3% from wind, and 0.2% from solar.¹⁴⁹

Figure 4-12. Northwest Territories emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

In 2018, the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) released the Climate Change Strategic Framework and the 2030 Energy Strategy (PDF). The framework provides the Northwest Territories’ overarching goal to reduce GHG emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030, which is primarily addressed through the 2030 Energy Strategy (PDF).

In October 2024, the GNWT announced a commitment to achieving net-zero territorial GHG emissions by 2050. As of 2025, the GNWT is developing a whole-of government energy and climate change strategy to address the 2050 objective.

Recent mitigation actions

In September 2025, the GNWT announced the completion of a corridor of fast chargers around Great Slave Lake to enable electric vehicle travel between Yellowknife, through the South Slave region and into southern Canada. Fast chargers at Yellowknife, Behchokǫ̀, Fort Smith, Hay River, Fort Providence and Enterprise are operational, with an additional fast charger in Buffalo Junction expected to be completed in 2026.

In April 2025, the Northwest Territories Power Corporation re-opened the Taltson hydro facility, after closing it nearly two years earlier for a major overhaul. During the shutdown, South Slave communities relied on diesel generators for electricity. The refurbished facility will provide clean power to the region for the next 50 to 60 years.

Also in April 2025, the GNWT issued new direction to the Public Utilities Board, the energy regulator, to help manage the territory’s energy transition. This direction focuses on improving affordability, enabling community-led clean energy, and modernizing how the electricity system is planned and regulated. Specifically, the policy includes directives on enhancing net metering and independent power producer programs; implementing rate impact mitigation measures; mandating long-term integrated system planning; and making necessary regulatory updates. Electric vehicle chargers are now considered part of regulated utility operations, enabling utilities to support new electric vehicle infrastructure. The GNWT will also introduce a new Independent Power Producers policy to prioritize Indigenous and community ownership and ensure transparency in power purchase agreements.

In February 2025, the GNWT, driven by climate change, emissions from permafrost, peatland degradation, and more severe and more intense wildfires, organized a three-day workshop on Landscape Carbon Management in the NWT. Over 200 in-person and virtual attendees representing governments, Indigenous governments and Indigenous organizations, academia and industry participated in the workshop and discussed knowledge and policy gaps in the context of the NWT, as well as potential priorities and approaches to carbon management in the NWT.

Upcoming mitigation actions

The longer-term vision for the expansion of the Taltson hydro system includes the construction of a new 60-megawatt facility near the existing one south of Great Slave Lake and a new transmission line connecting the Taltson grid with the Snare hydro system north of Great Slave. The project would double the territory’s current hydro-generating capacity and support critical mineral development in the region.

To move towards the net zero by 2050 commitment, the GNWT is developing a longer-term, outcome-based and people-centered whole-of-government climate change and energy strategy with clear priorities and thoughtful trade-offs to move the territory towards an economy that is less dependent on fossil fuels, improve knowledge of climate change impacts and build resilience to a changing climate. It is expected to be completed in spring 2026.

4.2.13 Nunavut

Territorial profile

• Population (2025): 41,572¹⁵⁰
• Median income (2023): $40,470¹⁵¹
• Gross Domestic Product (2024): $4.1 billion, with largest contributions from mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (45.9%), public administration (14.3%), and construction (8.9%)¹⁵²
• GHG emissions (2023): 0.71 Mt CO₂ eq or 0.10% of the national total¹⁵³
• GHG emissions per capita (2023): 17.5 t CO₂ eq¹⁵⁴
• Highest emitting sectors (2023): transport (52%), heavy industry (19%), and waste (6%)¹⁵⁵
• Electricity generation (2023): approximately 99.5% from petroleum, and 0.5% from solar.¹⁵⁶

Figure 4-13. Nunavut emissions by sector, 2023

Approach to emissions reductions

Nunavut’s climate change plan, Upagiaqtavut: Setting the Course – Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Nunavut (PDF), was released in 2011, with an emphasis on adaptation and the protection of the Inuit way of life in the face of climate change. Upagiaqtavut prioritizes government action in four areas: partnership building; research and monitoring; education and outreach; and government policy and planning.

Recent mitigation actions

In May 2025, Nunavut launched the Sustainable Energy Support Policy (SESP) (PDF), a territory-wide framework to reduce fossil fuel reliance and advance sustainable energy practices. Applicable to all public bodies, the policy is coordinated by the Nunavut Climate Change Secretariat, which serves as the central hub for implementation, guidance, and support. The policy introduces the Independent Power Producer Subsidy, designed to help communities develop large-scale renewable energy projects under the Qulliq Energy Corporation. The SESP also provides contributions to the Nunavut Housing Corporation to help homeowners install renewable energy and storage systems, building on previous territorial programs and investments.

In collaboration with the Nunavut Climate Change Youth Advisory Committee, the Climate Change Secretariat recently launched the Nunavut Climate Change Champions Toolkit, a youth-driven resource designed to help young people to take climate action and build a network of engaged environmental leaders. The guide provides practical tools including a list of recommended climate change courses and readings, community outreach guides, and information on funding and grant opportunities.

Upcoming mitigation actions

With investments from the territorial and federal governments, and a recent referral to Canada’s Major Projects Office, the Nunavut Nukkiksautiit Corporation (NNC), an Inuit-owned clean energy developer, is pursuing engineering and design studies for the Iqaluit Nukkiksautiit Project on the Kuugaluk River northeast of Iqaluit. Once built, this traditional waterpower plant would produce 15- to 30-megawatts of hydro power, potentially replacing the city’s diesel-generated electricity and providing increased power for industrial demands.

Nunavut Premier P.J. Akeeagok and Manitoba Premier Wab Kinew signed a memorandum of understanding in April 2025 to work together on the proposed Kivalliq Hydro-Fibre Link, a hydro transmission line from Manitoba to Nunavut. The line would span 1,200 km, connecting Manitoba’s grid into the Kivalliq region of Nunavut. The project aims to replace diesel power in local communities, support existing and future mining operations, and deliver reliable high-speed internet. Work on the line began in 2018 and is estimated to be completed by 2032.

4.3 Net-Zero Advisory Body

The Net-Zero Advisory Body (NZAB) was formally established as a Governor-in-Council-appointed body through the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act in June 2021. Comprised of up to 15 experts from all regions, NZAB provides independent advice to the Minister of Environment, Climate Change and Nature on how Canada can achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Members come from different backgrounds including climate science, industry, and environmental organizations. Its legislated mandate focuses on advice for five-year emissions targets, emissions reduction plans and any other matter(s) referred to it by the Minister.

4.3.1 Recent advice and activities

Since the last Progress Report, NZAB has provided the Minister with advice on Canada’s 2035 GHG target, which included adopting a carbon budget and a 50% to 55% emissions reduction target for 2035, as well as addressing excess emissions through carbon dioxide removal technologies, international climate finance, and internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). NZAB also proposed advice on how to close the gap with the 2030 target and recommended that the Government finalize announced measures, address negative interactions, strengthen industrial carbon pricing, secure additional emissions reductions from the oil and gas sector, and evaluate and pursue additional actions.

As per the requirements of the Act, this advice was included in its second annual report, published in December 2024. The Minister publicly responded on March 2025.

The NZAB has continued to advance its work through domestic and international engagement opportunities such as the Conference of Parties on climate change (COP29) in Baku and the NZAB-Canadian Climate Institute annual conference on net-zero. NZAB also solicited comments from the public on carbon budget and excess emissions, provincial and territorial contributions, and net zero energy systems.

4.4 International leadership

Building on Canada’s long history of stepping up to tackle global challenges, Canada has been active through the G7, G20, United Nations, and other international fora and bilateral relationships to push for increased global ambition and concrete actions to address climate change. To ensure implementation of the Paris Agreement, Canada is taking action at home and working with partners around the world to promote and facilitate global climate action everywhere. Canada is committed to supporting mitigation and climate action by developing countries.

4.4.1 International commitments and collaboration

Under the UNFCCC, Canada is committed to working with the international community to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement and to scale up climate finance to support developing countries in their climate mitigation efforts, as well as to foster resilience among those most at-risk from the effects of climate change.

The 2015 Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC. The Agreement aims to keep the global average temperature to well below 2.0°C above pre-industrial levels and make efforts to limit temperature increase to 1.5°C. The Agreement also seeks to enhance the ability to adapt to climate change, and make global finance flows consistent with low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.

Between 2015 and 2022, Canada delivered over $8.7 billion in total international climate finance. In 2021, Canada doubled its international core climate finance commitment to $5.3 billion over five years. This commitment helps developing countries address the interconnected crises of climate change and biodiversity loss and supports their transitions to sustainable, low-carbon, climate-resilient development. Canada is on track to fully deliver on this commitment by March 31, 2026, and is on track to meeting its associated policy targets:

• Allocating at least 20% of funding from its $5.3 billion commitment to projects that leverage nature-based climate solutions with biodiversity co-benefits. As of April 2025, 28% of funding under this commitment is on track to being delivered towards projects that leverage nature-based climate solutions with biodiversity co-benefits.
• 80% of funding to projects that incorporate gender equality considerations. As of April 2025, 89% of the projects funded under this commitment are on track to incorporate gender equality considerations.
• 40% of funding for climate adaptation projects to help developing countries build resilience to climate change impacts. As of April 2025, 43.9% of funding is on track to be delivered to support climate adaptation projects.

In addition, Canada is working to mobilize private sector capital to address climate change and support climate-resilient development. As part of its $5.3 billion climate finance commitment, Canada has surpassed its target of mobilizing $0.75 in private sector capital for every $1.00 of public investment in innovative/blended finance instruments, mobilizing $1.19 per every dollar invested.

Between 2021 and 2024, Canada worked with Germany to demonstrate collective progress on the global goal to mobilize US$100 billion per year in climate finance for developing countries, publishing the Climate Finance Delivery Plan in 2021 and its Progress Report in 2022. Ahead of COP29, Canada and Germany released two open letters referencing recently published figures from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regarding the delivery of the US$100 billion goal. The OECD has confirmed that the goal was met and surpassed for the first time in 2022.

4.4.2 Updates on actions in international forums

Canada’s work to support ambitious mitigation globally includes leadership of complementary initiatives and efforts, such as the Powering Past Coal Alliance, the Global Methane Pledge, the Clean Energy Ministerial, the International Energy Agency’s Global Commission on People Centred Clean Energy Transitions and through the delivery of climate finance via the Climate Investment Funds and in the replenishment of the Green Climate Fund. Canada continues to contribute to consensus building and finding solutions with other countries and partners on a range of climate and environmental issues.

Canada recognizes that climate change is a global issue that must be addressed through international cooperation. Concerted effort is needed to transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, and societies. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, almost every country in the world has now committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change. 

As part of these efforts, the Government of Canada actively participates in the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) process of multilateral climate negotiations and is translating its international commitments to domestic action.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties

The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Baku, Azerbaijan from November 11 to 22, 2024. Former Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Steven Guilbeault, led Canada’s delegation.

A key outcome at COP29 was establishing the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance—a post-2025 goal to replace the current US$100 billion per year goal expiring in 2025. Parties agreed to establish a layered goal of an investment target of at least US$1.3 trillion per year by 2035 to developing countries from all actors and sources, with developed countries taking the lead on mobilizing at least US$300 billion per year in support to developing countries.

Parties also finalized the rules for international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, where Canada successfully pushed for robust rules for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) to ensure environmental integrity, transparency, and the avoidance of double counting in addition to strong protections for human rights and the environment. The agreed rules clarify reporting and accounting to keep the carbon markets fair and transparent and allow countries to work together on their climate plans for stronger action to fight climate change while growing their economies. 

Further, Canada successfully negotiated a ten-year extension to the Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender, a program that promotes the importance and benefits of involving women in climate action. This program will also help ensure more women can participate in decision-making at future UN climate conferences.

Canada was pleased that countries endorsed a new workplan for country governments and Indigenous Peoples to learn from one another and work together towards climate solutions. Canada also pushed for more effective international climate action that advances human rights, the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and gender equality. These talks will continue and will also cover how to protect workers’ rights and interests as more governments and industries invest in climate solutions. Canada led and supported several initiatives and pledges to keep momentum alive on the energy transition, including garnering support on Canada-led initiatives on decarbonization (that is, Powering Past Coal Alliance), and endorsing other voluntary initiatives to advance global commitments, including the COP29 Energy Grids and Storage Pledge, which sets global targets for the deployment of electricity grids and battery storage.

Canada also announced new initiatives for climate finance, notably:

• Launch of GAIA, a $2 billion innovative blended climate finance platform co-founded by FinDev Canada in partnership with the Japanese MUFG Bank.
• $1.25 million support for UN Secretary-General's Climate Action Team project, to support countries in submitting their NDCs in 2025.

Canada joined several initiatives and partnerships to advance climate action outside of formal negotiations, including endorsement of COP Presidency-led declarations, drawing attention to important themes such as energy transition, decarbonization, climate resiliency and health, water security, and agriculture.

Canada fostered an inclusive delegation at COP29, including participation by Provinces and Territories, Indigenous Organizations, civil society, private sector, labour, and youth delegates, showcasing a whole-of-Canada approach to climate action on the world stage. The Government of Canada hosted a successful Canada Pavilion at COP29, facilitating 65 events spotlighting Canadian leadership and innovation, and serving as a hub for networking and stakeholder engagement throughout the conference.

Minister Julie Dabrusin led Canada’s participation at COP30, from November 10 to 21, 2025 under the Brazilian Presidency. The Brazilian Presidency’s vision was guided by three interconnected priorities:

• to reinforce multilateralism and the climate change regime under the UNFCCC;
• to connect the climate regime to people’s real lives; and,
• to accelerate the implementation of the Paris Agreement by stimulating action and structural adjustments across all institutions that can contribute to it.

At COP30, Canada engaged with international partners to accelerate industrial decarbonization, while strengthening high-integrity, cost-effective tools such as carbon markets. For example, Canada joined the Brazil-led Coalition of governments to strengthen understanding of carbon pricing mechanism and promote convergence and transparency on accounting standards and reporting. Canada also joined the Coalition to Grow Carbon Markets which aims to help unlock private sector demand for high-integrity offsets in the voluntary offset market. Canada also endorsed the Drastically Reducing Methane Emissions in the Fossil Fuel Sector Declaration to support industry action, innovation and investments for methane abatement, as well as commitments to increase collaboration around effective use of market signals to reach near-zero methane intensity. As co-convener of the Global Methane Pledge, Canada is demonstrating strong leadership with partner countries for decisive policy, technological and partnerships needed for rapid scale-up across industrial sectors.

G7 Meeting on Climate, Energy, and Environment

The Group of Seven (G7) is made up of the world’s leading economies, specifically: Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, and the European Union. The G7 has indicated its collective commitment to mitigating climate change. Canada is the G7 President for 2025.

In 2024, Canada and other G7 members reiterated continued G7 commitment to key climate and environment milestones including operationalizing the COP28 Global Stocktake commitments on fossil fuels and energy transition, building on INC-4 in Ottawa to deliver an ambitious, effective, and fit-for-purpose international legally binding agreement on plastic pollution; and continuing to drive implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).

The 2024 G7 Ministers’ Meeting on Climate, Energy and Environment took place on April 29 and April 30 in Turin, Italy. The Ministers collaborated to agree for the first time on a timeline for phasing out unabated coal power in the first half of the 2030s and committed to accelerate action on methane and increase global energy storage. The G7 also launched a new Water Coalition, agreed to continue to build momentum for strong action to curb the plastic pollution that is affecting our health and that litters the oceans and environment, and reiterated the 2023’s G7 leader-level commitment to the full and effective implementation of the KMGBF and all its goals and targets.

This was followed by a Leaders’s Summit in Apulia, Italy on June 13 to 15 where Leaders also agreed on several outcomes on climate change and environment issues. Key Ministerial and Leader-level outcomes included:

• Commitment to ambitious climate action in line with net zero and 1.5^oC goals, including through new ambitious, absolute, economy-wide 1.5^oC-aligned NDCs to be submitted by early 2025, and by operationalizing the commitments made in the Global Stocktake.
• New collective commitments to accelerate efforts on methane emissions, including as part of a collective global goal of reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 75% by 2030, and 35% reduction in all methane emissions by 2035.
• Agreement to report on progress in meeting the goal of eliminating inefficient fossil fuel subsidies by 2025 or sooner.
• Commitment to contribute to a global goal of a more than six-fold increase in energy storage in the power sector to 1500 gigawatts (GW) in 2030 from the 2022 level (230 GW), to help operationalize the COP28 commitment to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
• A common position in terms of a commitment to remain leading contributors in the context of the NCQG on climate finance and that it should draw on all sources of finance and include a broadened contributor base including those countries that are able to contribute.
• Launch of a new G7 Adaptation Accelerator Hub to coordinate efforts in supporting developing countries in preparing effective and investible National Adaptation Plans.
• Reiterating the 2023 commitment to end plastic pollution by 2040, and commitment to continue playing a leading role in productive discussions alongside global partners with the aim to develop an ambitious, effective, and fit-for purpose international legally binding agreement on plastic pollution.
• Strong support for continuing to drive efforts to advance the ambitious implementation of the KMGBF and all its goals and targets ahead of CBD COP16 in 2024, including by preparing updated and revised National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs).
• Commitment to advancing integrated action to address the triple crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.

On October 22 and 23, Canada hosted the 10^th annual Strategic Dialogue of the Carbon Market Platform (CMP) in Ottawa bringing together G7 governments and stakeholders to discuss strengthening international cooperation on carbon pricing and markets. The OECD supported the discussions with analysis on the last decade of carbon pricing, scaled-up crediting approaches, and the relationship between carbon markets and climate finance.

On October 30 and 31, 2025, Canada co-hosted a joint G7 Energy and Environment Ministers’ Meeting in Toronto. The meeting brought together ministers from the world’s leading economies, as well as global partners and allies, to bring focus to shared priorities for energy security, economic competitiveness and growth, community safety and resilience, environmental protection, and climate action. Building on commitments from the 2025 G7 Leaders’ Summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, environment discussions focused on global cooperation to protect fresh water and ocean ecosystems; advance a circular economy and improve resource efficiency; enhance extreme weather prediction, preparedness, and response, including for wildfires; and mobilize scaled-up international private finance for climate and the environment. Outcomes included:

• The G7 Water Coalition Workplan, which commits to enhanced global co-operation on water security, pollution prevention, and climate-driven water risks.
• The Toronto Action Plan on Circular Economy and Resource Efficiency, a three-year plan building on efforts led by Germany and other past G7 presidencies, which sets a roadmap for G7 co-operation to promote resource efficiency and combat pollution in high priority sectors, including critical minerals, textiles, and plastics.
• A Chair’s Statement on Extreme Weather Prediction, Preparedness, and Response, which builds upon the Kananaskis Wildfire Charter to call for enhanced co-operation on extreme weather, including by leveraging opportunities presented by fast-evolving technologies, such as artificial intelligence, and advancing resilient infrastructure and nature-based solutions.

G20

During the 2024 G20 meetings in Brazil, Canada worked with its partners to reaffirm G20 commitments to implement the Paris Agreement (including fully subscribing to the outcomes of the First Global Stocktake concluded at UNFCCC COP28 in the UAE in 2023); for the swift, full, and effective implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), calling for the early entry into force and implementation of the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity, and ending plastic pollution including by working together with the aim to continue negotiations of an ambitious, effective, and fit-for-purpose international legally binding agreement on plastic pollution. The Ministerial Declaration adopted on October 3 in Rio de Janeiro also begins with a strong acknowledgement of the G20’s collective responsibility for GHG emissions, material and energy use, and pollution; the first time the G20 ECSWG has committed to such language.

In 2025, Canada continues to work with G20 members under South Africa’s Presidency to advance the ambitious implementation of the Paris Agreement and the KMGBF. The G20 Environment and Climate Ministerial was held in Cape Town, South Africa on October 16 and 17 while the Leaders’ Summit took place in Gauteng on November 27 and 28.

Ministerial on Climate Action (MoCA)

On October 31 and November 1, Canada hosted the 9th Ministerial on Climate Action (MoCA9), where ministers and key partners gathered to advance discussion on climate action ahead of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30). Held on the heels of the G7 Energy and Environment Ministers’ Meeting, MoCA9 enabled Canada to show its continued leadership on tackling climate change through international cooperation.

The MoCA meetings are co-convened by Canada, China, and the European Union to advance climate action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. At MoCA9, discussions focused on mobilizing climate finance and facilitating the transition to low-carbon, resilient economies, implementing real-world solutions to climate change through strong collective actions and ways to enhance outcomes at COP30.

Working with international partners on climate action contributes to a sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient future for Canadians and people around the world. It also supports shared goals for economic growth and jobs in the emerging net-zero economy.

Canada is fully committed to achieving a low-carbon economy—it is not only essential for the world’s climate, it is a core requirement for building secure, competitive, and resilient economies. Through MoCA9, Canada reinforced its determination to be a leader in collaborative international efforts on implementing the Paris Agreement and working toward ambitious global climate action.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The OECD is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to shaping evidence-based policies that foster prosperity and opportunity, underpinned by equality and well-being. Canada is one of the founding members of the OECD. It currently comprises 38 member countries, which, along with its Key Partners—Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa—account for about 80% of the world’s trade and investment. Canada’s engagement with the OECD provides several key benefits:

• OECD provides substantive data and technical expertise on a variety of environmental issues, which Canada uses to deliver on domestic environmental priorities. One example is Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan, which benefits from OECD collaboration.
• OECD brings together Members and a range of stakeholders to drive progress in different policy areas and to explore innovative ideas and best practices related to, for example, climate, biodiversity, and pollution.
• OECD brings value through its approach to policy making centered on systemic resilience and ‘future proofing’ climate and economic policies. It plays a key role in supporting the transition to low carbon, nature-positive, and circular economies.
• OECD provides a useful non-negotiating forum to advance analytical work, ideas, and issues that are under negotiation at environmental fora, for example, climate COPs or the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on plastic pollution.

Canada was Vice-Chair of the 2025 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, which included a session on Building Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Growth that explored how to align trade policies with environmental and social goals. Canada has continued to engage in various substantive committees along with other OECD members and partners to propose solutions, develop standards, assess data and policy successes, and review policy actions to tackle the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. On chemicals and biotechnology, Canada has contributed to the development of OECD methodologies for hazard assessment and exposure assessment. Canada continues to welcome the OECD’s contribution to the climate finance space, including work to track progress towards the US$100 billion goal and analysis on key themes, such as adaptation finance, private finance mobilization, alignment of financial flows with the Paris Agreement.

Chapter 5: Looking to the future

Transitioning to a low-carbon economy is not just about protecting the planet—it’s about seizing opportunities for future generations. Building climate resilience and developing a clean and competitive economy makes strong economic sense, is fiscally responsible, and is essential to protecting Canadians and their communities.

Canada has shown that it is possible to reduce emissions while growing the economy. Our economy was 34% less carbon-intensive in 2023 than it was in 2005. While this trend is continuing, there are important constraints on Canada’s ability to aim for significantly more emission reductions than currently projected for 2030. The costs to secure the additional emissions reductions to meet the 2030 target in full are estimated in the tens of billions of dollars over the next 5 years.¹⁵⁷ Conversely, many of the actions being taken now are foundational to achieve Canada’s net-zero by 2050 objective but are unlikely to yield emission reductions gains in the short term. Sustainable finance markets have also been slower to materialize than originally anticipated given political developments in the U.S., leaving financing gaps that will take longer to fill. In 2021, the Institute for Sustainable Finance estimated the capital investment needed for Canada to approach a 40% reduction by 2030 to be between $91 and $201 billion.¹⁵⁷

The transition to a cleaner and more climate-resilient economy offers major opportunities for Canada. By developing and scaling the technologies demanded by decarbonizing economies worldwide, Canada will create high-value jobs, attract investment, and strengthen its position globally. Canada is making significant investments in transformative technologies that will help us redesign our economy and energy system. Technologies like small modular reactors, carbon capture, storage and utilization and carbon direct removal hold enormous potential to reduce emissions on the path to 2050. The decarbonization of heavy-emitting domestic industries not only reduces emissions but also ensures these sectors remain competitive in international markets, securing long-term economic benefits for Canadians.

In the coming years, Canada will continue to fulfill its obligations under the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act, including working towards achieving greater GHG emissions reductions. By 2030, the Government of Canada will publish a detailed emissions-reduction plan to guide progress toward meeting the 2035 target of reducing GHG emissions by 45–50% below 2005 levels, and our ultimate objective of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Canada is stepping confidently into a cleaner, stronger future. Through the Climate Competitiveness Strategy, the government is focused and clear eyed about the challenge of climate change and the opportunities to create good jobs, attract new investments, and build thriving communities powered by clean energy. With our abundant natural resources, growing clean-tech sector, and highly skilled workforce, Canada is ready to lead in the global shift to a low-carbon economy. By working together—across businesses, governments, and communities—we can ensure this transition is fair, inclusive, and sets up future generations for success in a prosperous, net-zero world.

Chapter 6: Implementation update tables

This chapter provides a measure-by-measure update on all the federal strategies and measures under the 2030 ERP, including new measures developed since its release in March 2022, as well as key cooperative agreements and measures with provinces and territories, as identified in the 2030 ERP.

The 2030 ERP is organized around economic sectors, as well as categories for economy-wide measures that cut across sectors, nature-based solutions, which looks to opportunities for emissions reductions from nature, and greening government measures. Definitions of the sectors are included in the annex.

Measures are organized by sector based on their “best fit”, but can often impact other sectors, directly or indirectly. Organization by sector is done to support review and consideration of sectors and measures—the inclusion of a measure in one sector should not be viewed as indicating that it has no relevance or linkage to another sector. Sectors are linked and interdependent, with actions taken in one sector often having spillover effects for another sector. For example, actions taken to decarbonize Canada’s electricity sector will enable low-carbon electrification in other sectors.

Unique identifiers are assigned to support effective tracking of measures over time, recognizing that program names can change. Measures have been organized into main measures and sub-measures. The use of main measures and sub-measures is to reflect the relationships between the measures and is not an indication of importance—sub-measures include major initiatives.

In the 2023 Progress Report, measures were further distinguished as main measures with activities, main measures without activities (where activities were captured within its sub-measures), and sub-measures. Under this framework, main measures without activities were not included in the total count of ERP measures. In response to feedback that this approach to counting measures can be confusing, ECCC has decided to take a simpler approach by counting all measures in an effort to improve the transparency of our reporting. The implementation tables that follow report on a total of 164 measures; 100 are main measures, and 64 are sub-measures.

6.1 Key definitions related to implementation

6.1.1 Instrument type

Inspired by the reporting requirements under the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework to label policies and measures as either a regulatory, economic, or “other” instrument, a new category, called “Instrument type” has been added to the 2030 ERP progress reporting framework. The category options were first introduced in Canada’s First Biennial Transparency Report (2024) under the Paris Agreement, at which time it became clear that the “enabling” category previously used among economic sectors in the 2023 Progress Report was more appropriate as an instrument type. A high-level summary of the instrument types is provided below, while full definitions with examples can be found in Annex 1.

• Economic: Instruments that are economic incentives or disincentives to incorporate the costs and benefits of GHG emissions reductions into households’ and enterprises’ budgets. They modify the economic environment by influencing costs or benefits that lead to a reduction in aggregate emissions.
• Fiscal: Instruments that encompass government taxation or spending to achieve emissions reductions, climate mitigation and/or related objectives.
• Education: Instruments that provide organized training or instruction designed to impart knowledge and/or skills related to climate change, adaptation, GHG emissions/reductions, and related topics to targeted groups (for example, students, skilled workers).
• Information: Instruments that address the importance of good quality information to inform the public or private sector on issues of consumption and production related to GHG emissions and climate change.
• Planning: Instruments that encompass plans, strategies, and frameworks that outline a government’s rationale, intended actions, and/or goals for achieving GHG emissions reductions, climate adaptation, and/or related objectives, as well as the processes through which these products are developed.
• Regulatory: Instruments that establish a rule and/or objective that must be fulfilled by the target actor(s), who would face a penalty in case of non-compliance. These measures can be in the form of legislation and/or regulation.
• Research: Instruments that provide for systematic inquiry, investigation, and/or experimental development to produce novel information, tools, and processes and/or advance/improve knowledge and strategies related to GHG emissions and reductions, climate adaptation, and related topics.
• Voluntary Agreement: Instruments that encompass voluntary actions and commitments taken by governments, firms, non-governmental organizations, and others that are outside of regulatory requirements. Agreements or commitments may be between governments, the public, and/or private parties.
• Enabling: Instruments that help achieve climate mitigation objectives by supporting an enabling environment for climate action, and where emissions reductions may be indirect or not readily attributable to the measure.

6.1.2 Implementation status

Within the implementation tables, readers will find six different status labels indicating the current state of a given measure. These definitions were first established in the 2023 Progress Report, and they will continue to be used to provide consistent updates on the implementation of federal measure and cooperative agreements with provinces and territories.

• Under exploration (no commitment to proceed): initiatives have not yet entered the implementation process as they are still under consideration.
• Under development (initial planning): seeking authorities; early planning, research, and analysis activities underway.
• Initiated (authorized development): required authorities have been secured; drafting, program design, and initial consultations ramping up.
• Ongoing (active implementation): inviting and reviewing applications; distributing funding; proceeding through legislative or regulatory approval processes.
• Adopted (finalized and in effect): strategy, policy, code, or plan is in place; legislation has received royal assent; regulations are published in Canada Gazette II.
• Concluded (no longer in effect): operations have ceased; funds fully allocated, substantially distributed and no further funding planned; measure has been repealed and/or replaced.

A measure can also be ‘suspended’ pending decision.

Implementation status assessment grid with examples provides the assessment matrix used when determining which implementation status is most appropriate based on a measure’s context. For example, the “ongoing” status does not apply to policies, plans, strategies, and codes; instead, they should be labelled as “initiated” while being drafted and labelled as “adopted” once they are published.

Implementation status assessment grid with examples

Implementation status with their high-level definitions:

• Under Development – Initial Planning: Seeking authorities; early planning, research and analysis activities are underway
• Initiated – Authorized development: Required authorities have been secured; drafting program design, and initial consultations are underway
• Ongoing – Active implementation: Inviting & reviewing applications; distributing funding; proceeding through legislative of regulatory approval processes
• Adopted – Finalized and in effect: Policy, strategy, plan or code is approved; legislation or regulation is in force
• Concluded – No longer in effect: Operations have ceased; no further funding; measure has been repealed or replaced

Examples:

• Legislation or Regulations
  • Under Development: Seeking authorities; initial analysis and research underway to inform drafting
  • Initiated: Policy authorities secured; consultation, drafting, revisions underway
  • Ongoing: Bill passed 2nd reading; draft regulations published in CG I
  • Adopted: Legislation received royal assent; regulations published in CG II
  • Concluded: Regulation or legislation repealed and no longer in effect
• Policies, Plans, Strategies, Codes
  • Under Development: Seeking authorities; early research and analysis
  • Initiated: Policy authorities secured; drafting and consultations underway
  • Adopted: Final approvals in place and currently in effect
  • Concluded: Has been repealed and/or replaced; no longer in effect
• Programs, Grants & Contributions
  • Under Development: Seeking authorities; research and early design activities
  • Initiated: Policy and funding authorities secured; program G&C launched
  • Ongoing: Applications being reviewed; funding being distributed; operations ongoing
  • Concluded: Funding fully allocated; operations ceased; program has ended and/or been replaced
• Task Forces, Advisory Committees
  • Under Development: Seeking authorities; research and planning underway
  • Initiated: Relevant authorities secured; members being recruited and confirmed
  • Ongoing: Meetings scheduled; work underway (e.g., consultations, research, report drafting)
  • Concluded: Mandate fulfilled; operations ceased; final report published; no further meetings

6.1.3 Notations for estimated emission reductions

Estimates of emissions reductions associated with each measure have been provided in the implementation update tables found in Section 6.2. Estimates have been provided for 2023 (in alignment with the reporting year for historic emissions in the 2025 National Inventory Report) and 2030. There are several reasons why an estimate may not be provided—in this case, one of the following notations has been used to explain why.

• NE^a: Not estimated. Emissions reductions of this measure are included in the estimates of another measure, as explained in a footnote.
• NE^b: Not estimated. The government department, agency, or Crown corporation is unable to provide an estimate at the time of submission due to missing or delayed data or other technical challenges.
• NE^c: Not estimated. The details of the policy are still under development, so it is premature to estimate the mitigation impact.
• NA^d: Not applicable. Measure helps achieve climate mitigation objectives by supporting an enabling environment for climate action, and where emissions reductions may be indirect or not readily attributable to the measure. Examples include measures that reduce barriers to emissions-reducing alternatives, support workers to attain the education and training needed to build skills required for a low-carbon economy, provide incentives for low carbon technology development and deployment, or address information gaps.
• NA^e: Not applicable. Measure was not in place in 2023 or was implemented with insufficient time for significant mitigation impact during that year.
• NA^f: Not applicable. Measure is anticipated to be implemented with insufficient time for significant mitigation impact in 2030 or will no longer have an impact on emissions in 2030.

Annex A1.3 contains brief notes on the methodology used to calculate estimated emissions reductions. Measures that have methodology notes for their 2023 and/or 2030 emissions reductions estimate(s) are labelled with * in the measure name column in Section 6.2.

6.2 Federal measures and strategies

This section provides a measure-by-measure update on the implementation of the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan. Measure-specific information below has been provided by lead federal departments responsible for implementing the measure and ECCC has synthesized this information to enhanced transparency, accessibility, and comparability as much as possible.

Important note: estimated GHG reductions in the tables linked reflect the difference between expected GHGs associated with a specific measure relative to a scenario in which that measure does not exist. The GHG reduction estimates reported below should not be added together or combined with other reporting in attempt to estimate an economy-wide emissions reduction, as this approach would not account for interacting effects of measures on each other and may lead to double-counting for some measures and under-estimations for others. Official economy-wide emissions reduction values are provided in Section 3.2 of this report; Canada’s historic emissions reductions are reported through the annual National Inventory Report, and projected emissions reductions are reported through the annual Emissions Projections Report.

Several changes have been made to the list of economy-wide measures since the 2023 Progress Report:

• As mentioned in Section 6.1, the addition of instrument types to the reporting framework improves the identification of measures that are “enabling” while also allowing those measures to be categorized under one of the economic sectors or as having economy-wide impact.
• Many measures that were previously reported under the “enabling” category in the 2023 Progress Report, as well as one measure previously reported under the Heavy Industry sector (HVI 04 – Rate reduction for zero-emission technology manufacturers), are now included in the economy-wide section.
• The 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan and 2023 Progress Report included a measure titled “Border Carbon Adjustments” (ECW-08) which was under exploration and had not yet started the implementation phase. As the Government of Canada has not yet authorized the use of Border Carbon Adjustments, and there are no current plans to implement them in the near future, this measure has been removed from the list of ERP measures.

Tables 6-1 through 6-10, corresponding to sub-sections 6.2.1 through 6.2.10, are available on the Open Government Portal, active.

6.2.11 Previously concluded ERP measures

With the goal of maintaining full transparency and accountability of ERP measures, Table 6-11 provides a list of measures that were concluded in the 2023 Progress Report and will no longer provide updates going forward.

Table 6-11. Previously concluded federal ERP measures and strategies, available on the Open Government Portal, concluded.

6.3 Cooperative agreements and measures

The cooperative agreements table is comprised of those measures that were identified by provinces and territories as key cooperative agreements in their submissions during the development of the 2030 ERP. These submissions can be found in Annex 1 of the 2030 ERP. There is a wide variety in the types of measures captured as “cooperative agreements and measures”—this includes formal agreements and memoranda of understanding, policy frameworks and partnerships, cooperation in international fora, and funding supports to achieve shared climate objectives with provincial and territorial governments. For funding supports, this can include federal initiatives that occur in a jurisdiction as well as federal initiatives where provinces and territories have a role in receiving and/or distributing funding. Note that the PT list in the description is to identify which provinces and territories participate in the cooperative agreement or measure. In several cases, all provinces and territories are eligible to apply for funding, and negotiations for participation may be ongoing, but only where there is confirmed participation, such as through a publicly announced agreement, is the province or territory listed. Participating jurisdictions can change over time.

Tables 6-12 through 6-19, corresponding to sub-sections 6.3.1 through 6.3.8, are available on the Open Government Portal, active.

Adaptation is outside the scope of the 2025 ERP Progress Report; however, implementation updates on select cooperative agreements and measures are included here. A number of adaptation measures were identified by provincial and territorial governments as key agreements and measures, recognizing the strong linkages between adaptation and climate mitigation actions. Reporting on adaptation is addressed comprehensively through other reporting mechanisms. For example, the Government of Canada Adaptation Action Plan (GOCAAP) outlines the federal government’s policy and program framework and provides a comprehensive inventory of all federal programs on climate change adaptation, including the examples reported in the table below.

6.3.9 Previously concluded cooperative agreements and measures

With the goal of maintaining full transparency and accountability of ERP cooperative agreements and measures, Table 6-20 provides a list of those that were concluded in the 2023 Progress Report and for which updates will not be provided going forward.

Table 6-20. Previously concluded cooperative agreements and measures, available on the Open Government Portal, concluded.

Annex 1: Definitions and methodology

A1.1 Glossary

A1.1.1 Definitions relevant to implementation update tables

Sector definitions

When referring to “sectors” in this progress report, the reference is to Canadian economic sectors rather than IPCC sectors. For more on sectors, the difference between IPCC sectors and Canadian economic sectors, and how emissions are categorized into Canadian economic sectors, see Canada’s National Inventory Report.

Economy-wide: Economy-wide is not a Canadian economic sector for emissions reporting purposes. Economy-wide measures are those whose impact cuts across sectors. Using economy-wide strategies to reduce emissions allows for maximum flexibility at the lowest overall cost. Some of the foundational components of Canada’s climate plan are economy-wide measures, such as putting a price on carbon pollution. Policies with long-term targets and price trajectories provide policy certainty, allowing Canadians and businesses to make informed investment decisions.

Buildings: The buildings sector is comprised of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings. The buildings sector includes stationary and process (that is, air conditioning) emissions from residential and service industry buildings. Buildings sector measures aim to reduce emissions from space and water heating (the primary source of emissions from the sector), as well as from other sources including appliances, lighting, and auxiliary equipment. Energy efficiency measures are also important to reducing building sector emissions.

The emissions attributed to the buildings sector do not account for embodied carbon—the energy and emissions from the manufacture, transport, and installation of construction materials, along with end-of-life. Embodied carbon, especially the emissions associated with the production of materials such as steel and concrete, which are accounted for in the heavy industry sector, is an example of the linkages between sectors.

Electricity: The electricity sector is comprised of combustion and process emissions from utility electricity generation, steam production for sale, and transmission. Measures to reduce emissions from the electricity sector will also contribute to emissions reductions in other sectors, such as transport, buildings, and heavy industry, as those sectors electrify.

Heavy Industry: The heavy industry sector includes stationary combustion, onsite transportation, electricity and steam production, and process emissions from: metal and non-metal mines, stone quarries, and gravel pits; smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals like aluminum and magnesium; pulp and paper; iron and steel; cement and other non-metallic mineral production; lime and gypsum product manufacturing; and chemical and fertilizer manufacturing.

Oil and Gas: The oil and gas sector includes emissions from stationary combustion, onsite transportation, electricity and steam production, and fugitive and process emissions for both upstream and downstream operations. Upstream includes natural gas production and processing; conventional oil production; oil sands mining, in-situ extraction, and upgrading; and transport and storage of crude oil and natural gas. Downstream includes petroleum refining industries and local distribution of natural gas up to and including the natural gas meter.

Oil and gas sector measures aim to reduce the emissions intensity of production and facilitate the transition to non-emitting products and services.

Transport: The transport sector includes emissions from passenger transport, freight transport, and other transport (recreational, commercial, and residential). Passenger transport includes mobile-related combustion, process, and refrigerant emissions from cars, light trucks, motorcycles, buses, and the passenger component of rail and aviation. Freight transport includes mobile-related combustion, process, and refrigerant emissions from heavy-duty trucks, marine, and the freight components of rail and aviation. Combustion emissions from the non-industrial use of off-road engines (for example, ATVs, snowmobiles, personal watercraft), including portable engines (for example, generators, lawn mowers, chain saws), are included under the transport sector as recreational, commercial, and residential.

Transport sector measures aim to reduce emissions from passenger and freight transport through electrification and clean fuels, as well as enable active and public transportation.

Agriculture: The agriculture sector includes emissions from: on-farm fuel use (stationary combustion, onsite transportation, and process emissions from the agricultural, hunting and trapping industry); crop production (application of biosolids and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, decomposition of crop residues, loss of soil organic carbon, cultivation of organic soils, indirect emissions from leaching and volatilization, field burning of agricultural residues, liming, and urea application); and, animal production (enteric fermentation, manure storage, manure deposited by grazing animals, and application of manure to managed soils).

Emissions and sequestration from agricultural soils are reported under the LULUCF sector. When considering emissions from agriculture and opportunities for emissions reductions, it is therefore important to include not only those emissions related to production of crops and livestock including related fuel use, but also emissions from on-farm fuel use and emissions and removals from agricultural soils.

Agriculture sector measures aim to reduce emissions from biological sources (such as livestock production), fertilizer use, and on-farm fuel use. Agriculture sector measures may also seek to increase carbon sequestration, including through linkages to nature-based solutions.

Waste: Emissions in the waste sector result from solid waste (municipal landfills, dedicated wood waste landfills, and other treatment of municipal solid waste), municipal and industrial wastewater treatment, and waste incineration (municipal solid, hazardous, and clinical waste, and sewage sludge incineration). Waste sector measures aim to increase waste diversion and reduce emissions from waste management sites (in particular, methane from municipal landfills, the sector’s primary source of emissions).

Emissions from the waste sector are often grouped with “other” emissions (that is, in a Waste and Others category), with the Others comprised of emissions from coal production and light manufacturing, construction and forest resources.

Nature-based solutions: Nature-based solutions is not a Canadian economic sector for emissions reporting purposes. Nature-based solutions can help address the twin crises of climate change and biodiversity loss, while delivering multiple other benefits. Canada’s ecosystems, including oceans, agricultural lands, wetlands, settlements, and forests, act as both a source and a sink of GHG emissions. Nature-based solutions are actions that protect, sustainably manage, and restore ecosystems to contribute to climate change mitigation and deliver important co-benefits for society. Co-benefits can include helping to reduce the impacts of heat waves and floods; increasing nature-based recreation amenities; building or reinforcing community capacity for inclusive planning and enduring stewardship or guardianship; and supporting reconciliation and inherent and treaty rights of Indigenous Peoples. An important consideration with many nature-based solutions is that it can take years, if not decades, to realize the full mitigation results.

Greening government: Greening government is not a Canadian economic sector for emissions reporting purposes. Greening government actions refer to efforts taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from government operations and enhance climate resilience through minimizing risk to disruption of critical government assets, services, and activities, and the costs associated with climate impacts. Greening government actions encompass all Government of Canada departmental operations, such as: government-owned and leased real property; fleets (conventional, national safety and security); procurement of goods and services; and climate-resilient government services and activities.

Adaptation: The adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic effects, usually to moderate potential damages. Adaptation is generally outside the scope of the 2025 Progress Report on the 2030 ERP; however, a few adaptation measures were identified by provincial and territorial governments as key agreements and measures, recognizing the strong linkages between adaptation and climate mitigation actions.

Instrument type

Economic: Instruments that are economic incentives or disincentives to incorporate the costs and benefits of GHG emissions reductions into households’ and enterprises’ budgets. They modify the economic environment by influencing costs or benefits that lead to a reduction in aggregate emissions. Examples include carbon pricing, fuel taxes, tradable allowance or permit systems, and fiscal incentives (such as tax credits, rebates, and grant funding).

Fiscal: Instruments that encompass government taxation or spending to achieve emissions reductions, climate mitigation and/or related objectives. Examples include investments in infrastructure and capacity building, as well as the purchase/procurement of low-carbon goods that reduce GHG emissions. Fiscal instruments may also be economic instruments (for example, investment supports for renewable energy, retrofit support and rebates related to low carbon technology uptake) but can also be government investments that are not economic instruments (for example, investments in transit, utility infrastructure). For many policies and measures, government spending is inherently involved, however, fiscal is only applied if the fiscal element is a primary feature of the measure (for example, a funding program to support research would be both fiscal and research, but research activities undertaken as part of regular government operations would only be research and not fiscal, even if there are ancillary fiscal implications).

Education: Instruments that provide organized training or instruction designed to impart knowledge and/or skills related to climate change, adaptation, GHG emissions/reductions, and related topics to targeted groups (for example, students, skilled workers). Examples include training in the skills/tools needed in the green economy and student funding supports to strengthen science capacity for achieving GHG emissions reductions.

Information: Instruments that address the importance of good quality information to inform the public or private sector on issues of consumption and production related to GHG emissions and climate change. Examples include public statistics, indicator tracking, product labelling, and information campaigns that raise awareness about consumption and production choices.

Planning: Instruments that encompass plans, strategies, and frameworks that outline a government’s rationale, intended actions, and/or goals for achieving GHG emissions reductions, climate adaptation, and/or related objectives, as well as the processes through which these products are developed. Examples include federal and provincial climate action plans and strategies, such as Canada’s Carbon Management Strategy, and advisory board processes.

Regulatory: Instruments that establish a rule and/or objective that must be fulfilled by the target actor(s), who would face a penalty in case of non-compliance. These measures can be in the form of legislation and/or regulation. Examples include mandatory emissions/performance standards, technology standards (for example, mandated pollution abatement technologies, production methods), product standards (for example, that define characteristics of polluting products); mandated product labelling; environmental capacity constraints; equitable access requirements (for example, to the electricity grid); building codes; land-use zoning; and reporting/monitoring requirements.

Research: Instruments that provide for systematic inquiry, investigation, and/or experimental development to produce novel information, tools, and processes and/or advance/improve knowledge and strategies related to GHG emissions and reductions, climate adaptation, and related topics. Examples include research on innovative green technologies and investigation into opportunities that mitigate GHG emissions and can include research undertaken directly by government or supported through funding or other supports to a third party.

Voluntary Agreement: Instruments that encompass voluntary actions and commitments taken by governments, firms, non-governmental organizations, and others that are outside of regulatory requirements. Agreements or commitments may be between governments, the public, and/or private parties. Examples include industry agreements, self-certification, environmental management systems, and self-imposed targets.

Enabling: Instruments that help achieve climate mitigation objectives by supporting an enabling environment for climate action, and where emissions reductions may be indirect or not readily attributable to the measure. Examples include measures that reduce barriers to emissions-reducing alternatives, support workers to attain the education and training needed to build skills required for a low-carbon economy, provide incentives for low-carbon technology development and deployment, and address information gaps.

Impact

A measure’s impact provides scope to the expected emissions reductions in terms of whether emissions reductions are directly attributable to the measure, as well as the timeline in which the effects of the measure will be seen.

Direct impact: measures that directly lower emissions.

Indirect impact: measures that support other activities that directly reduce emissions, but do not result in emissions reductions themselves. Alternatively, measures with indirect impacts may not affect GHG emissions, but are an important part of the climate plan.

Short-term impact: measure impacts are expected to contribute to the 2030 target.

Long-term impact: measure impacts are expected to provide long-term emissions reductions, contributing to the 2035 target or later targets.

A1.2 Abbreviations, acronyms and units

A1.2.1 Federal departments and agencies

AAFC:

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

CanNor:

Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency

CCG:

Canadian Coast Guard

CIRNAC:

Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada

CMHC:

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

CRA:

Canada Revenue Agency

DFO:

Fisheries and Oceans Canada

DND:

Department of National Defence

ECCC:

Environment and Climate Change Canada

ESDC:

Employment and Social Development Canada

FIN:

Finance Canada

GAC:

Global Affairs Canada

HC:

Health Canada

HICC:

Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada

IC:

Impact Canada

ISC:

Indigenous Services Canada

ISED:

Innovation, Science, and Economic Development Canada

NRC:

National Research Council of Canada

NRCan:

Natural Resources Canada

NSERC:

Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada

PC:

Parks Canada

PSPC:

Public Services and Procurement Canada

PS:

Public Safety Canada

SDTC:

Sustainable Development Technology Canada

SSHRC:

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

STC:

Statistics Canada

TBS:

Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat

TC:

Transport Canada

A1.2.2 Canada, provinces, and territories

AB:

Alberta

BC:

British Columbia

CA:

Canada

MB:

Manitoba

NB:

New Brunswick

NL:

Newfoundland and Labrador

NS:

Nova Scotia

NT:

Northwest Territories

NU:

Nunavut

ON:

Ontario

PE:

Prince Edward Island

QC:

Québec

SK:

Saskatchewan

YT:

Yukon

A1.2.3 Common acronyms and units

Acronyms

2BT:

2 Billion Trees program

2SLGBTQQIA+:

Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, and all other identifies not explicitly listed

ACS:

Agricultural Climate Solutions

AFN:

Assembly of First Nations

AHPP:

Yukon’s Affordable Heat Pump Program

ANPF:

Arctic and Northern Policy Framework

ASHRAE:

American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

ATF:

Active Transportation Fund

BCAs:

border carbon adjustments

BECCS:

bioenergy with carbon capture and storage

BEV:

battery electric vehicle

BMPs:

beneficial management practices

BR:

Biennial Report

BRACE:

Building Regional Adaptation Capacity and Expertise

BTR:

Biennial Transparency Report

CAAF:

Climate Action and Awareness Fund

CAI:

Climate Action Incentive payment

CAIF:

Climate Action Incentive Fund

CAF:

Codes Acceleration Fund

CAP:

Canadian Agricultural Partnership

CCCR:

Canada’s Changing Climate Report

CCE:

Climate Change and Environment

CCFAM:

Canadian Council of Ministers of Aquaculture and Fisheries

CCfDs:

Carbon Contracts for Difference

CCFM:

Canadian Council of Forest Ministers

CCI:

Canadian Climate Institute

CCII:

Canadian Carbon Intensity Indicator

CCME:

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment

CCS:

Climate Competitiveness Strategy

CCR:

Canada Carbon Rebate

CCRSB:

Canada Carbon Rebate for Small Businesses

CCUS:

carbon capture, utilization and storage

CDR:

carbon dioxide removal

CECLA:

Centre of Excellence in Construction Life Cycle Assessment

CEPA:

Canadian Environmental Protection Act

CERRC:

Clean Energy for Rural and Remote Communities

CESD:

Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development

CEUD:

Canada's Comprehensive Energy Use Database

CESI:

Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators

CFF:

Clean Fuels Fund

CFP:

call for proposals

CFR:

Clean Fuel Regulations

CG:

Canada Gazette

CGAH:

Canada Greener Affordable Housing

CGE:

computable general equilibrium

CGF:

Canada Growth Fund

CGFIM:

Canada Growth Fund Investment Management

CGHAP:

Canada Greener Homes Affordability Program

CGHL:

Canada Greener Homes Loan

CGP:

Clean Growth Program

CHBA:

Canadian Home Builder's Association

CIB:

Canada Infrastructure Bank

CIC:

Community Interest Corporation

CICE:

British Columbia Centre for Innovation and Clean Energy

CIF-SDG:

Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals

CMCE:

Critical Minerals Centre of Excellence

CMGD:

Critical Minerals Geoscience and Data

CMIF:

Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund

CMRDD:

Critical Minerals Research, Development and Demonstration

CNZEAA:

Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act

CWB:

Ministers responsible for Conservation, Wildlife, and Biodiversity

CO₂:

carbon dioxide

COP:

Conference of the Parties

CORSIA:

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

CPCAD:

Canadian Protected and Conserved Areas Database

CPTF:

Canada Public Transit Fund

CSA:

Carbon Savings Account

CTDS:

Clean Technology Data Strategy

DACCS:

direct air carbon capture and storage

DIP:

Decarbonization Incentive Program

DMAF:

Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund

DRAI:

Deep Retrofit Accelerator Initiative

DRR:

Departmental Results Report

E3MC:

Energy, Emissions, and Economy Model for Canada

EAs:

energy advisors

EDF:

Environmental Damages Fund

EEB:

Energy Efficient Buildings

EIP:

Energy Innovation Program

EITI:

Extractive Industries Transparency Index

EMMC:

Energy and Mines Ministers’ Conference

EMO:

Expanding Market Opportunities Domestic Program

EOR:

enhanced oil recovery

EPP:

Electricity Predevelopment Program

ERF:

Emissions Reduction Fund

ERP:

Emissions Reduction Plan

ERPP:

Emerging Renewable Power Program

ESMR:

Enabling Small Modular Reactor Program

ETF:

Enhanced Transparency Framework

ETP:

Efficient Trucking Program

EV:

electric vehicle

EVAFIDI:

Electric Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Deployment Initiative

EVAS:

Electric Vehicle Availability Standard

FACTAP:

Fisheries and Aquaculture Clean Technology Adoption Program

FCPFIG:

Fuel Charge Proceeds Fund for Indigenous Governments

FEF:

Future Electricity Fund

FLFL:

Forest Land remaining Forest Land

FPT:

Federal-Provincial-Territorial

FSDS:

Federal Sustainable Development Strategy

FY:

fiscal year

GCWood:

Green Construction through Wood Program

GDP:

Gross Domestic Product

GFAP:

Green Freight Assessment Program

GFP:

Green Freight Program

GGS:

Greening Government Strategy

GHG:

greenhouse gas

GICB:

Green and Inclusive Community Buildings

GIFMP:

Green Industrial Facilities and Manufacturing Program

GNPP:

Greener Neighbourhoods Pilot Program

GNWT:

Government of the Northwest Territories

GOCAAP:

Government of Canada Adaptation Action Plan

GSC:

Geological Survey of Canada

GSCP:

Green Shipping Corridor Program

HDV:

heavy-duty vehicle

HEA:

Home Energy Assessment (Efficiency Nova Scotia)

HER+:

Home Efficiency Rebate Plus (Enbridge Gas)

HFC:

hydrofluorocarbon

HWP:

harvested wood products

ICAO:

International Civil Aviation Organization

ICE:

Indigenous Clean Energy

ICL:

Indigenous Climate Leadership

ICLR:

Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction

ILABC:

Indigenous-led area-based conservation

ILF:

Indigenous Leadership Fund

iMHZEV:

Incentives for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Zero-Emission Vehicles Program

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

INC:

Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee

INRP:

Indigenous Natural Resources Partnership

IODI:

Indigenous Off Diesel Initiative

IPBES:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IRAP:

Industrial Research Assistance Program

IRF:

Implementation Readiness Fund

ITK:

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami

ITMOs:

internationally transferred mitigation outcomes

iZEV:

Incentives for Zero-Emission Vehicles

JCCA:

Joint Committee on Climate Action

KMGBF:

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

KPI:

key performance indicator

LCA:

life cycle assessment

LCC:

Low Carbon Communities grant program (Nova Scotia)

LCEF:

Low Carbon Economy Fund

LCFPP:

Low-Carbon Fuel Procurement Program

LCELF:

Low Carbon Economy Leadership Fund

LCFS:

Low Carbon Fuel Standard

LDV:

light-duty vehicle

LEEP:

Local Energy Efficiency Partnerships

LMRD:

Landfill Methane Recovery and Destruction

LR:

Legislative Recognition

LUB:

Land Use and Biodiversity

LULUCF:

Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

MCIP:

Municipalities for Climate Innovation Program

MCE2:

Material Carbon Estimator tool

MDV:

medium-duty vehicle

MHDV:

medium- and heavy-duty vehicles

MHZEV:

medium- and heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles

MOU:

memorandum of understanding

NAS:

National Adaptation Strategy

NAHL:

National Approach to Home Labelling

NBC:

National Building Code

NBCS:

nature-based climate solutions

NBS:

nature-based solutions

NBSAPs:

National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans

NC:

National Communication

NCQG:

New Collective Quantified Goal

NCSF:

Natural Climate Solutions Fund

NDC:

Nationally Determined Contribution

NFCMARS:

National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Reporting and Accounting System

NHS:

National Housing Strategy

NIA:

National Infrastructure Assessment

NIR:

National Inventory Report

NNC:

Nunavut Nukkiksautiit Corporation

Northern REACHE:

Northern Responsible Energy Approach for Community Heat and Electricity

NREL:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NRI:

Northern Regulatory Initiative

NSCSF:

Nature Smart Climate Solutions Fund

NTCF:

National Trade Corridors Fund

NZAB:

Net-Zero Advisory Body

NZA:

Net Zero Accelerator

NZC:

Net-Zero Challenge

OBPS:

Output-Based Pricing System

ODSHAR:

Ozone Depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations

OECD:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

OECM:

Other Effective area-based Conservation Measure

OFCAF:

On-Farm Climate Action Fund

OHPA:

Oil to Heat Pump Affordability

OPG:

Ontario Power Generation

PCF:

Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change

PHEV:

plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

PPTP:

Permanent Public Transit Program

PTIF:

Public Transit Infrastructure Fund

PTs:

provinces and territories

RALP:

Resilient Agricultural Landscape Program

RD&D:

research, development and demonstration

RECs:

Renewable Energy Certificates

RGGERS:

Reducing GHG Emissions from Refrigeration Systems

RL:

reference level

RTSF:

Rural Transit Solutions Fund

SAF:

sustainable aviation fuels

SAS:

Sustainable Agriculture Strategy

SDG:

Sustainable Development Goal

SESP:

Sustainable Energy Support Policy (Nunavut)

SIPP:

Strategic Interties Predevelopment Program

SMR:

small modular reactor

SPA:

Specified Purpose Account Agreement

SPI:

Strategic Partnerships Initiative

SRF:

Strategic Response Fund

SRF-NZA:

Strategic Response Fund – Net Zero Accelerator

SREPs:

Smart Renewable and Electrification Pathways Program

STIP:

Science and Technology Internship Program

SUPPR:

Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations

Sustainable CAP:

Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership

TACCC:

transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency

TIER:

Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction

TRL:

technology readiness level

UN:

United Nations

UNFCCC:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WAM:

With Additional Measures

WCI:

Western Climate Initiative

WM:

With Measures

ZEB:

Zero emission bus

ZETF:

Zero Emission Transit Fund

ZETP:

Zero Emission Trucking Program

ZEV:

zero-emission vehicles

ZEVIP:

Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Program

Units

°C:

degrees Celsius

Bbl:

barrel

Bcf:

billion cubic feet

Bcf/d:

billion cubic feet per day

gCO₂eq/$2017:

grams of carbon dioxide equivalent adjusted to 2017 dollars

gCO₂eq/MJ:

grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per megajoule

GJ:

gigajoules

GJ/m²:

gigajoules per square meter

g/mi:

grams per mile

GW:

gigawatts

GWh:

gigawatt hour

ha:

hectares

kg:

kilograms

kg CO₂ eq:

kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent

kt CO₂ eq:

kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent

kt CO₂ eq / Bcf:

kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per billion cubic feet

m²:

square meters

m³:

cubic meters

MW:

megawatt

MWh:

megawatt-hour

MMb/d:

million barrels per day

Mt CO₂ eq:

megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent

PJ:

petajoule

t:

tonne

t CO₂ eq:

tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent

t CO₂ eq / 1000 bbl:

tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per 1000 barrels of crude oil

t CO₂/GWh:

tonnes of carbon dioxide per gigawatt hour of electricity produced

A1.3 Methodology

Annex 2: References

¹ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Table:17-10-0005-01 (formerly CANSIM 051-0001): Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex.

² Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD). (2023). Report 6: Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act – 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan. Independent Auditor’s Report 2023. Office of the Auditor General of Canada.  

Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD). (2024). Report 7: Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act – 2024 Report. Independent Auditor’s Report 2024. Office of the Auditor General of Canada.

³ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p.11.

⁴ Natural Resources Canada. (2025, September 11). Natural Resources: Major Projects Planned or Under Construction 2024 to 2034.

⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2022, August 26). Launching the Net-Zero Challenge to recognize and support businesses transitioning to cleaner operations. [News release].

Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2023, November 9). Canadian businesses continue to join the Net-Zero Challenge to drive climate action. [News release].  

⁶ Government of Canada. (2025, October 7). The Net-Zero Challenge.

⁷ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p.12.

⁸ Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada. (n.d.). Residential Sector Canada Table 1: Secondary Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Energy Source. National Energy Use Database.  

⁹ Natural Resources Canada. (2024). The Canada Green Buildings Strategy: Transforming Canada’s Buildings Sector for a Net-Zero and Resilient Future.

¹⁰ Zhang, A. (2025, May 22). Heat pumps continue to push fossil fuels out of Canadian homes. 440 Megatonnes. Canadian Climate Institute.  

¹¹ Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (HRAI). (2025, January 22). Mixed Trends in Shipments for 2024 vs 2023.

¹² Statistics Canada. (2025, September 22). Primary heating systems and type of energy (Table 38-10-0286-01).  

See also: Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency. (n.d.). Residential Sector, Canada, Table 27: Heating System Stock by Building Type and Heating System Type. National Energy Use Database.   

¹³ Kanduth, A. (2022, November 17). Heat pumps can power major emissions reductions from buildings. 440 Megatonnes. Canadian Climate Institute.  

Harland, K., Gibson, S., Dion, J., Gajudhur, N., Mifflin, K. (2024, June). Heat Exchange: How today’s policies will drive or delay Canada’s transition to clean, reliable heat for buildings. Canadian Climate Institute.

¹⁴ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 11, 12, 69.

¹⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Table A13-1.

¹⁶ Government of Canada. (2025, August 18). Canada's clean electricity future.

¹⁷ Government of Canada. (n.d.). Indicator 7.2.1: Proportion of electricity generated from renewable and other non-greenhouse gas emitting sources. Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.

¹⁸ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 15). Dry weather dampens overall generation: Electricity year in review, 2024. StatsCAN Plus.  

¹⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Table A13-1.

²⁰ Canada Energy Regulator. (2024, May 15). Market Snapshot: Canadian coal-fired electricity generation is rapidly being replaced by low and non-emitting energy sources.

²¹ Government of Saskatchewan. (2025, October). Saskatchewan First Energy Security Strategy and Supply Plan.  

²² Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. pp.12, 70; Table A10-2.

²³ Canadian Energy and Emissions Data Centre (CEEDC). (2023). CEEDC Database on Energy, Emissions, and Production for Canadian Industry. Simon Fraser University.  

²⁴ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 pp. 70-71.

²⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 pp. 69, 71; Table A10-2.

²⁶ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada.  

Statistics Canada. (2016, October 14). Natural gas, monthly supply and disposition (x1,000,000) (Table 25-10-0047-01).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 29). Supply and disposition of natural gas, monthly (data in thousands) (x1,000). (Table 25-10-0055-01).

²⁷ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 pp. 69, 72; Table A10-2.

²⁸ International Energy Agency. (2025). Global Methane Tracker 2025.

²⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2025, March 21). GHG Emission by Canadian Economic sector and by Gas, for Canada, 2023. Canada’s Official Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data Catalogue.  

³⁰ See also: Prime Minister of Canada. (2016, March 10). U.S.-Canada Joint Statement on Climate, Energy, and Arctic Leadership [Archived].

Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2021, December). Review of Canada’s Methane Regulations for the Upstream Oil and Gas Sector. 

³¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 72.

³² Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. p. 108.

³³ Canada Energy Regulator. (2023, November 24). Canadian Crude Oil Exports: A 30 Year Review.

Canada Energy Regulator. (2025, July 24). Crude Oil Export Summary.

³⁴ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. p. 112.

³⁵ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. p. 12.

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 29). Supply and disposition of natural gas, monthly (data in thousands) (x1,000). (Table 25-10-0055-01).

³⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2025, September 30). Natural Gas: U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Imports From Canada.

³⁷ Statistics Canada. (2025, October 31). Supply and disposition of natural gas, monthly (data in thousands) (x1,000). (Table 25-10-0055-01).

³⁸ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 12, 116, 128.

³⁹ Clean Fuel Regulations. SOR/2022-140 (2022).

⁴⁰ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1, pp. 11, 12, 69; Table A10-2.

⁴¹ Government of Canada. (2025, March 21). Greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI).

⁴² Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025).  National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Table A10-2.

⁴³ Stiebert, S., Sawyer, D., Kanduth, A. (2024, December 19). Why Are Canada’s Passenger Vehicle Emissions Stuck in Neutral? 440 Megatonnes. Canadian Climate Institute.

See also: Snel, P. (2023, November 30). Can Electric Vehicles Save the Planet? Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto.

⁴⁴ Government of Canada. (2025, June 12). Zero-emission vehicles: Incentives.

Statistics Canada. (2025, October 17). Vehicle registrations, 2024. The Daily.

⁴⁵ Transport Canada. (2025, July 29). ZEV Council Dashboard.

⁴⁶ S&P Global Mobility. (2025, August 31). New Registration Data.

⁴⁷ Government of Canada. (2025, June 12). Zero-emission vehicles: Incentives.

Statistics Canada. (2025, October 17). Vehicle registrations, 2024. The Daily.

⁴⁸ Transport Canada. (2025, July 29). ZEV Council Dashboard.  

⁴⁹ Government of Canada. (n.d.). Indicator 9.6.1: Number of publicly available electric vehicle charging and alternative fuelling stations in Canada. Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.

⁵⁰ Government of Canada. (n.d.). Indicator 9.6.1: Number of publicly available electric vehicle charging and alternative fuelling stations in Canada. Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.

⁵¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 12, 69; Table A10-2.

⁵² Government of Canada. (2025, March 21). Greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI).

⁵³ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 70; Table A10-2.

⁵⁴ Government of Canada. (2025, September 29). The Government of Canada invests to reduce the amount of food waste sent to landfills [News release].

⁵⁵ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 4). Waste materials diverted, by type and by source (Table 38-10-0179-01).

⁵⁶ Mantilla, S., (2023, June 1). Ghost Gear: The Hidden Face of Plastic Pollution. International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD).

⁵⁷ Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). (2025, July 29). Data on lost and retrieved gear.

⁵⁸ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2022, December 9). Government of Canada recognizing federal land and water to contribute to 30 by 30 nature conservation goals [News release].

⁵⁹ Government of Canada. (n.d.). Indicator 15.4.1: Proportion of Canada’s land and inland waters conserved. Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.

⁶⁰ United Nations. (n.d.). The ocean – the world’s greatest ally against climate change.

⁶¹ Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). (2025, June 2). Reaching Canada’s marine conservation targets.

Government of Canada. (n.d.). Indicator 14.1.1: Proportion of marine and coastal areas conserved. Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.

⁶² Natural Resources Canada. (2023, April 18). BACKGROUNDER: Minister Wilkinson Updates Canadians on Progress Under the 2 Billion Trees Program.  

⁶³ United Nations. (n.d.). Climate Action Fast Facts.

⁶⁴ Cooley, S., Schoeman, D., Bopp, L., Boyd, P., Donner, S., Ghebrehiwet, D.Y., Ito, S.-I., Kiessling, W., Martinetto, P., Ojea, E., Racault, M.-F., Rost, B., & Skern-Mauritzen, M. (2022). Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services. In: H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (Eds.). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (pp. 379–550). Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.005.

⁶⁵Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁶⁶ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

⁶⁷ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

⁶⁸ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

⁶⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁷⁰ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

⁷¹ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

⁷² Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁷³ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

⁷⁴ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

⁷⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

⁷⁶ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁷⁷ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

⁷⁸ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

⁷⁹ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁸⁰ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).  

⁸¹ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

⁸² Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

⁸³ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁸⁴ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

⁸⁵ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67

⁸⁶ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁸⁷ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).  

⁸⁸ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

⁸⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

⁹⁰ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁹¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

⁹² Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

⁹³ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁹⁴ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).  

⁹⁵ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

⁹⁶ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

⁹⁷ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

⁹⁸ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

⁹⁹ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹⁰⁰ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).  

¹⁰¹ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).  

¹⁰² Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹⁰³ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹⁰⁴ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁰⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹⁰⁶ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026, pp. 66-67.

¹⁰⁷ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁰⁸ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).  

¹⁰⁹ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹¹⁰ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹¹¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹¹² Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹¹³ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹¹⁴ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹¹⁵ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

¹¹⁶ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹¹⁷ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹¹⁸ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹¹⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹²⁰ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹²¹ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹²² Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

¹²³ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹²⁴ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹²⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹²⁶ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹²⁷ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹²⁸ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹²⁹ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

¹³⁰ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹³¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹³² Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹³³ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹³⁴ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹³⁵ Canada Energy Regulator. (2024, September 10). Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Newfoundland and Labrador.

¹³⁶ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹³⁷ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

¹³⁸ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹³⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹⁴⁰ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁴¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹⁴² Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹⁴³ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁴⁴ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

¹⁴⁵ Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹⁴⁶ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹⁴⁷ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁴⁸ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹⁴⁹ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹⁵⁰ Statistics Canada. (2025, September 25). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁵¹ Statistics Canada. (2025, April 1). Income and Financial Data of Individuals, Preliminary T1 Family File. (Table 11-10-0072-01 and custom tabulation).

¹⁵² Statistics Canada. (2025, May 1). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000). (Table 36-10-0402-01).

¹⁵³ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

¹⁵⁴ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 1 p. 13 (Table ES-3).

Statistics Canada. (2025, September 24). Population estimates, quarterly. (Table 17-10-0009-01).

¹⁵⁵ Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2025). National Inventory Report 1990-2023: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Part 3.

¹⁵⁶ Natural Resources Canada. (2025). Energy Fact Book 2025-2026. pp. 66-67.

¹⁵⁷ Martin, S. & Riordan, R. (2021). A Capital Mobilization Plan Refresh: Placing Revised Canadian Commitments in Context. Institute for Sustainable Finance at the Smith School of Business, Queen’s University.

¹⁵⁸ Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2018, December 12). Regulations Amending the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal-fired Generation of Electricity Regulations: SOR/2018-263. Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 152 (Number 25).

¹⁵⁹ Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2024, December 3). Powering Past Coal Alliance: phasing out coal.

¹⁶⁰ Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2025, February 27). Greenhouse gas emissions performance for the 2022 model year light-duty vehicle fleet.